基于马尔科夫链的平台生存任务模型与航路评估

在地面雷达武器威胁环境里,不仅需要评估航路上飞行平台的有关生存和任务完成的概率,而且还要能度量不同航路的好坏。由于传统模型不能有效表达生存模型和任务模型,更不能有效统一生存模型与任务模型,为此建立了基于马尔科夫链的生存任务模型,并且在此模型的基础上引入代价来评估航路。最后的仿真结果表明,该方法有效刻画了生存率和任务完成率,能关注到完成任务且无伤害返回的概率,并且能有效度量航路的好坏。     

To solve the problems of combat mission predictions based on multi-instance genetic fuzzy systems

The Journal of Supercomputing - Accurate prediction of the enemy’s combat missions in combat deductions is helpful to improve the quality of command decision. Intelligent combat mission...     

Air-to-ground training missions: a psychophysiological workload analysis

Psychophysiological measures are used to assess the workload of F4 Phantom aircraft pilots and weapon systems officers (WSOs) during air-to-ground training missions and during the performance of two levels of difficulty of a laboratory tracking task. The bombing range portion of the missions was associated with the highest pilot workload, while the WSO flying the aircraft was the highest workload segment for the WSOs. The pilots' data were found to have a wider range of values for the physiological measures than were found in the WSO data. The different levels of tracking task difficulty produced significant physiological effects but the range of values found for most of the flight segments were much greater. These data demonstrate that extrapolating laboratory data to the flight environment is risky at best. The various physiological measures were differentially sensitive to the different demands of the various flight segments.     

Case-based path planning for autonomous underwater vehicles

Case-based reasoning is reasoning based on specific instances of past experience. A new solution is generated by retrieving and adapting an old one which approximately matches the current situation. In this paper, we outline a case-based reasoning scheme for path planning in autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) missions. An annotated map database is employed to model the navigational environment. Routes which are used in earlier missions are represented as objects in the map. When a new route is to be planned, the path planner retrieves a matching route from the database and modifies it to suit to the current situation. Whenever a matching route is not available, a new route is synthesized based on past cases that describe similar navigational environments. Case-based approach is thus used not only to adapt old routes but also to synthesize new ones. Since the proposed scheme is centered around reuse of old routes, it would be fast especially when long routes need to be generated. Moreover, better reliability of paths can be expected as they are adapted from earlier missions. The scheme is novel and appropriate for AUV mission scenarios. In this paper, we describe the representation of navigation environment including past routes and objects in the navigational space. Further, we discuss the retrieval and repair strategies and the scheme for synthesizing new routes. Sample results of both synthesis and reuse of routes and system performance analysis are also presented. One major advantage of this system is the facility to enrich the map database with new routes as they are generated.This work was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant No. BCS-9017990.     

MND-SCEMP: an empirical study of a software cost estimation modeling process in the defense domain

The primary focus of weapon systems research and development has moved from a hardware base to a software base and the cost of software development is increasing gradually. An accurate estimation of the cost of software development is now a very important task in the defense domain. However, existing models and tools for software cost estimation are not suitable for the defense domain due to problems of accuracy. Thus, it is necessary to develop cost estimation models that are appropriate to specific domains. Furthermore, most studies of methodology development are aligned with generic methodologies that do not consider the pertinent factors to specific domains, whereas new methodologies should reflect specific domains. In this study, we apply two generic methodologies to the development of a software cost estimation model, before suggesting an integrated modeling process specifically for the national defense domain. To validate our proposed modeling process, we performed an empirical study of 113 software development projects on weapon systems in Korea. A software cost estimation model was developed by applying the proposed modeling process. The MMRE value of this model was 0.566 while the accuracy was appropriate for use. We conclude that the modeling process and software cost estimation model developed in this study is suitable for estimating resource requirements during weapon system development in South Korea’s national defense domain. This modeling process and model may facilitate more accurate resource estimation by project planners, which will lead to more successful project execution.     

Human Factors Concerning Unmanned Aircraft Systems in Future Operations

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) play increasingly important roles in many modern militaries. The proven success of UAS during operations in Afghanistan and Iraq has created a demand for UAS with varying functionalities and capabilities. UAS are currently performing tasks and playing roles of manned systems in many mission areas. Although UAS are limited in meeting all the required parameters when compared to the manned systems, their low risk, low cost attributes and critical mission capabilities often make them preferable. However, the extent to which UAS can continue defining tomorrow’s military missions is not predictable. There is some skepticism and hesitation about operating UAS with minimal human oversight and how it influences the operational effectiveness when the limitations of autonomy or constant control needs are accounted for. Therefore, it becomes crucially important to find out and apply the best match between systems and missions considering the type of the mission and the capabilities of UAS. The emerging challenge is to identify the place of UAS in operational structures and versatile missions, and possibly provide an integrative solution where both manned and unmanned systems collaborate in meeting given requirements in the future of warfare. The aim of this paper is to compare cognitive capabilities of manned systems and UAS, and evaluate them in the context of anticipated future operating environments. The evaluation will focus on the efficiency of systems on the cognitive domain of information environments and their impact on specific missions. The research is expected to contribute to a more informed structural transformation of modern militaries.     

Flying Together: Modelling Air Mission Teams

The problem of modelling air missions is part of a larger problem—simulating possible war-like scenarios in the air, sea, and on land. In modelling such military systems one is required to model the behaviour of various actors and the resources that are available to them. One aspect of this problem is the modelling of a group of actors as a team and then modelling the coordinated behaviour of such a team to achieve a joint goal.In the domain of air mission modelling the actors are pilots who control aircraft and their behaviour is referred to as tactics. In this paper we present the approach we adopted in modelling teams and team tactics as part of the development of the Smart Whole AiR Mission Model (SWARMM) for the Air Operations Division of the Australian Defence Science and Technology Organization. In our approach teams are composed of sub-teams and adopt organizational structures. Such structures define the responsibilities of the sub-teams towards the mission to be achieved as well as towards the control and coordination of the sub-teams. We also describe how communication is used when adopting a variety of control and coordination strategies and how one could reason about the choice of organizational structures for a given mission and situation.     

某型飞机的毁伤计算与仿真系统研究

在空战对抗中,关于我方飞机在敌方导弹威胁下的损毁状态以及战伤情况的统计分析对指导我军战时战伤抢修和战场备件筹措具有重大意义,而建立飞机在一定威胁下的毁伤模型并通过多次仿真计算进行分析是进行飞机战伤抢修研究的一个重要手段.在分析破片杀伤型空空导弹的杀伤机理并建立我军某型主战飞机的易损性模型和详细结构模型的基础上,重点介绍了毁伤种类及相应计算模型的建立,通过仿真实现,得到了一定弹目交会条件下飞机的损毁概率以及战伤部位清单,为后期战伤模式分析、战伤评估和抢修方案的制定提供了重要依据.     

Model-driven design space exploration for multi-robot systems in simulation

Multi-robot systems are increasingly deployed to provide services and accomplish missions whose complexity or cost is too high for a single robot to achieve on its own. Although multi-robot systems offer increased reliability via redundancy and enable the execution of more challenging missions, engineering these systems is very complex. This complexity affects not only the architecture modelling of the robotic team but also the modelling and analysis of the collaborative intelligence enabling the team to complete its mission. Existing approaches for the development of multi-robot applications do not provide a systematic mechanism for capturing these aspects and assessing the robustness of multi-robot systems. We address this gap by introducing ATLAS, a novel model-driven approach supporting the systematic design space exploration and robustness analysis of multi-robot systems in simulation. The ATLAS domain-specific language enables modelling the architecture of the robotic team and its mission and facilitates the specification of the team’s intelligence. We evaluate ATLAS and demonstrate its effectiveness in three simulated case studies: a healthcare Turtlebot-based mission and two unmanned underwater vehicle missions developed using the Gazebo/ROS and MOOS-IvP robotic platforms, respectively.

     

基于Petri网的作战单元任务可靠性仿真

现代战争要求充分发挥武器系统的整体作战效能,任务可靠性为武器系统作战效能的评估提供了依据。本文在分析作战单元任务可靠性仿真重要性以及Petri网技术优点的基础上,描述了作战单元复杂任务的构成及特点,建立了作战单元任务可靠性理论模型并明确仿真思路,利用Petri网技术,在ExSpect仿真环境下逐层构建了作战单元复杂任务可靠性仿真模型,最后针对具体实例进行仿真分析。实例结果表明,此模型可以有效的对作战单元任务可靠性进行仿真,对增强部队综合保障能力具有积极的意义。     

战场环境中基于簇的WSN生存性路由协议

当无线传感网络应用于战场环境时,复杂恶劣的网络环境以及传感节点受限的能源、内存和通信能力导致节点容易失效、遭受攻击或被俘获,从而影响侦察任务的完成。本文提出一种基于簇的生存性路由协议—SRPC,该协议通过密钥协商和身份认证等机制抵御恶意节点的攻击;并在主簇头被摧毁后启用备用簇头链将监测数据传输到基站。仿真结果表明,SRPC协议可以在均衡能耗的基础上有效抵御恶意节点的攻击,并在簇头节点遭受攻击或者被摧毁后保证数据包的可靠投递,提高了WSN在战场侦察环境中的生存能力。     

支援干扰下战斗机突防段综合航迹规划

针对传统A*算法搜索空间以及收敛时间等方面的不足,首先提出了改进的A*算法;其次对战斗机突防段综合航迹规划影响因素进行分析,在此基础上建立了战斗机对地攻击突防段代价函数数学模型;然后对支援干扰下的雷达压制区进行研究,确定干扰机位置,由此条件构建支援干扰下战斗机突防段综合航迹规划模型;最后应用改进的A*算法进行战斗机突防段综合航迹规划。仿真实例表明,基于改进的A*算法可以有效地进行突防段的航迹规划,可以有效地减小航迹的代价,提高战斗机的突防概率,有利于我方战斗机成功突防。     

面向使命任务的武器装备体系能力规划方法

武器装备体系(weapon system of systems, WSoS)能力规划是武器装备体系研究的重要内容.履行使命任务时,可出动的兵力以及携行可支撑能力的武器装备数量是有限的,对此,提出一种基于效能价值的武器装备体系能力规划方法.统筹考虑作战中各项任务能力需求,结合支撑不同能力的武器装备与相应装备数量之间的关系,快速给出不同规模部队的能力规划方案.以使命任务为牵引,分析能力需求,建立归一化作战能力效能模型;基于前景理论(prospect theory),给出考虑风险因素的作战能力效能价值函数;以装备单位数量为约束变量,构建基于效能价值的体系能力规划模型,对其求解可得出使体系效能价值最大的武器装备能力规划方案.最后,以武警部队担负的反恐处突作战任务为例,验证所提出方法的可行性和有效性.     

空战战法训练系统目标机飞行轨迹实现

空战战法训练系统是运用仿真手段对指挥员和飞行员进行空战战法训练的虚拟系统,在该系统中,目标飞机的运动及其飞行轨迹生成是关系到系统成败的关键环节。首先分析确定了生成基于现有战法的目标飞机飞行轨迹的步骤;然后针对敌方飞机数据缺乏的实际状况,结合训练系统设计,在保证系统要求的前提下给出了考虑飞行极限参数的简化目标机仿真模型;根据现代空战特点选定了空战机动动作集,并设计了动作库;最后给出了根据时间步长推算的飞行轨迹简化计算模型。经实际检验,该模型可以有效地满足空战战法训练系统的需要。     

An integer programming approach to support the US Air Force's air mobility network

The United States Air Force's air mobility command is responsible for creating a schedule and executing that schedule for a large-scale air mobility network that encompasses aircraft with prioritized missions. Aerial ports (airports) can process or park a maximum number of aircraft, called the maximum on ground (MOG). As the schedule changes due to disruptions, such as equipment failure or weather, the MOG constraint can cause the new schedule to be infeasible. Traditionally, re-planning the channel route schedule to adhere to MOG constraints has been a manual process that usually stops after the first feasible set of changes is found, due to the challenges of large amounts of data and urgency for a re-plan. We extend Bertsimas and Stock's integer program formulation for the commercial airline Multi-Airport Ground-Holding Problem to the air mobility network. Our integer programming formulation recommends delays to certain aircraft on the ground to minimize the effects of system-wide disruptions while taking account mission priorities of the aircraft.     

A psychophysical and questionnaire investigation on the spatial disorientation triggered by cockpit layout and design

This study assessed Taiwanese air force combat jet pilots' ability to cope with spatial disorientation (SD) triggered by cockpit layout and design. The measurement items of psychophysical questionnaire were ranked by 325 air force combat jet pilots. This study prioritized the causes of SD perceived by combat jet pilots resulted from the unfamiliarity with instruments on aircraft undergoing flight training, the aircraft's cockpit canopy and the layout of instruments in the cockpit. A significant difference was found between with-SD experience and without-SD experience subjects' responses from adapting to the size of instruments in the cockpit, and from the helmet-mounted display (HMD). Considerable association was discernible between the position of instruments in the cockpit and combat jet models accrued; as well as between the helmet-mounted display (HMD) and combat jet models accrued. The study identify main cockpit layout and design causing SD of Taiwanese pilots based on combat jet models to eliminate the risk of SD, intensify SD training on preventing SD and provide pilots with skills to anticipate and assess the risk of SD during mission planning, and provide references to the military for future procurement of new aircraft models.Relevance to industryThese results provide important information to the defense manufacturers for designing the cockpit layout of combat jets to prevent SD of specific pilots. Finally, the results show the contribution of ergonomics to support military operational commanders in the design of training and prevention of SD.     

Automated generation of dynamics-based runtime certificates for high-level control

This paper addresses the problem of synthesizing controllers for reactive missions carried out by dynamical systems operating in environments of known physical geometry but consisting of uncontrolled elements that the system must react to at execution time. Such problems have value in semi-structured industrial automation settings, especially those in which robots must behave collaboratively yet safely with their human counterparts. The proposed synthesis framework addresses cases where there exists no satisfying controller for the mission, given the dynamical system and the environment’s assumed behaviors. We introduce an approach that leverages information about an abstraction of the dynamical system to automatically generate a concise set of revisions to such specifications. We provide a graphical visualization tool as a design aid, allowing the revisions to be conveyed to the user interactively and added to the specification at the user’s discretion. Any accepted statements become certificates that, if satisfied at runtime, provide guarantees for the current mission on the given dynamics. Our approach is cast into a general framework that works with various discrete representations (i.e. abstractions) of the system dynamics. We present case studies that illustrate application of our approach to controller synthesis for two example robotic missions employing different abstractions of the system.     

Mission control of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles: a workload analysis

With unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), 36 licensed pilots flew both single-UAV and dual-UAV simulated military missions. Pilots were required to navigate each UAV through a series of mission legs in one of the following three conditions: a baseline condition, an auditory autoalert condition, and an autopilot condition. Pilots were responsible for (a) mission completion, (b) target search, and (c) systems monitoring. Results revealed that both the autoalert and the autopilot automation improved overall performance by reducing task interference and alleviating workload. The autoalert system benefited performance both in the automated task and mission completion task, whereas the autopilot system benefited performance in the automated task, the mission completion task, and the target search task. Practical implications for the study include the suggestion that reliable automation can help alleviate task interference and reduce workload, thereby allowing pilots to better handle concurrent tasks during single- and multiple-UAV flight control.     

基于多策略融合粒子群的无人机对地攻击模糊博弈决策

针对无人机协同对地攻击的复杂性和不确定性,联合防空火力压制与对地目标打击任务,引入存活因子、摩擦因子和状态因子等概念,考虑目标威胁度的模糊性,结合生存概率和武器消耗等因素,建立一种多阶段的模糊多目标任务分配规划模型.为更好地描述攻击任务的对抗性和多策略性,以博弈论为框架,将规划模型转化为模糊多目标双矩阵博弈综合集结模型.利用必要性理论将集结模型中的不确定性目标清晰化处理,进而运用熵权法对多个目标进行加权求和,将其转化为单目标双矩阵博弈模型.提出基于多策略融合粒子群算法的纳什均衡求解方法,通过引入自适应惯性权重、动态反向学习与局部变异策略,在增强种群多样性的同时,保证粒子群局部精确搜索能力.算例仿真结果验证了所提模型和方法的有效性.