一种车载自组织网络连通性维护方法

车载自组织网络（VANET）中的高速移动性节点和动态的网络拓扑结构使得车辆间通信链路存在传输时延长、连接时间短的问题。通过引入双簇头选择算法,提出一种改进的AODV路由协议（AODV-CMIRP）,用于VANET的连通性维护。利用分簇技术降低全局网络拓扑的动态性,通过引入节点的相对移动度和相对速度作为簇头选择指标,并选取辅助簇头节点以延长车载自组织网络整体生存时间。仿真结果表明,在保证网络连通性和稳定性的前提下,相比CBDRP和AODV协议,AODV-CMIRP协议具有较低的平均端到端时延和较高的分组投递率,能够有效延长簇头生存时间并提高网络的稳定性。     

容断网络中基于ACK机制的喷射等待路由

容断网络(DTN)试图通过间歇连通的节点传送信息,其路由的困难在于连通是机会性的,节点间缺乏网络拓扑连接的信息。喷射等待路由是这种网络的一种高效路由策略,它先向网络中喷射一定数目的消息副本,然后等待其中之一遇见目的节点。与传染路由算法相比,喷射等待路由消耗的网络资源明显减少,但在高网络负载下仍遭受严重的资源竞争。为此,在喷射等待路由分析的基础上,针对缓存消耗大、带宽效率不高的问题,提出利用ACK机制移除冗余的消息副本和使用令牌转发技术提高带宽利用率的改进机制。通过仿真平台ONE对改进算法进行了仿真分析,结果表明改进后的算法虽平均延迟略有增加,但能够提升投递率,降低网络资源消耗量。该算法不依赖任何预先连接知识,适用于间歇连通移动网络环境。     

A systematic technical survey of DTN and VDTN routing protocols

There are major challenges in establishing effective communications between nodes in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). In them the systems are subject to wireless interference and disconnections, thus hindering the availability and reliability of source-destination connections. Another major problem arises when VANETs are sparse, causing excessive retransmissions and delays due to long periods without maintaing connection between pair of vehicles. In these environments traditional routing protocols proposed for VANETs suffer from the absence of end-to-end connections. From intensive studies and analysis, it was found that these problems are best overcome by using Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) routing protocols that can endure huge delays, connection disruptions and embolden applications to use a minimum number of roundtrip response confirmations. DTN routing protocols are considered to be the most suitable alternative to traditional routing protocols in VANET environments. They are designed for storing and forwarding messages through a series of forwarders to maintain network connectivity. Thus, we present a systematic technical survey and a comparative analysis of a taxonomy of DTN routing protocols, which we extended and adapted it to include a new set of VDTN (VANET/DTN) routing protocol categories with results.     

社会感知多副本车载自组织网络机会路由协议

为提高车载自组织网络(vehicular Ad hoc networks, VANETs)中消息投递的效率, 提出了一种社会感知多副本车载自组织网络机会路由协议(SAMOR)。协议结合了车载自组织网络中节点的社会性特点和多副本路由方案的优势, 采用携带—存储—转发的机会路由方式进行消息投递。利用节点间的相遇历史区分社区节点和全局节点, 并使用所提出的节点社区中心性和网络中心性的度量方法, 得到了节点的效用。在路由过程的扩散阶段, 节点间按效用分配副本, 在转发阶段, 副本继续向效用高的节点转发。仿真结果表明, SAMOR实现了较高的消息投递成功率和较低的延迟。     

An Energy-Aware Geographic Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are characterized by multi-hop wireless links and resource constrained nodes. To improve network lifetime, energy balance is an important concern in such networks. Geographic routing has been widely regarded as efficient and scalable. However, it cannot guarantee packet delivery in some cases, such as faulty location services. Moreover, greedy forwarding always takes the shortest local path so that it has a tendency of depleting the energy of nodes on the shortest path. The matter gets even worse when the nodes on the boundaries of routing holes suffer from excessive energy consumption, since geographic routing tends to deliver data packets along the boundaries by perimeter routing. In this paper, we present an Energy-Aware Geographic Routing (EGR) protocol for MANET that combines local position information and residual energy levels to make routing decisions. In addition, we use the prediction of the range of a destination''s movement to improve the delivery ratio. The simulation shows that EGR exhibits a noticeably longer network lifetime and a higher delivery rate than some non-energy-aware geographic routing algorithms, such as GPSR, while not compromising too much on end-to-end delivery delay.     

基于汇聚节点移动的能量均衡路由协议的研究

在无线传感器网络路由协议的设计中,传感器节点的监测数据要以多跳中继的方式向sink汇聚节点进行传输。在sink汇聚节点固定网络,临近sink汇聚节点的传感器节点需要中转其他节点的监测数据,从而耗费大量的电池能量,很容易造成过早地死亡,使网络的连通度下降,甚至会造成网络的分割,缩短了网络寿命。为了解决这一问题,从sink汇聚节点的角度,提出了一个基于sink汇聚节点移动的能量均衡的路由协议——SERP路由协议,通过sink汇聚节点的移动,使其附近的传感器节点不断地发生变化也就是网络内的“热点”不断地发生变化,从而促使传感器节点间的负载得到均衡,达到延长网络寿命的目的。在协议中,首先将无线传感器网络的监测区域分成有限个虚拟单元格,然后以每个单元格的中心作为sink汇聚节点的移动位置,最后通过线性规划确定sink汇聚节点在每个位置的停留时间。针对上述路由协议,对它进行了仿真分析,结果显示网络内节点的能量消耗比较高效均衡,有效地延长了网络寿命。     

城市非连通车载自组网中低时延路由协议

针对城市车载自组网具有路径寿命短、网络非连通的特点,设计一个低时延路由协议。该协议根据车辆密度建立时延模型,将路由分为路段转发和路口转发2个阶段,路口转发选择时延最小的路径进行路由。实验结果表明,该协议能在城市非连通的车载自组网中达到较高的分组投递率和较低的传输时延。     

A power efficiency routing and maintenance protocol in wireless multi-hop networks

In wireless multi-hop networks, selecting a path that has a high transmission bandwidth or a high delivery rate of packets can reduce power consumption and shorten transmission delay during data transmission. There are two factors that influence the transmission bandwidth: the signal strength of the received packets and contentions in the contention-based MAC layer. These two factors may cause more power to be consumed during data transmission. We analyze these two factors and propose a power-aware routing protocol called MTPCR. MTPCR discovers the desired routing path that has reduced power consumption during data transmission. In addition to finding a desired path to reduce power consumption, MTPCR also takes into account the situations in which the transmission bandwidth of the routing path may decrease, resulting in much power consumption during data transmission because of the mobility of nodes in a network. MTPCR is thus useful in a network: it analyzes power consumption during data transmission with the help of neighboring nodes, and it uses a path maintenance mechanism to maintain good path bandwidth. The density of nodes in a network is used to determine when to activate the path maintenance mechanism in order to reduce the overhead of this mechanism. With the proposed path maintenance mechanism, power consumption during data transmission can be efficiently reduced, as well as the number of path breakages. In our simulation, we compared our proposed routing protocol, MTPCR, with the following protocols: two classical routing protocols, AODV and DSR; two power-aware routing protocols, MMBCR and xMBCR; and one multiple path routing protocol, PAMP. The comparisons are made in terms of throughput of the routing path, power consumption in path discovery, power consumption in data transmission, and network lifetime.     

车载自组织网络中的被动地理路由算法

针对车载自组织网络中无可靠的基础设施可用、网络的拓扑结构变化快、障碍物多等特点,提出一种车载自组织网络的被动地理路由算法,采用基于城市交通图和节点位置信息的无线路由算法,使用基于路段与速度的位置预判方法,去除广播机制,降低路由开销。模拟实验结果证明,该算法能以较低的路由负荷提供较高的包递送率。     

Implementation of energy efficient circuit design using A* algorithm in embedded network

In wireless sensor network, the routing path plays a prominent role in network resource utilization. Since, the nodes in network are open to physical abuse an effective routing protocol is necessary to improve data reliability in network and to overcome node data link disconnection. In this paper, we propose to implement A*EEDDP (Energy Efficient Distributed Diffusion protocol) to improve data reliability and increase network lifetime. The A* algorithm determines the shortest routing path between source node and destination node. In addition, the routing path determine with respect to parameters such as energy consumed for communication, residual energy of nodes and the time over which the nodes can support the routing path. The combined A*EEDDP implement in testbed and performance evaluate interms of network lifetime, throughput, packet delivery ratio, energy efficiency and end to end delay. The A*EEDDP performs better compared to other algorithm and achieves higher packet delivery ratio of 97%.     

A direction-based geographic routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks

In an intermittently connected mobile network, a complete routing path from a source to a destination cannot be guaranteed most of the time. Therefore, traditional routing methods for mobile ad hoc networks are not applicable in such a network. Current approaches for intermittently connected mobile networks are primarily based on redundant transmission and single-copy opportunistic routing. However, they incur either high overhead due to excessive transmissions, or long delay due to incorrect path choices during forwarding. In this paper, we propose a direction-based geographic (DIG) routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks. Relying on geographic location information, the packets are routed in a path approximately to the shortest path from the source node to the destination, which significantly reduces the overhead in redundant transmission and decreases the transmission delay in the single-copy opportunistic routing. Theoretical analysis and trace-driven experimental results show that DIG provides low transmission delay with low overhead in comparison with the schemes in the redundant transmission and single-copy opportunistic routing.     

Random Walk Routing in WSNs with Regular Topologies

Topology is one of the most important characteristics for any type of networks because it represents the network's inherent properties and has great impact on the performance of the network. For wireless sensor networks (WSN), a well-deployed regular topology can help save more energy than what a random topology can do. WSNs with regular topologies can prolong network lifetime as studied in many previous work. However, little work has been done in developing effective routing algorithms for WSNs with regular topologies, except routing along a shortest path with the knowledge of global location information of sensor nodes. In this paper, a new routing protocol based on random walk is proposed. It does not require global location information. It also achieves load balancing property inherently for WSNs which is difficult to achieve by other routing protocols. In the scenarios where the message required to be sent to the base station is in comparatively small size with the inquiry message among neighboring nodes, it is proved that the random walk routing protocol can guarantee high probability of successful transmission from the source to the base station with the same amount of energy consumption as the shortest path routing. Since in many applications of WSNs, sensor nodes often send only beep-like small messages to the base station to report their status, our proposed random walk routing is thus a viable scheme and can work very efficiently especially in these application scenarios. The random walk routing provides load balancing in the WSN as mentioned, however, the nodes near to the base station are inevitably under heavier burden than those far away from the base station. Therefore, a density-aware deployment scheme is further proposed to guarantee that the heavy-load nodes do not affect the network lifetime even if their energy is exhausted. The main idea is deploying sensors with different densities according to their distance to the base station. It will be shown in this paper that incorporating the random walk routing protocol with the density-aware deployment scheme can effectively prolong the network lifetime.     

车载自组织网络中基于运动状态的簇路由协议

针对车载自组织网络中的大规模网络场景,提出一种基于运动状态的簇路由协议。计算节点与其一跳邻居节点的链路维持时间和连接度,通过这2个参数判断节点的优先级并确定簇头节点。在簇的维护过程中,根据成员节点和簇头节点的距离和陒对速度,动态确定邻居节点的范围。仿真结果表明,该协议能提高簇的稳定性,减少端到端延时,与基于簇的路由协议和基于权值的车载自组织网络分簇路由协议陒比,具有更高的包传输率和簇维持时间。     

Predictive routing for mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks: a milestone-based approach

Mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks have been the target of extensive research recently due to their efficient energy consumption and various possible applications. To support mobile sinks, an energy efficient routing protocol is essential. In this light, the present study proposes a milestone-based predictive routing protocol that improves energy efficiency. This study introduces the concept of a milestone node, which plays a role of spreading the estimated sink’s future location information to the nodes located in the vicinity of the recent trail of the sink, and by using this information, nodes can route data packets to the mobile sink efficiently. Along with the proposed predictive routing protocol, this study also suggests a periodic broadcast scheme to provide the sink’s location information to the entire network in order to increase the data packet delivery ratio. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol reduces energy consumption while maintaining high data packet delivery ratios compared to previous routing protocols such as ALURP and Elastic.     

一种基于剩余能量考虑的Ad Hoc网路由协议

为了有效利用网络资源,增加网络容量和生存时间,设计一种基于剩余能量及其消耗速率的Ad Hoc网路由协议(REECV)。该协议一方面以避免网络分割为目标,保护网络中能量较低的节点;另一方面考虑链路带宽状况,均衡能量较多节点的流量。仿真表明,该协议在网络生存时间、包传输率和端到端的延时等方面都有一定程度的改善。     

基于高可靠束路径的车载自组网路由规划算法

为提高车载自组网端到端路径存活期,提出一种基于高可靠束路径的路由规划算法LGGR。该算法通过分发网络连通性信息,使每个十字路口的节点可以感知与相邻十字路口节点的连通情况,通过计算十字路口的度、路径段存活期和自逾期确定最佳束路径,从而保证网络高连通性,延长路径存活期。仿真结果表明,LGGR的性能优于AODV、GPSR等算法。     

短相遇接触时间网络环境中的时延容忍网络路由方案

为解决时延容忍网络在短接触时间下的路由问题,给出了一种短相遇接触时间网络环境中的时延容忍网络路由方案.该方案首先利用相遇接触时间、相遇间隔时间和消息时效等网络信息计算一跳传递概率和两跳传递概率,然后根据所得传递概率在当前接触节点和过去接触节点中选择转发节点,从而建立低成本路由.仿真性能分析结果表明:与其它经典的时延容忍网络路由方案相比,所给路由方案可以在降低路由成本的情况下,提高消息传递率,且能缩短平均时延.     

HE-MAN: Hierarchical Management for Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are mobile networks that extend over vast areas and have intense node mobility. These characteristics lead to frequent delays and disruptions. A solution is to employ the Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) paradigm. However, the frequent disruptions as well as the delay and reliability constraints of certain VANET applications hinder the employment of both conventional and DTN-based management architectures. We present the HiErarchical MANagement (HE-MAN) architecture, which considers the specificities of Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Network (VDTN) management. The HE-MAN architecture implements a hierarchical management topology in order to take advantage of local communication opportunities for monitoring and configuration tasks. The proposed techniques for network clustering, monitoring, and configuration are evaluated using simulations, and results show that the proposed architecture successfully organizes the VDTN in relatively stable clusters, leading to more intelligent and efficient management of VDTN nodes through the usage of middle-level managers.     

An on-demand routing protocol for improving channel use efficiency in multichannel ad hoc networks

In wireless ad hoc networks, end-to-end delivery over network is a critical concern for routing protocols. The capacity of routing protocols is constrained by the intra-flow interference introduced by adjacent nodes on the same path, and inter-flow interference generated by nodes from neighboring paths. In this paper, we develop an on-demand routing protocol M-AODV-R that solves the channel assignment, reuse and routing problem jointly. The proposed channel reuse scheme and channel assignment scheme can enhance channel reuse rate. This cross-layer design approach can significantly improve the performance of multichannel ad hoc networks over existing routing protocols. Simulation results show that the proposed routing M-AODV-R can effectively increase throughput and reduce delay, as compared to AODV protocol.     

Link stability based multicast routing scheme in MANET

The group-oriented services are one of the primary application classes that are addressed by Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) in recent years. To support such services, multicast routing is used. Thus, there is a need to design stable and reliable multicast routing protocols for MANETs to ensure better packet delivery ratio, lower delays and reduced overheads. In this paper, we propose a mesh based multicast routing scheme that finds stable multicast path from source to receivers. The multicast mesh is constructed by using route request and route reply packets with the help of multicast routing information cache and link stability database maintained at every node. The stable paths are found based on selection of stable forwarding nodes that have high stability of link connectivity. The link stability is computed by using the parameters such as received power, distance between neighboring nodes and the link quality that is assessed using bit errors in a packet. The proposed scheme is simulated over a large number of MANET nodes with wide range of mobility and the performance is evaluated. Performance of the proposed scheme is compared with two well known mesh-based multicast routing protocols, i.e., on-demand multicast routing protocol (ODMRP) and enhanced on-demand multicast routing protocol (EODMRP). It is observed that the proposed scheme produces better packet delivery ratio, reduced packet delay and reduced overheads (such as control, memory, computation, and message overheads).