Performance improvement for applying network virtualization in fiber-wireless （FiWi） access networks

Fiber-wireless （FiWi） access networks, which are a combination of fiber networks and wireless networks, have the advantages of both networks, such as high bandwidth, high security, low cost, and flexible access. However, with the increasing need for bandwidth and types of service from users~ FiWi networks are still relatively incapable and ossified. To alleviate bandwidth tension and facilitate new service deployment, we attempt to apply network virtualization in FiWi networks, in which the network＇s control plane and data plane are separated from each other. Based on a previously proposed hierarchical model and service model for FiWi network virtualization, the process of service implementation is described. The performances of the FiWi access networks applying network virtualization are analyzed in detail, including bandwidth for links, throughput for nodes, and multipath flow transmission. Simulation results show that the FiWi network with virtualization is superior to that without.     

A new integrated energy-saving scheme in green Fiber-Wireless（FiWi） access network

Energy savings in Internet have been regarded as a significant technical issue for academic and industrial community.Particularly,access network accounts for more than 70%of the total energy consumption of Internet.As a promising access technique,Fiber-Wireless(FiWi)network not only enables the cost-effective broadband access,but also provides more opportunities for energy savings.Previous works mostly focused on the energy savings in the optical back-end of FiWi.Generally,they extended the Optical Network Unit(ONU)sleep mechanisms initially designed for Passive Optical Network(PON)to FiWi by combining with the wireless rerouting.However,most of these works left the energy savings in the wireless front-end untouched.In fact,when one or more ONUs in the network is/are sleeping,many wireless components remain idle or underutilized which cause a lot of energy waste.Motivated by this,we propose a new integrated Wireless-Optical Energy Savings(WOES)scheme for the comprehensive energy savings in FiWi.The WOES scheme consists of two interactive modules,Energy-Efficient ONU Management(EEOM)and Energy-Aware Topology Configuration(EATC).EEOM aims at the energy savings in the optical back-end by putting the low-load ONUs into sleep state.A pair of thresholds is introduced into EEOM to maintain the states of ONUs.As soon as ONUs states change,EATC will reconfigure the wireless topology by putting the idle Radio Interfaces(RIs)into standby state,thus minimizing the energy consumption of the wireless front-end.Simulation results show that the WOES scheme can reduce the energy consumption significantly with just a little performance degradation in network throughput and end-to-end delay.     

Protection based on backup radios and backup fibers for survivable Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) access network

In Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) access network, the optical back-end is vulnerable to the network component failure due to its tree topology. Any failure at the optical back-end may cause huge data loss. Thus, the survivability in FiWi is an important issue, especially the protection for the optical back-end. Some works propose to protect the optical back-end in FiWi by means of the wireless rerouting in the wireless front-end. However, these works cannot guarantee that there are always the available wireless paths for the traffic rerouting. In this paper, we divide the failures at the optical back-end into ONU-level failure and OLT-level failure according to the failure severity. To tolerate the ONU-level failure, we allocate each ONU a partner ONU and establish the wireless-backup-path between them by deploying backup radios on the traversed wireless routers. To tolerate the OLT-level failure, we cluster all segments in the network and place the backup fibers among the segments in each cluster to establish the protection ring. Thus, each pair of segments in the same cluster can backup for each other along the optical-backup-paths on the protection ring. We propose the heuristic algorithms to minimize the cost of backup radios and the cost of backup fibers. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms are effective in enhancing the survivability of FiWi, while requiring less cost than the previous works.     

WSNs中基于GPMP的多SINK节点选址问题研究

在无线传感器网络sink节点可布局的应用中,提出了一种基于GPMP模型的多sink节点布局策略。该策略通过离线方式计算出sink节点的最优位置集来指导sink节点的布局。使用该策略结合一种启发式算法实现了无线传感器网络的仿真布局。仿真结果表明,该布局策略能够有效提高网络服务效率,降低无线传感器网络的能量消耗,延长网络的生存期。     

Techno-economic analysis of EPON and WiMAX for future Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) networks

Hybrid Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) networks become rapidly mature and represent a promising candidate for reducing power consumption, costs, and bandwidth bottlenecks of next-generation broadband access networks. Two key FiWi technologies with similar design goals are Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) and WiMAX. In this paper, we develop a powerful and flexible techno-economic analysis to compare the two technologies, taking into account not only equipment and installation costs but also OAM related costs such as power consumption and repairing costs for a wide range of different network failure scenarios, terrain types, and wireless channel conditions. The presented results give insight into the cost-performance trade-offs of current and next-generation EPON and WiMAX networks.     

Energy efficiency of femtocell deployment in combined wireless/optical access networks

Optical/wireless convergence has become of particular interest recently because a combined radio wireless and optical wired network has the potential to provide both mobility and high bandwidth in an efficient way. Recent developments of new radio access technologies such as the Long Term Evolution (LTE) and introduction of femtocell base stations open new perspectives in providing broadband services and applications to everyone and everywhere, but the instantaneous quality of radio channel varies in time, space and frequency and radio communication is inherently energy inefficient and susceptible to reflections and interference. On the other hand, optical fiber-based networks do not provide mobility, but they are robust, energy efficient, and able to provide both an almost unlimited bandwidth and high availability.In this paper, we analyze the energy efficiency of combined wireless/optical access networks, in which LTE technology provides ubiquitous broadband Internet access, while optical fiber-based technologies serve as wireless backhaul and offer high-bandwidth wired Internet access to business and residential customers. In this contest, we pay a particular attention to femtocell deployment for increasing both access data rates and area coverage. The paper presents a novel model for evaluating the energy efficiency of combined optical/wireless networks that takes into account the main architectural and implementational aspects of both RF wireless and optical parts of the access network. Several hypothetical network deployment scenarios are defined and used to study effects of femtocell deployment and power saving techniques on network’s energy efficiency in urban, suburban and rural areas and for different traffic conditions.     

An efficient link allocation algorithm for survivable ATM-based personal communication networks

The integration of the issue of survivability of wireless networks in the design process of the backbone network is addressed in this paper. The effectiveness of this integration plays a critical role in the success of the wireless network and the satisfaction of its mobile users. In this paper, we consider the design problem of allocating the backbone links in ATM-based personal communication networks (PCNs) that are survivable under single backbone link failures. Survivability is achieved by selecting two link-disjoint routes in the backbone network between every pair of ATM switches. We also take the novel approach of not only minimizing the diameter of the network as a primary objective but also minimizing the total length of the network as a secondary objective. We propose a new heuristic algorithm to optimize the design of the network based on both objectives. We report the results of an extensive simulation study that show that our algorithm generates backbone networks that can withstand single link failures, have shorter average diameters and smaller total lengths and achieve a higher percentage of admitted calls under a mobile environment.     

电力通信异构多网共存网络发现与识别算法

电力无线通信网支撑用户量大面广、业务高并发、运行环境复杂,表现为异构多网混合共存。为了支持智能电力终端动态选择网络接入,必须首先执行网络发现与识别。针对TD-LTE无线通信专网、WiMAX无线通信专网、智能电网邻域网和230 MHz电力无线专网异构多网共存场景,提出一种融合物理层信号时频特征和MAC层协议特征的网络识别算法。该算法结合改进的窗口滑动能量检测和多周期特性加权循环平稳特征检测执行网络发现与识别。仿真结果表明,该算法能有效识别异构的多种电力无线通信网络。     

基于光纤-无线网络的协同计算卸载算法

随着无源光网络的发展,光纤-无线网络能同时支持集中式云和边缘云计算技术,成为一种具有发展前景的网络结构。但是,现有的基于光纤-无线网络的任务协同计算卸载研究主要以最小化移动设备的能耗为目标,忽略了实时性高的任务的需求。针对实时性高的任务,提出了以最小化任务的总处理时间为目标的集中式云和边缘云协同计算卸载问题,并对其进行形式化描述。同时,通过将该问题归约为装箱问题,从而证明其为NP难解问题。提出一个启发式协同计算卸载算法,该算法通过比较不同卸载策略的任务处理时间,优先选择时间最短的任务卸载策略。同时,提出一个定制的遗传算法,获得一个更优的任务卸载策略。实验结果表明,与现有的算法相比,本文提出的启发式算法得到的任务卸载策略平均减少4.34%的任务总处理时间,而定制的遗传算法的卸载策略平均减少18.41%的任务总处理时间。同时,定制的遗传算法的卸载策略与本文提出的启发式算法相比平均减少14.49%的任务总处理时间。     

组合网--第三代网络之上的一个台阶

由于当今技术的发展 ,形形色色基于数据通信的服务也相应而出。例如 ,基于多媒体的远程教育或影视节目、可视电话以及基于网络的交互式电子游戏。然而目前所有的无线网络都是针对某种特定的服务而设计及优化的 ,各个无线网络有着不同的特性。例如 ,不同的无线网支持的带宽不同 ,对应用软件提供的服务质量不同 ,对终端移动性支持的程度不同 ,以及为传输每比特所花费的代价不同。每一个无线网可有效地支持一种或几种数据服务。然而 ,没有一个无线网络可有效地支持所有基于数据通信的服务。不仅如此 ,在欧洲、美洲及亚洲即将推出的第三代无线网络也不能满足所有数据通信的要求。因此 ,如今科技发展的方向是 :将各种用于不同服务的无线网络融合成一体来支持形形色色的数据服务[1～ 3 ] 。将阐述组合网的概念 ,描述组合网的结构 ,并且提出一个基于第三代无线网络之上的组合网。     

无线传感器网络中一种近似Skyline 查询处理算法

由于无线传感器网络的能源有限,且在许多应用中Skyline 查询的部分结果即可满足用户需求,提出了一 种近似Skyline 查询处理算法,在满足用户查询需求的前提下最大化地节省能量.该算法仅需无线传感器网络中的部 分传感器节点回传其感知数据即可计算出Skyline 查询的一个近似结果集.由于该算法在处理查询时,每个传感器节 点只需考察自身数据信息即可决定是否回传其感知数据,而无须与其他传感器节点的感知数据进行比较,因此可以 避免大量的网内通信开销,从而节省网络能源.模拟环境下的大量实验结果表明,该算法可以根据用户的应用需求, 节能地处理传感器网络中的近似skyline 查询.     

多等级通信半径的无源传感器网络中的覆盖问题

无源传感器网络是近年来兴起的一种新型的网络结构,可用于解决传统无线传感器网络能量有限、寿命受限的问题.在无源传感器网络中,每个无源传感器节点配备有能量收集模块,可以从周围环境中获取能量.由于周围环境中的能量是无限的,这样,从能量的角度来讲,无源传感器网络的网络寿命是无限的.这样就解决了传统无线传感器网络寿命受限的问题.然而,由于周围环境中的能量源具有能量低、分布不均匀等特点,导致无源传感器网络中的覆盖问题比传统的无线传感器网络中的覆盖问题更加复杂.为了解决无源传感器网络中的覆盖问题,同时也为了让无源节点更有效地利用环境中的能量,考虑了一种具有多等级通信半径的无源节点,并提出了基于多等级通信半径的无源传感器网络中的覆盖问题.证明了这个问题是NP-Hard问题.提出一种基于贪心策略的近似算法,解决了这个问题,并证明了该算法的近似比.同时,采用模拟实验的方式验证了该算法的性能.根据实验结果,该算法是有效且可靠的.     

一种无线传感器网络蚁群优化路由算法

如何在资源受限的无线传感器网络中进行高效的数据路由是无线传感器网络研究的热点之一.将蚁群优化算法(ACO)应用于无线传感器网络的路由,提出一种无线传感器网络蚁群优化路由算法.该算法利用蚁群的自组织、自适应和动态寻优能力进行网络优化路径的建立与维护,采用Stigmergy的概念来减少控制信息的流量,以实现网络数据的高效传输.仿真分析表明,该算法和DD算法相比在传输延时方面性能相当,在路由代价方面效果显著.另外,该算法还具有可靠性高、适应性强等优点,并能够根据需要实现网络的拥堵控制和能量均衡等综合优化.     

A Priority-aware Frequency Domain Polling MAC Protocol for OFDMA-based Networks in Cyber-physical Systems

Wireless networking in cyber-physical systems (CPSs) is characteristically different from traditional wireless systems due to the harsh radio frequency environment and applications that impose high real-time and reliability constraints. One of the fundamental considerations for enabling CPS networks is the medium access control protocol. To this end, this paper proposes a novel priority-aware frequency domain polling medium access control (MAC) protocol, which takes advantage of an orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) physical layer to achieve instantaneous priority-aware polling. Based on the polling result, the proposed work then optimizes the resource allocation of the OFDMA network to further improve the data reliability. Due to the Non-polynomial-complete nature of the OFDMA resource allocation, we propose two heuristic rules, based on which an efficient solution algorithm to the OFDMA resource allocation problem is designed. Simulation results show that the reliability performance of CPS networks is significantly improved because of this work.      

Heuristic routing with bandwidth and energy constraints in sensor networks

Most of the routing algorithms devised for sensor networks considered either energy constraints or bandwidth constraints to maximize the network lifetime. In the real scenario, both energy and bandwidth are the scarcest resource for sensor networks. The energy constraints affect only sensor routing, whereas the link bandwidth affects both routing topology and data rate on each link. Therefore, a heuristic technique that combines both energy and bandwidth constraints for better routing in the wireless sensor networks is proposed. The link bandwidth is allocated based on the remaining energy making the routing solution feasible under bandwidth constraints. This scheme uses an energy efficient algorithm called nearest neighbor tree (NNT) for routing. The data gathered from the neighboring nodes are also aggregated based on averaging technique in order to reduce the number of data transmissions. Experimental results show that this technique yields good solutions to increase the sensor network lifetime. The proposed work is also tested for wildfire application.     

基于群体智能和遗传算法的WSNs能耗优化关键技术研究

节点能耗是决定无线传感器网络(WSNs)生存期的重要参数,设计良好的网络通信协议可以很大程度上减少和平衡能量消耗。网络协议设计簇头和簇间路由的计算过程是多项式时间无法解答的NP问题,该文讨论了5种自然元启发算法,既4种群体智能算法和遗传算法应用于WSNs能耗优化的关键技术,给出了不同网络能量结构模型的簇间单跳和多跳场景的设计建议,旨在为搭建大规模WSNs网络提供参考和借鉴。     

一种TDMA无线传感器网络MAC协议能量有效性分析

经典轮询协议作为一种TDMA型MAC协议,符合无线传感器网络节约能量的要求,但在网络伸缩性上有所不足。在此基础上得出一种更适用于无线传感器网络的Controllable Threshold Polling MAC协议(CTP-MAC),使得网络能够自主完成时隙分配;结合概率母函数的方法,建立网络能量有效性的分析模型,得到平均功率的近似计算公式,对经典门限服务轮询协议和C"I'P-MAC进行分析。通过仿真实验,验证了分析模型的有效性。     

概率模型下线性规划优化覆盖方案

覆盖率不仅是评价无线传感器网络体系性能重要标准之一,也是无线传感器网络所研究的一项重点课题.为此,提出了一种复杂动态参数模型下优化覆盖算法,该算法通过对动态参数覆盖模型的计算,给出了传感器节点覆盖的期望值和公差的求解过程以及对所关注目标节点进行首次覆盖后的期望值证明过程.在网络能量方面,则通过节点状态调度策略对通信路径进行优化,证明节点能量衰减过程中,似然拟合函数极限存在的意义,实现了传感器节点能量的有效匹配,抑制了传感器节点能量的消耗,证明了优化后整个监测区域传感器节点覆盖函数之间关系.仿真实验表明,本算法不仅提高了覆盖和网络服务质量,而且有效地抑制了网络能量开销,延长网络生存周期.     

Rematch: a highly reliable scheduling algorithm on heterogeneous wireless mesh network

In highly dynamic and heterogeneous wireless mesh networks (WMN), link quality will seriously affect network performance. Two challenges hinder us from achieving a highly efficient WMN. One is the channel dynamics. As in real network deployment, channel qualities are changing over time, which would seriously affect network bandwidth and reliability. Existing works are limited to the assumption that link quality values are fixed, and optimal scheduling algorithms are working on the fixed values, which would inevitably suffer from the link quality dynamics. Another challenge is the channel diversity. In single channel wireless networks, channel assignment and scheduling are NP\mathcal{NP} -hard. And in multichannel wireless networks, it could be even harder for higher throughput and efficient scheduling. In this study, we firstly characterize the stochastic behavior on wireless communications in a Markov process, which is based on statistical methodology. Secondly, on exploiting the stochastic behavior on wireless channels, we propose a stochastic programming model in achieving maximized network utilization. Considering the NP\mathcal{NP} -hardness, we propose a heuristic solution for it. The key idea in the proposed algorithm is a two-stage matching process named “Rematch.” Indeed, our solution to the stochastic network scheduling is a cross-layer approach. Also, we have proved that it is 2-approximate to the optimal result. Moreover, extensive simulations have been done, showing the efficiency of “Rematch” in highly dynamic and distributed wireless mesh networks.     

An Efficient Resource Allocation Mechanism for LTE–GEPON Converged Networks

Optical–wireless convergence is becoming popular as one of the most efficient access network designs that provides quality of service (QoS) guaranteed, uninterrupted, and ubiquitous access to end users. The integration of passive optical networks (PONs) with next-generation wireless access networks is not only a promising integration option but also a cost-effective way of backhauling the next generation wireless access networks. The QoS performance of the PON–wireless converged network can be improved by taking the advantages of the features in both network segments for bandwidth resources management. In this paper, we propose a novel resource allocation mechanism for long term evolution–Gigabit Ethernet PON (LTE–GEPON) converged networks that improves the QoS performance of the converged network. The proposed resource allocation mechanism takes the advantage of the ability to forecast near future packet arrivals in the converged networks. Moreover, it also strategically leverages the inherited features and the frame structures of both the LTE network and GEPON, to manage the available bandwidth resources more efficiently. Using extensive simulations, we show that our proposed resource allocation mechanism improves the delay and jitter performance in the converged network while guarantying the QoS for various next generation broadband services provisioned for both wireless and wired end users. Moreover, we also analyze the dependency between different parameters and the performance of our proposed resource allocations scheme.