Analytical evaluation of extended DRX with additional active cycles for light traffic

LTE and LTE-Advanced mobile technologies have integrated discontinuous reception (DRX) power saving method to optimize the power consumption at the user equipment (UE). The DRX method was proposed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and since then, the traffic behavior has been analyzed in several studies with a standard 3-state DRX model to describe the trade-off between power saving and delay. In this paper, we presented a novel 4-state and 5-state 3GPP LTE DRX mechanisms. The proposed mechanisms were developed by augmenting (an) active state(s) to deep and/or light sleep cycle of standard 3-state DRX for handling a small burst of packets, thereby bypassing the process of returning to the timer-dependent active mode. We have generated analytical models using a semi-Markov process for bursty packet data traffic and evaluated these augmented DRX mechanisms against a standard 3-state DRX method. Overall, the analytical results from varying timing parameters showed that our augmented DRX (both 4-state and 5-state) improved power saving factor (ranging between 1% and 8%) and reduced delay (ranging between 20% and 60%) compared to the standard 3-state DRX. Furthermore, the magnitude of improvement for both delay and power-saving was somewhat greater in 5-state than 4-state.     

LTE-Advanced传输安全研究

作为ITU于2010年10月通过的4G标准之一,LTE-Advanced是3GPP长期演进标准的增强版,该文给出了3GPPLTE-Advanced标准化时间表和关键性能,分析了LTE-Advanced的功能平面,归纳了LTE-Advanced的传输安全架构,即X2星形和X2网状安全架构。     

Message latency in hypercubic computer networks with the bursty traffic pattern

An interconnection network is a crucial component of parallel computers because the overall system performance is very sensitive to the latency of messages delivered by the network to communicate among collaborating processors. This paper presents an analytical performance model to calculate message latency in circuit-switched hypercubic networks in the presence of bursty traffic pattern, which is a typical scenario for multimedia applications. A message in circuit switching may need a number of connection attempts before successfully setting up a path from source to destination. The proposed model uses the approach of superposing infinite bursty traffic streams to capture the effective traffic entering the network from a source node, which includes the traffic generated by the source and those due to many connection attempts. Results obtained from simulation experiments confirm that the proposed model exhibits a good degree of accuracy for various network sizes and under different operating conditions.     

Infinitesimal perturbation analysis of a queueing system with bursty traffic

We study aG/G/1 queueing system with a bursty arrival process. Based on a general model for such a bursty process, we derive infinitesimal perturbation analysis (IPA) derivative estimators of the mean system time with respect to various parameters of interest. The cases of both complete and partial state information are considered. To ensure unbiasedness and strong consistency of the estimators, different sample path representations are developed such that sample functions are continuous with respect to the particular parameter of interest. Some of these representations are applicable to a wider class of gradient estimation problems where sample path discontinuities arise. Simulation results are included to compare the convergence rates and variance properties of the different IPA estimators developed.     

An algorithm for architecture partitioning in high-speed networks with bursty traffic

This paper analyzes the performance of a switching architecture. The performance measures include the elapsed time of packet transfer and the waiting time to begin transfer. The architecture is partitioned depending on the type of network used and the expected traffic in the network. Every partition has a switch with a buffer that can absorb surges of bursty traffic within the network partition. The buffer size depends on the type of the network and incoming traffic. The partition size depends on the network bandwidth, network traffic, packet size and buffer size. Examples of different networks are used to show the applications of the model. The results show that the elapsed time of packet switch transfer depends exponentially on the number of partitions in the network.     

Modelling and analysis of pipelined circuit switching in interconnection networks with bursty traffic and hot-spot destinations

Pipelined circuit switching (PCS) that combines the advantages of both circuit switching and wormhole switching is an efficient method for passing messages in interconnection networks. Analytical modelling is a cost-effective tool and plays an important role in achieving a clear understanding of the network performance. However, most of the existing models for PCS are unable to capture the realistic nature of message behaviours generated by real-world applications, which have a significant impact on the design and performance of communication networks. This paper presents a new analytical model for PCS in interconnection networks in the presence of bursty and correlated message arrivals coupled with hot-spot destinations, which can capture the bursty message arrival process and non-uniform distribution of message destinations. Such a traffic pattern has been found in many practical communication environments. The accuracy of the proposed analytical model is validated through extensive simulation experiments. The model is then applied to investigate the effects of the bursty message arrivals and hot-spot destinations on the performance of interconnection networks with PCS.     

Exploiting transmission opportunities in heterogeneous wireless networks: a transmission power saving perspective

Exploiting transmission opportunities in dimensions of user equipments(UEs),radio access networks(RANs),and radio resource units(RRUs),in heterogeneous wireless networks(HWNs),we focus on a new perspective of saving the uplink transmission power,so as to lengthen the battery life time of UEs.Moreover,to ensure the quality of service for each UE,we guarantee each a minimal transmission rate.To achieve the above HWN control objective,we have to make an efcient matching among UEs,RANs,and RRUs,which is formulated as a binary linear optimization problem.Due to its NP-hard complexity,we develop a rate-power efciency based HWN control algorithm with low computational complexity.We verify the performance of our HWN control scheme through simulation.Extensive simulation results demonstrate the advantage of our HWN control method in saving the uplink transmission power and guaranteeing the UE transmission rate requirement.     

A comprehensive simulation analysis of LTE Discontinuous Reception (DRX)

In an LTE cell, Discontinuous Reception (DRX) allows the central base station to configure User Equipments for periodic wake/sleep cycles, so as to save energy. DRX operations depend on several parameters, which can be tuned to achieve optimal performance with different traffic profiles (i.e., CBR vs. bursty, periodic vs. sporadic, etc.). This work investigates how to configure these parameters and explores the trade-off between power saving, on one side, and per-user QoS, on the other. Unlike previous work, chiefly based on analytical models neglecting key aspects of LTE, our evaluation is carried out via simulation. We use a fully-fledged packet simulator, which includes models of all the protocol stack, the applications and the relevant QoS metrics, and employ factorial analysis to assess the impact of the many simulation factors in a statistically rigorous way. This allows us to analyze a wider spectrum of scenarios, assessing the interplay of the LTE mechanisms and DRX, and to derive configuration guidelines.     

Analysis of power saving and its impact on web traffic in cellular networks with continuous connectivity

In this work, we analyze the power saving and its impact on web traffic performance when customers adopt the continuous connectivity paradigm. To this end, we provide a model for packet transmission and cost. We model each mobile user’s traffic with a realistic web traffic profile, and study the aggregate behavior of the users attached to a base station by means of a processor-shared queueing system. In particular, we evaluate user access delay, download time and expected economy of energy in the cell. Our study shows that dramatic energy saving can be achieved by mobile devices and base stations, e.g., as much as 70%–90% of the energy cost in cells with realistic traffic load and the considered parameter settings.     

Queuing analysis of shared-buffer switches with control scheme under bursty traffic

Shared-buffer switches have many advantages such as relatively low cell loss rate and good buffer utilization, and they are increasingly favoured in recent VLSI switch designs for ATM. However, their performance degrades dramatically under nonuniform traffic due to the monopolization of the buffer by some favoured cells. To overcome this, restricted types of sharing and hot-spot pushout (HSPO) have been proposed, and the latter has been shown by simulation to perform better in all situations. In this paper we develop an analytical model for performance evaluation of a shared-buffer asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switch with HSPO under bursty traffic. This analytical model is an improved version of the first model ever developed for this purpose. We balance the relative queues to approximate the effects of pushout, while keeping only four state-variables, and our model gives a good agreement with simulation, for calculating throughput and cell loss.     

Approximate analysis of a discrete-time tandem network of cut-through queues with blocking and bursty traffic

A discrete-time tandem network of cut-through queues is presented. The model allows finite capacity queues, blocking, and bursty traffic. A new bursty arrival process, IBK(k), for cut-through traffic is introduced. The tandem network is analyzed using single-node decomposition. Each queue is analyzed numerically in isolation assuming that its arrival and service processes are known. The parameters of the arrival and service processes of the queues are obtained using an iterative scheme. The results obtained are approximate and validation tests have shown that the model has good accuracy. Using this model, the packet loss, throughput, and queue length distributions were obtained for different traffic parameters and queue sizes.     

核电厂在线流量仪表选型设计分析

通过对福清核电厂1,2#机组的在线流量仪表应用情况进行学习和总结,分析核电厂在线流量仪表选型设计的注意事项,给出了核电厂中在线流量仪表选型设计的要点和难点.在现行的核安全法规要求下,对于后续新建核电厂在线流量仪表选型设计具有一定的指导意义.     

Performance analysis of an integrated scheduling scheme in the presence of bursty MMPP traffic

Contemporary communication networks are expected to support multimedia applications which require diversified Quality-of-Services (QoS). An integrated scheduling discipline of Priority Queueing (PQ) and Generalized Processor Sharing (GPS), referred to as P-G, has recently emerged as a promising scheme for cost-effective QoS differentiation. In this paper, we develop a new analytical model for the integrated P-G system subject to bursty traffic. The Markov-Modulated Poisson Process (MMPP) is adopted to capture traffic burstiness because it can qualitatively model time-varying arrival rate and important correlation between inter-arrival times. To derive the desired performance metrics for individual sessions, the integrated P-G system is decomposed into a set of Single-Server Single-Queue (SSSQ) systems. Specifically, the integrated system is first divided into an SSSQ system and a GPS system. Next, a bounding approach is adopted to decompose the GPS system into individual SSSQ systems. Extensive comparisons between analytical and simulation results validate the accuracy of the analytical model. To demonstrate its merits, the model is used to investigate the configuration of the GPS weights under the QoS constraints of different traffic flows.     

宽带城域网中节能机能I的性能分析

在移动宽带城域网中,如何获得更好的节能效果是移动设备面临的重要问题之一,IEEE 802.16e标准中提出称为休眠模式的节能机制。基于带有休眠延迟的节能类型I,建立带有休假延迟且休假长度指数变化的多重休假排队模型。通过嵌入Markov链方法及边界状态变体定理,对排队模型进行了分析,给出了系统切换率、能量节省率和平均响应时间等性能指标的解析表达式。通过理论分析和仿真实验刻画了不同系统负载下,系统性能指标与休眠延迟定时器长度的依赖关系。综合不同性能指标,构造成本函数,给出系统参数的优化设置方案。     

A hybrid systems model for power control in multicell wireless data networks

We present a power control scheme based on noncooperative game theory, using a fairly broad class of convex cost functions. The multicell CDMA wireless data network is modeled as a switched hybrid system where handoffs of mobiles between different cells correspond to discrete switching events between different subsystems. Under a set of sufficient conditions, we prove the existence of a unique Nash equilibrium for each subsystem, and prove global exponential stability of an update algorithm. We also establish the global convergence of the dynamics of the multicell power control game to a convex superset of Nash equilibria for any switching (handoff) scheme satisfying a mild condition on average dwell-time. Robustness of these results to feedback delays as well as to quantization is investigated. In addition, we consider a quantization scheme to reduce the communication overhead between mobiles and the base stations. Finally, we illustrate the power control scheme developed through simulations.     

A power consumption sensitivity analysis of circuit-switched versus packet-switched backbone networks

While telecommunication networks have historically been dominated by a circuit-switched paradigm, the last decades have seen a clear trend towards packet-switched networks. In this paper we evaluate how both paradigms (which have also been referred to as optical bypass and non-bypass, respectively) perform in optical backbone networks from a power consumption point of view, and whether the general agreement of circuit switching being more power-efficient holds. We consider artificially generated topologies of various sizes, mesh degrees and – not yet previously explored in this context – transport linerates. We cross-validate our findings with a number of realistic topologies.Our results show that circuit switching is preferable when the average node-to-node demands are higher than half the transport linerates. However, packet switching can become preferable when the traffic demands are lower than half the transport linerate. We find that an increase in the network node count does not consistently increase the energy savings of circuit switching over packet switching, but the savings are heavily influenced by the mesh degree and (to a minor extent) by the average link length. Our results are consistent for uniform traffic demands and realistic traffic demands.A key take-away message for other research on power saving solutions in backbone networks is that the ratio between the average demand and the demand bitrate has considerable effect on the overall efficiency, and should be taken into account.     

Bispectral analysis of traffic in high-speed networks

In this paper, we report results regarding bispectral analysis of the long range dependent ATM WAN traffic. Six different data sets were measured on 155 Mbps links of the SUNET by a custom-built tracing tool capable of recording over eight million consecutive cell arrivals. The complex fractal behavior of the ATM traffic claims utilization of the higher-order spectra analysis. For each of the analyzed data sets, it was found that the Gamma distribution fits very well. The bispectrum was studied for extracting some additional information with respect to the long memory parameter. The nonlinearity of the time series was also tested with the help of the bispectrum.     

Robust design of a linear quadratic power control algorithm in multiple-access networks

In wireless networks under interference, power control is of the utmost importance to guarantee Quality of Service during data transmissions. A distributed perspective is commonly preferred to design controllers in each mobile user in the network for power allocation. The round-trip delay is a characteristic feature of wireless networks, and it was considered a known quantity in previous works. In this paper, we do not follow this assumption and propose the design of the power controller only with the information of upper and lower bounds on the round-trip delay as functions of a frequency gain. In a second stage, we relate the proposed robust design to common performance indicators, such as the step response overshoot. The proposed design rules can be applied to design a suitable robust controller for power control in a wireless network subject to interference.