P2P僵尸网络研究

P2P僵尸网络是一种新型网络攻击方式,因其稳定可靠、安全隐蔽的特性被越来越多地用于实施网络攻击,给网络安全带来严峻挑战.为深入理解P2P僵尸网络工作机理和发展趋势,促进检测技术研究,首先分析了P2P僵尸程序功能结构,然后对P2P僵尸网络结构进行了分类,并分析了各类网络结构的特点;在介绍了P2P僵尸网络生命周期的基础上,着重阐述了P2P僵尸网络在各个生命周期的工作机制;针对当前P2P僵尸网络检测研究现状,对检测方法进行了分类并介绍了各类检测方法的检测原理;最后对P2P僵尸网络的发展趋势进行了展望,并提出一种改进的P2P僵尸网络结构.     

结构化对等网络中P2P 僵尸网络传播模型

依赖结构化对等网传播的P2P僵尸是未来互联网面临的重要威胁.详细分析了两种典型的结构化P2P协议Chord和Kademlia的工作原理,在此基础上,使用数学建模的方法建立了结构化P2P僵尸网络的传播模型.该模型将Kademlia,Chord协议与双因子免疫机制、主机在线率等因素相结合,较为全面地研究了两种典型的结构化P2P网络中僵尸的传播机理,并使用软件仿真的方法模拟了节点超过百万时,结构化P2P网络中僵尸的传播行为,通过软件仿真得出的数据与理论数据进行对比,验证了模型的正确性.从实验结果可以看出:对于Kademlia和Chord两种结构化P2P网络,僵尸传播无论是双因子免疫模型还是结合双因子与主机在线率的模型,理论模型与仿真结果都非常吻合,体现了模型的准确性,为僵尸的检测与防御提供了理论依据.     

A novel method of mining network flow to detect P2P botnets

Botnets are a serious threat to cyber-security. As a consequence, botnet detection has become an important research topic in network protection and cyber-crime prevention. P2P botnets are one of the most malicious zombie networks, as their architecture imitates P2P software. Characteristics of P2P botnets include (1) the use of multiple controllers to avoid single-point failure; (2) the use of encryption to evade misuse detection technologies; and (3) the capacity to evade anomaly detection, usually by initiating numerous sessions without consuming substantial bandwidth. To overcome these difficulties, we propose a novel data mining method. First, we identify the differences between P2P botnet behavior and normal network behavior. Then, we use these differences to tune the data-mining parameters to cluster and distinguish normal Internet behavior from that lurking P2P botnets. This method can identify a P2P botnet without breaking the encryption. Furthermore, the detection system can be deployed without altering the existing network architecture, and it can detect the existence of botnets in a complex traffic mix before they attack. The experimental results reveal that the method is effective in recognizing the existence of botnets. Accordingly, the results of this study will be of value to information security academics and practitioners.     

Detecting P2P bots by mining the regional periodicity

Peer-to-peer (P2P) botnets outperform the traditional Internet relay chat (IRC) botnets in evading detection and they have become a prevailing type of threat to the Internet nowadays.Current methods for detecting P2P botnets,such as similarity analysis of network behavior and machine-learning based classification,cannot handle the challenges brought about by different network scenarios and botnet variants.We noticed that one important but neglected characteristic of P2P bots is that they periodically send requests to update their peer lists or receive commands from botmasters in the command-and-control (C&C) phase.In this paper,we propose a novel detection model named detection by mining regional periodicity (DMRP),including capturing the event time series,mining the hidden periodicity of host behaviors,and evaluating the mined periodic patterns to identify P2P bot traffic.As our detection model is built based on the basic properties of P2P protocols,it is difficult for P2P bots to avoid being detected as long as P2P protocols are employed in their C&C.For hidden periodicity mining,we introduce the so-called regional periodic pattern mining in a time series and present our algorithms to solve the mining problem.The experimental evaluation on public datasets demonstrates that the algorithms are promising for efficient P2P bot detection in the C&C phase.     

一种抗污染的混合P2P僵尸网络

基于Peer-list的混合型P2P僵尸网络代表了一类高级僵尸网络形态,这种僵尸网络的优势是可抵抗传统P2P僵尸网络易受的索引污染（Index Poisoning）攻击和女巫（Sybil）攻击,然而却引入了新的问题——易受Peer-list污染攻击。本文提出一种新颖的混合P2P僵尸网络设计模型,在僵尸网络构建和Peer-list更新的整个生命周期中引入信誉机制,使得Peer-list污染攻击难以发挥作用。实验证明该模型具备很强的抗污染能力和很高的健壮性,因此对网络安全防御造成了新的威胁。最后,我们提出了若干可行的防御方法。本文旨在增加防御者对高级僵尸网络的理解,以促进更有效的网络防御。     

基于主机行为异常的P2P僵尸网络在线检测方法

僵尸网络已经成为当前最为严重的网络威胁之一,其中P2P僵尸网络得到迅速发展,其自身的通信特征给检测带来巨大的挑战.针对P2P僵尸网络检测技术的研究已经引起研究人员的广泛关注.提出一种P2P僵尸网络在线检测方法,首先采用信息熵技术发现网络流量中的异常点,然后通过分析P2P僵尸网络中主机的行为异常,利用统计学中的假设检验技术,从正常的网络流量数据中识别出可疑P2P僵尸主机,同时根据僵尸主机通信模式的相似性进行最终确认.实验结果表明该方法能够有效实现P2P僵尸网络的在线检测.     

Detecting P2P botnets by discovering flow dependency in C&C traffic

Botnets are widely used by attackers and they have evolved from centralized structures to distributed structures. Most of the modern P2P bots launch attacks in a stealthy way and the detection approaches based on the malicious traffic of bots are inefficient. In this paper, an approach that aims to detect Peer-to-Peer (P2P) botnets is proposed. Unlike previous works, the approach is independent of any malicious traffic generated by bots and does not require bots’ information provided by external systems. It detects P2P bots by focusing on the instinct characteristics of their Command and Control (C&C) communications, which are identified by discovering flow dependencies in C&C traffic. After discovering the flow dependencies, our approach distinguishes P2P bots and normal hosts by clustering technique. Experimental results on real-world network traces merged with synthetic P2P botnet traces indicate that 1) flow dependency can be used to detect P2P botnets, and 2) the proposed approach can detect P2P botnets with a high detection rate and a low false positive rate.     

基于通信流量特征的隐秘P2P僵尸网络检测

针对目前基于网络的P2P僵尸网络检测中特征建模不完善、不深入的问题, 以及僵尸网络中通信具有隐蔽性的特点, 提出一种对通信流量特征进行聚类分析的检测方法。分析P2P僵尸网络在潜伏阶段的通信流量统计特征, 使用结合主成分分析法和X-means聚类算法的两阶段聚类方法对特征数据集进行聚类分析, 进而达到检测P2P僵尸网络的目的。实验结果表明, 该方法具有较高的检测率和较好的识别准确性, 并保证了较快的执行效率。     

动态自组织P2P僵尸网络的构建及其防御

僵尸网络作为大规模攻击活动的基础平台,严重威胁网络空间安全,从预测的角度对其开展研究具有重要的现实意义。针对现有研究在终端感知、身份识别和动态对抗中存在的不足,本文概括僵尸网络生命周期,总结P2P结构僵尸网络的脆弱点,建立P2P僵尸网络动态对抗模型,分析节点真实性判断和网络拓扑优化重构的重要性。在此基础上,从攻击者视角提出一种新颖的动态自组织P2P僵尸网络模型DSBot。该模型在架构设计上可扩展至各类目标设备,通过基于可信度矩阵和真实性验证的节点安全性评估机制增强终端对抗性,并提出分阶段感染策略。借鉴无线自组网和多智能体的思路和方法,刻画节点属性多维表示和基于状态标识的动态网络框架,以此为基础设计O(N_i)更新算法、均匀连接算法和节点主动移除算法,并结合相应的初始化和调整机制提出网络自组织重构策略,从而进一步提升网络的健壮性。其中,O(N_i)更新算法确保节点的可信度,均匀连接算法降低网络暴露风险,节点主动移除算法实时移除可疑节点。从平均等待时间、命令可达率、网络连接度和重构稳定时间等方面对DSBot模型进行评估。实验结果表明,DSBot模型在效率和韧性上可满足僵尸网络命令控制机制的基本需求。最后,从终端清除、命令控制服务器打击和命令控制过程等方面讨论了可能的防御策略。本文旨在通过预测新型僵尸网络模型来完善防御解决方案。     

一种新颖的P2P僵尸网络检测技术

针对当前僵尸网络向P2P方向发展的趋势,在对P2P僵尸网络本质的理解和把握的基础上,提出了一种新颖的P2P僵尸网络检测技术。对于某个被监视的网络,关注其内部每台主机的通信行为和网络恶意活动。把这些通信行为和网络恶意活动分类,找出具有相似或相关通信和网络恶意行为的主机。根据我们对定义的理解,这些主机就属于某个P2P僵尸网络。     

一种新颖的P2P僵尸网络检测技术

针对当前僵尸网络向P2P方向发展的趋势,在对P2P僵尸网络本质的理解和把握的基础上,提出了一种新颖的P2P僵尸网络检测技术。对于某个被监视的网络,关注其内部每台主机的通信行为和网络恶意活动。把这些通信行为和网络恶意活动分类,找出具有相似或相关通信和网络恶意行为的主机。根据我们对定义的理解,这些主机就属于某个P2P僵尸网络。     

中小型局域网中P2P僵尸网络的检测

传统的僵尸网络大多是基于IRC协议的集中式结构,但越来越多的僵尸网络开始转向了分布式的P2P结构,针对IRC信道的检测方法已经不适用于新型的P2P僵尸网络。提出一种面向中小型局域网,根据流量统计特性和恶意攻击活动相结合的P2P僵尸网络检测方法。这种方法对采用随机端口,数据加密等新型手段的Botnets可以进行有效检测。     

基于流量摘要的僵尸网络检测

随着僵尸网络的日益进化,检测和防范僵尸网络攻击成为网络安全研究的重要任务.现有的研究很少考虑到僵尸网络中的时序模式,并且在实时僵尸网络检测中效果不佳,也无法检测未知的僵尸网络.针对这些问题,本文提出了基于流量摘要的僵尸网络检测方法,首先将原始流数据按照源主机地址聚合,划分适当的时间窗口生成流量摘要记录,然后构建决策树、随机森林和XGBoost机器学习分类模型.在CTU-13数据集上的实验结果表明,本文提出的方法能够有效检测僵尸流量,并且能够检测未知僵尸网络,此外,借助Spark技术也能满足现实应用中快速检测的需要.     

双层架构的P2P Botnet研究

Botnet(僵尸网络)是由bot(僵尸主机)组成的可通信、可被攻击者控制的网络,而P2P botnet是一种利用P2P技术构建控制信道的僵尸网络.对比于以往具有明显追踪特征的P2P botnet而言,一种基于双层架构的P2P botnet在控制感染主机方面采用了更加隐蔽和灵活的方式,使追踪难度增大.通过模拟实验对基于这种通信控制模型的僵尸网络进行了功能和性能方面的研究,并提出了相应的防御与追踪方案.     

一种分布式的僵尸网络实时检测算法

僵尸网络通过控制的主机实现多类恶意行为,使得当前的检测方法失效,其中窃取敏感数据已经成为主流。鉴于僵尸网络实现的恶意行为,检测和减轻方法的研究已经势在必行。提出了一种新颖的分布式实时僵尸网络检测方法,该方法通过将Netflow组织成主机Netflow图谱和主机关系链,并提取隐含的C&C通信特征来检测僵尸网络。同时,基于Spark Streaming分布式实时流处理引擎,使用该算法实现了BotScanner分布式检测系统。为了验证该系统的有效性,采用5个主流的僵尸网络家族进行训练,并分别使用模拟网络流量和真实网络流量进行测试。实验结果表明,在无需深度包解析的情况下,BotScanner分布式检测系统能够实时检测指定的僵尸网络,并获得了较高的检测率和较低的误报率。而且,在真实的网络环境中,BotScanner分布式检测系统能够进行实时检测,加速比接近线性,验证了Spark Streaming引擎在分布式流处理方面的优势,以及用于僵尸网络检测方面的可行性。     

Behavioral analysis of botnets for threat intelligence

This paper examines the behavioral patterns of fast-flux botnets for threat intelligence. The Threat Intelligence infrastructure, which we have specifically developed for fast-flux botnet detection and monitoring, enables this analysis. Cyber criminals and attackers use botnets to conduct a wide range of operations including spam campaigns, phishing scams, malware delivery, denial of service attacks, and click fraud. The most advanced botnet operators use fast-flux infrastructure and DNS record manipulation techniques to make their networks more stealthy, scalable, and resilient. Our analysis shows that such networks share common lifecycle characteristics, and form clusters based on size, growth and type of malicious behavior. We introduce a social network connectivity metric, and show that command and control and malware botnets have similar scores with this metric while spam and phishing botnets have similar scores. We describe how a Guilt-by-Association approach and connectivity metric can be used to predict membership in particular botnet families. Finally, we discuss the intelligence utility of fast-flux botnet behavior analysis as a cyber defense tool against advanced persistent threats.     

Identifying botnets by capturing group activities in DNS traffic

Botnets have become the main vehicle to conduct online crimes such as DDoS, spam, phishing and identity theft. Even though numerous efforts have been directed towards detection of botnets, evolving evasion techniques easily thwart detection. Moreover, existing approaches can be overwhelmed by the large amount of data needed to be analyzed. In this paper, we propose a light-weight mechanism to detect botnets using their fundamental characteristics, i.e., group activity. The proposed mechanism, referred to as BotGAD (botnet group activity detector) needs a small amount of data from DNS traffic to detect botnet, not all network traffic content or known signatures. BotGAD can detect botnets from a large-scale network in real-time even though the botnet performs encrypted communications. Moreover, BotGAD can detect botnets that adopt recent evasion techniques. We evaluate BotGAD using multiple DNS traces collected from different sources including a campus network and large ISP networks. The evaluation shows that BotGAD can automatically detect botnets while providing real-time monitoring in large scale networks.     

面向规避僵尸网络流量检测的对抗样本生成

基于机器学习的僵尸网络流量检测是现阶段网络安全领域比较热门的研究方向,然而生成对抗网络(generative adversarial networks,GAN)的出现使得机器学习面临巨大的挑战.针对这个问题,在未知僵尸网络流量检测器模型结构和参数的假设条件下,基于生成对抗网络提出了一种新的用于黑盒攻击的对抗样本生成方法...     

MRRbot:基于冗余机制的多角色P2P僵尸网络模型

对现有僵尸网络的防御已取得很大成效,但僵尸网络不断演变进化,尤其在三网融合不断推进的背景下,这给防御者带来新的挑战.因此,预测未来僵尸网络以及时应对,非常必要.提出了一种基于冗余机制的多角色P2P僵尸网络模型(MRRbot),该模型引入虚壳僵尸终端,能够很大程度上验证僵尸终端的软硬件环境,增强其可信度和针对性;采用信息冗余机制和服务终端遴选算法,使僵尸终端能够均衡、高效地访问服务终端,提高命令控制信道的健壮性和抗毁性.对MRRbot的可控性、时效性和抗毁性进行了理论分析和实验评估,并就其健壮性与前人工作进行了比较.结果表明,MRRbot能够高效下发指令,有效对抗防御,更具威胁.探讨了可能的防御策略,提出基于志愿者网络的防御体系.     

基于Kademlia协议的高生存性P2P僵尸网络

为了提高僵尸网络的生存能力,通过对现有反僵尸网络技术的分析,从攻击者角度提出了一种基于Kademlia协议的高生存性P2P僵尸网络,通过设计一套通信加密认证和节点身份认证机制提高了僵尸网络的生存能力,理论分析表明该机制可以较为有效地应对伪造命令攻击和女巫攻击,并通过实验证明了新型僵尸网络的高生存性。