Oxidative stability of ultra high temperature milk enriched in conjugated linoleic acid and trans-vaccenic acid

Milk naturally enriched in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-vaccenic acid (TVA) was ultra high temperature (UHT)-treated at 125–145 °C for 2–20 s and stored at 4 and 25 °C for up to 120 d. The oxidative stability of treated enriched milk was evaluated in terms of changes on the contents of CLA and TVA, dissolved oxygen, hydroperoxides, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and formation of volatiles. After UHT treatment, more than 78% of CLA and 87% of TVA remained. After 15 d of storage at 25 °C, the CLA and TVA were relatively stable with values in the range of 67–75 and 63–73%, respectively. During storage, CLA oxidized faster than TVA, independently of the UHT treatment and storage conditions. Heptanal was the most abundant volatile resulting from UHT processing and a potential suitable marker for heat treatment of milk rich in CLA and TVA.     

乳蛋白微胶囊包埋共轭亚油酸及其稳定性研究

目的比较不同乳蛋白作为微胶囊壁材包埋共轭亚油酸的效果,并考察其产品的稳定性。方法分别以牛乳浓缩蛋白MPC80(milk protein concentrate,MPC)和乳清浓缩蛋白WPC80(whey protein concentrate,WPC)为高蛋白壁材,以多不饱和脂肪酸(共轭亚油酸,conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)为芯材,制备微胶囊产品。在芯壁比(芯材和壁材质量比)分别为1:4和1:8的比例下将壁材溶液(蛋白浓度为16%)和芯材混合、均质,经由喷雾干燥制备了共轭亚油酸微胶囊产品。通过扫描电子显微镜和气相色谱等检测方法对微胶囊产品的包埋率、表面形貌以及储藏过程中芯材的氧化稳定性进行研究。结果当芯壁比相同时(1:4和1:8,m:m),MPC组微胶囊的芯材包埋率总是低于WPC组;且MPC组微胶囊产品的表面凹陷程度和内壁疏松程度也更高。当芯壁比提高后,WPC和MPC组的微胶囊效率均有所上升。但是对不同芯壁比的微胶囊产品进行氧化稳定性检测后发现,加速储藏(45℃)过程中MPC组微胶囊产品的质量都比WPC组差。结论牛乳蛋白种类对牛乳蛋白作为CLA微胶囊壁材的影响较大。WPC是CLA微胶囊的优质壁材,而MPC虽然可以作为微胶囊壁材应用,但是对敏感芯材CLA的包埋效率和保护效果都存在一定的局限性,需要进一步改善以提高其应用性能。     

Thermal inactivation kinetics of alkaline phosphatase in equine milk

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is widely used as an indicator of proper pasteurization in bovine milk. Due to interest in the use of equine ALP as a time/temperature integrator (TTI) for evaluation of the efficacy of thermal processing of equine milk, its inactivation kinetics were evaluated in whole and skimmed equine milk. Experimentally determined decimal reduction times showed that equine ALP is more readily inactivated in equine milk than its bovine counterpart. Thus, considering the required 6 D reduction of pathogens and the rather low enzyme level present in equine milk, equine ALP will not be suitable as indicator for correct pasteurization of equine milk under the conditions currently used in the reference method for the determination of ALP in milk-based products.     

Flavor and stability of pasteurized milk with elevated levels of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid

The objectives of this study were to determine if flavor differences between 2% fat pasteurized milks with and without naturally enhanced vaccenic acid (VA) and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) levels could be detected over the commercial shelf life of the product and to determine if milk with elevated VA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA levels was more susceptible to development of light-induced oxidative flavor defects. Cows were fed a control diet or the same ration supplemented with 2% soybean oil and 1% fish oil (CLA diet). The milk, standardized to 2% fat, was pasteurized, homogenized, and stored in plastic containers at 4 degrees C. Oxidation was induced by exposing half of the containers to light. Testing was conducted at 1, 7, and 14 d postpasteurization. Average cis-9, trans-11 CLA content of the milks from the control and CLA diet groups was 0.52 and 4.74 g/100 g of fatty acids, respectively (8-fold increase). Average VA content of the milk from the control and CLA diet groups was 1.43 and 12.06 g/100 g of fatty acids, respectively (7.5-fold increase). Together, VA plus CLA represented almost 17% of the total milk fatty acids. There was no effect of light exposure on fatty acid composition initially or over the 14-d storage period. Although VA, cis-9, trans-11 CLA, and degree of unsaturation were significantly elevated in the milk from the CLA diet group, untrained panelists were unable to detect flavor differences initially or over time in 15 of 16 triangle test evaluations. Similarly, sensory results indicated no difference in susceptibility to the development of oxidized off-flavors between the milk from the control and CLA diet groups, even when oxidation was induced by light exposure.     

Anti-obesity effects of conjugated linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid

Obesity has become a prevailing epidemic throughout the globe. Effective therapies for obesity become attracting. Food components with beneficial effects on "weight loss" have caught increasing attentions. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) belong to different families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However, they have similar effects on alleviating obesity and/or preventing from obesity. They influence the balance between energy intake and expenditure; and reduce body weight and/or fat deposition in animal models, but show little effect in healthy human subjects. They inhibit key enzymes responsible for lipid synthesis, such as fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, enhance lipid oxidation and thermogenesis, and prevent free fatty acids from entering adipocytes for lipogenesis. PUFA also exert suppressive effects on several key factors involved in adipocyte differentiation and fat storage. Despite their similar effects and shared mechanisms, they display differences in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Moreover, DHA and EPA exhibit "anti-obesity" effect as well as improving insulin sensitivity, while CLA induces insulin resistance and fatty liver in most cases. A deeper and more detailed investigation into the complex network of anti-obesity regulatory pathways by different PUFA will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of body weight control and reduce the prevalence of obesity.     

Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid content in milk and meat

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been recently studied mainly because of its potential in protecting against cancer, atherogenesis, and diabetes. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for a series of conjugated dienoic positional and geometrical isomers of linoleic acid, which are found in relative abundance in milk and tissue fat of ruminants compared with other foods. The cis-9, trans-11 isomer is the principle dietary form of CLA found in ruminant products and is produced by partial ruminal biohydrogenation of linoleic acid or by endogenous synthesis in the tissues themselves. The CLA content in milk and meat is affected by several factors, such as animal's breed, age, diet, and management factors related to feed supplements affecting the diet. Conjugated linoleic acid in milk or meat has been shown to be a stable compound under normal cooking and storage conditions. Total CLA content in milk or dairy products ranges from 0.34 to 1.07% of total fat. Total CLA content in raw or processed beef ranges from 0.12 to 0.68% of total fat. It is currently estimated that the average adult consumes only one third to one half of the amount of CLA that has been shown to reduce cancer in animal studies. For this reason, increasing the CLA contents of milk and meat has the potential to raise the nutritive and therapeutic values of dairy products and meat.     

A conjugated linoleic acid supplement containing trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating goats

The effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplements containing trans-10, cis-12 for reducing milk fat synthesis has been well described in dairy cows and sheep. Studies on lactating goats, however, remain inconclusive. Therefore, the current study investigated the efficacy of a lipid-encapsulated trans-10, cis-12 CLA supplement (LE-CLA) on milk production and milk fatty acid profile in dairy goats. Thirty multiparous Alpine lactating goats in late lactation were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design (14-d treatment periods separated by 14-d intervals). Does were fed a total mixed ration of Bermuda grass hay, dehydrated alfalfa pellets, and concentrate. Does were randomly allocated to 3 treatments: A) unsupplemented (control), B) supplemented with 30 g/d of LE-CLA (low dose; CLA-1), and C) supplemented with 60 g/d of LE-CLA (high dose; CLA-2). Milk yield, dry matter intake, and milk protein content and yield were unaffected by treatment. Compared with the control, milk fat yield was reduced 8% by the CLA-1 treatment and 21% by the CLA-2 treatment, with milk fat content reduced 5 and 18% by the CLA-1 and CLA-2 treatments, respectively. The reduction in milk fat yield was due to decreases in both de novo fatty acid synthesis and uptake of preformed fatty acids. Milk fat content of trans-10, cis-12 CLA was 0.03, 0.09, and 0.19 g/100 g of fatty acids for the control, CLA-1, and CLA-2 treatments, respectively. The transfer efficiency of trans-10, cis-12 CLA from the 2 levels of CLA supplement into milk fat was not different between treatments and averaged 1.85%. In conclusion, trans-10, cis-12 CLA reduced milk fat synthesis in lactating dairy goats in a manner similar to that observed for lactating dairy cows and dairy sheep. Dose-response comparisons, however, suggest that the degree of reduction in milk fat synthesis is less in dairy goats compared with dairy cows and dairy sheep.     

共轭亚油酸多重乳状液的制备及稳定性研究

以多重乳状液相对体积为衡量标准,借助显微镜直接观察,探讨油水相质量比、亲油亲水乳化剂质量比、乳化剂的HLB值、乳化剂的含量等因素对共轭亚油酸多重乳状液体系稳定性的影响.结果表明,单一乳化剂体系中,以Tween80作亲水乳化剂制备的多重乳状液稳定性较好.当m(内水相):m(油相):m(外水相)=1:5:1.3,m(Span80):m(Tween80)=9,乳化剂的含量为9.7%时,多重乳液相对体积达到93%.复合乳化剂体系中,在第一相的HLB值为7.4,m(复合乳化剂):m(Tween80)=9,乳化剂质量分数为6.67%时,稳定性最好.     

Spray-drying microencapsulation and oxidative stability of conjugated linoleic acid

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as the free acid was microencapsulated using whey protein concentrate (WPC) as a wall material. An emulsion of CLA was prepared using an emulsifier formulated with a 1:4 (w/w) ratio of a 30% WPC solution and was spray-dried with a laboratory unit. Microcapsules were stored at 35 and 45 °C at different water activities. Oxidation was monitored by measuring the CLA concentration, and peroxide, anisidine and total oxidation values. The encapsulation efficiency was 89.60% with a surface oil concentration of 1.77 g/100 g of sample. Microcapsules stored at a_w=0.743–0.898 had very good stability against oxidation for at least 60 days; therefore WPC is considered as an effective microencapsulating agent.     

牛奶中共轭亚油酸含量的紫外分光光度测定方法

研究了牛乳中共轭亚油酸含量的紫外分光光度测定方法。利用紫外分光光度计,先建立标准曲线与回归公式,再将牛奶样品提取、甲酯化后,进行紫外检测。结果表明,共轭亚油酸甲酯的最大吸收波长是234nm;共轭亚油酸浓度的有效测定范围是0.00856-0.0428mg/mL;吸光度与共轭亚油酸浓度间的回归公式为Y=52.602X 0.0917(R2=0.9862);得出共轭亚油酸浓度与吸光度之间的经验公式为:共轭亚油酸浓度C(mg/mL)=0.019×吸光度(ABS);并且推出了利用紫外分光光度法测定牛奶中共轭亚油酸含量的计算公式。同时,检验了几种市售牛奶中共轭亚油酸,其平均含量为1.64mg/g。     

Effects of amide-protected and lipid-encapsulated conjugated linoleic acid supplements on milk fat synthesis

The trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a potent inhibitor of milk fat synthesis; its ability to reduce milk fat output in a controlled manner as a feed supplement, has potential management applications in the dairy industry. The effectiveness of dietary supplements of trans-10, cis-12 CLA is related to the extent to which their metabolism by rumen bacteria is minimized. A number of processes have been used to manufacture "rumen-protected" feed supplements, and their efficacy can be described by the extent of protection from rumen bacteria as well as postruminal bioavailability. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 2 rumen-protected CLA supplements on milk fat synthesis. Using the same initial batch of CLA, supplements were manufactured by the formation of fatty acyl amide bonds or by lipid encapsulation. Three rumen fistulated Holstein cows were randomly assigned in a 3 x 3 Latin square experiment. Treatments were 1) no supplement (control), 2) amide-protected CLA supplement, and 3) lipid-encapsulated CLA supplement. Supplements were fed to provide 10 g/d of the trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer. Over the 7-d treatment period, 21 and 22% reductions in milk fat yield were observed for the amide-protected and lipid-encapsulated supplements, respectively. Transfer of trans-10, cis-12 CLA into milk fat was also similar for the amide-protected (7.1%) and lipid-encapsulated (7.9%) supplements. Overall, the amide-protected and lipid-encapsulated CLA supplements were equally effective at reducing milk fat synthesis and had no effect on milk yield or dry matter intake.     

Effect of dietary lipid source on conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in milk fat

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) found in ruminant milk fat are a byproduct of incomplete biohydrogenation of lipids by ruminal bacteria. We examined the effect of different dietary fat supplements and processing methods on CLA. In trial 1, dietary supplements of Ca salts of fatty acids from canola oil, soybean oil, and linseed oil increased CLA content of milk fat by three- to fivefold over the control diet. Trials 2 and 3 examined the effect of processing methods for heat treatment of full fat soybeans. In trial 2, extrusion, micronizing, and roasting resulted in two- to threefold greater concentrations of CLA in milk fat than the control diet (raw ground soybeans). In trial 3, different temperatures of extrusion (120, 130, and 140 degrees C) increased the CLA content of milk fat to a similar extent; CLA averaged 19.9 mg/g of fatty acids for the extrusion treatments compared with 4.2 mg/g of fatty acids for the control diet (raw ground soybeans). Fish oil (200 and 400 ml/d) was examined in trial 4 and both levels resulted in CLA concentrations in milk fat that were about threefold greater than the control diet. In trial 5, grain and silage from a high oil corn hybrid increased the CLA content of milk fat; however, responses were modest with the CLA concentration (mg/g of fatty acids) averaging 4.6 and 2.8 for diets with high oil hybrid and normal hybrid, respectively. Similarly, dietary supplements of animal fat byproducts (tallow plus yellow grease; trial 6) resulted in modest increases in the CLA content of milk fat. Overall, several dietary manipulations involving lipid sources and processing methods were identified that allow for a marked increase in the conjugated linoleic acid content of milk fat.     

Fresh forage and solin supplementation on conjugated linoleic acid levels in plasma and milk

Two experiments were run concurrently to determine the effect of fresh forage consumption on the production and proportions of plasma and milk fat vaccenic acid (VA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and linolenic acid in diary cattle. In experiment 1, the cows consumed 50, 65, and 80% of their feed intake as pasture with the remainder of intake as a barley-based concentrate. The proportion of VA in milk fatty acids increased 12% when pasture intake increased from 50 to 65% of total dry matter intake and VA, CLA, and linolenic acid proportions increased 26, 18, and 27%, respectively, as pasture increased from 65 to 80% of dietary intake. In experiment 2, fresh forage was compared to conserved hay (cut from the same pasture the previous summer) to determine the effect on plasma and milk fat VA, CLA, and linolenic acid. Also, the effect of crushed solin seed (a flax cultivar that is high in linoleic acid) supplementation to the fresh forage diet was determined. Fresh forage compared to conserved hay in the diet, increased the proportion of CLA in the plasma very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) fraction by 71% but had no effect on linolenic acid. Supplementation of the fresh forage diet with a linoleic acid source increased VA and CLA in the plasma VLDL fraction 25 and 58% and slightly decreased the proportion of linolenic acid. Fresh forage, compared to conserved hay, increased milk fat VA and CLA proportions by 22 and 15%. Supplementing the fresh forage diet with linoleic acid from crushed solin seed further increased milk fat VA and CLA proportions 41 and 25%. Solin supplementation in a lactation diet is a superior method to increase CLA levels in milk fat than feeding fresh forage alone.     

Kinetics of thermal inactivation of alkaline phosphatase in bovine and caprine milk and buffer

The thermal inactivation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in raw bovine and caprine milk was investigated in the temperature range 54 to 69 °C. To assess the stabilizing effect of milk compounds on ALP, inactivation experiments were also carried out in 0.1 m potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.6. Each set of inactivation experiments was fitted simultaneously using kinetic models that were based on either one-step or two-step mechanisms. The parameters of the Arrhenius equation showed that the stabilization effect of milk compounds on ALP had an entropic character. They also indicated a different structure of bovine and caprine milk ALPs, which was reflected by a higher stability of the bovine milk enzyme.     

Short communication: Consumer evaluation of milk high in conjugated linoleic acid

A consumer evaluation was undertaken to determine whether there were differences in the acceptability of milk from cows fed a control or a fish oil diet. The two treatments included a control diet of a 50:50 ratio of forage-to-concentrate and fish oil added to the control diet with 2% (on dry matter basis) added fat from menhaden fish oil. Milk from cows fed the control or fish oil diet contained 3.31 and 2.58% fat and 0.56 and 2.30 g of total conjugated linoleic acid/100 g of fatty acids, respectively. Consumer evaluation of control and fish oil milks found no difference in acceptability.     

Genetic parameters for conjugated linoleic acid, selected milk fatty acids, and milk fatty acid unsaturation of Italian Holstein-Friesian cows

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and other selected milk fatty acid (FA) content and for unsaturation ratios in the Italian Holstein Friesian population. Furthermore, the relationship of milk FA with milk fat and protein content was considered. One morning milk sample was collected from 990 Italian Holstein Friesian cows randomly sampled from 54 half-sib families, located in 34 commercial herds in the North-eastern part of Italy. Each sample was analyzed for milk percentages of fat and protein, and for single FA percentages (computed as FA weight as a proportion of total fat weight). Heritabilities were moderate for unsaturated FA, ranging from 0.14 for C16:1 to 0.19 for C14:1. Less than 10% of heritability was estimated for each saturated FA content. Heritability for index of desaturation, monounsaturated FA and CLA/trans-11 18:1 ratio were 0.15, 0.14, and 0.15, respectively. Standard errors of the heritability values ranged from 0.02 to 0.06. Genetic correlations were high and negative between C16:0 and C18:0, as well as between C14:0 and C18:0. Genetic correlations of index of desaturation were high and negative with C14:0 and C16:0 (−0.70 and −0.72, respectively), and close to zero (0.03) with C18:0. The genetic correlation of C16:0 with fat percentage was positive (0.74), implying that selection for fat percentage should result in a correlated increase of C16:0, whereas trans-11 C18:1 and cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 contents decreased with increasing fat percentage (−0.69 and −0.55, respectively). Genetic correlations of fat percentage with 14:1/14 and 16:1/16 ratios were positive, whereas genetic correlations of fat percentage with 18:1/18 and CLA/trans-11 18:1 ratios were negative. These results suggest that it is possible to change the milk FA composition by genetic selection, which offers opportunities to meet consumer demands regarding health aspects of milk and dairy products.     

瘤胃微生物转化的富含共轭亚油酸乳对小白鼠脂肪沉积的影响

试验在奶牛日粮中添加葵花油,通过饲养试验获得富含共轭亚油酸乳,并以此乳饲喂4周龄的雄性昆明种小白鼠,研究瘤胃微生物转化的CLA功能乳对小白鼠脂肪沉积的影响.结果表明,在奶牛日粮中添加5%的葵花油,可使牛奶乳脂中共轭亚油酸质量分数增加到21.36 mg/g.通过生物转化生产的CLA功能乳能显著降低小白鼠增体质量、腹脂质量、体脂质量、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇质量分数与动脉硬化指数,增加高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与脂肪酶质量分数,对脂蛋白脂酶的影响不显著.     

Short communication: effects of supplementation with pomegranate seed pulp on concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid and punicic acid in goat milk

The effects of feeding pomegranate seed pulp (PSP) on milk yield, milk composition, fatty acid profiles of milk fat, and blood metabolites were examined in this study. During a pretrial period, 27 multiparous southern Khorasan (Iran) cross-bred goats were fed a similar diet and dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk composition were recorded. After adaptation and based on pretrial records, the goats were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental diets and were housed in individual stalls. Experimental diets included 0, 6, or 12% of PSP (dry matter basis) and were fed as total mixed rations ad libitum for a 45-d period. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Supplementation of PSP did not affect dry matter intake or average daily gain of goats. Milk yield was not affected by inclusion of PSP in the diet. Milk fat concentration of goats fed diets with 6 and 12% PSP increased, but milk fat yield, milk protein concentration, and milk solids-not-fat concentration of goats were not affected by diets. Feeding PSP did not affect blood glucose, cholesterol, urea N, triglyceride, or lipoproteins. Feeding goats a diet containing 12% PSP modified the milk fatty acid profile, including conjugated linoleic, punicic, and vaccenic acids.     

Synergy between high-pressure, temperature and ascorbic acid on the inactivation of Bacillus cereus

B. cereus strain (CECF 148) was used as a model system in the study of the behaviour of bacillus under high pressure, at temperatures over and below 0 °C and with ascorbic acid added to the culture. Three different assays were carried out in the present experiment. The first assay was performed to observe how B. cereus reacted to pressure shift freezing (PSF) treatment at different subzero temperatures (−8, −12, −20 and −17 °C) and pressures (120, 150, 210 and 350 MPa) in their vegetative form. In the second assay, we observed how different concentrations of ascorbic acid (1, 2, 5 and 20 mM) added to the growing brought decreased B. cereus on its vegetative form. Finally, we tried to inactivate the vegetative and spore form of B. cereus under pressure of 210 MPa at room (20 °C) (HP) and at subzero (−20 °C) (PSF) temperatures, in presence of ascorbic acid (20 mM), added to the growing culture (TSB). The results confirmed that pressures of 210 and 350 MPa at low temperatures (−20 and −17 °C) in the PSF treatment were not enough to inactivate bacillus and only about 10% of B. cereus at the assayed conditions (350 MPa at −17 °C) lost its growth capacity. The presence of ascorbic acid reduced the amount of B. cereus. The initial amount of B. cereus in the vegetative form was 10⁸ to 10⁹ cfu/mL. After HP (210 MPa at 20 °C) and PSF (210 MPa at −20 °C) treatments, the amount of B. cereus decreased by 4 and 2 logarithmic units, respectively. However, in both treatments, the presence of ascorbic acid (20 mM concentration) reduced the B. cereus growth capacity in about 5 logarithmic units. The presence of ascorbic acid in the spore form decreased the amount of B. cereus only by 2 logarithmic units, but without the antioxidant, the values remained close to control. The present research is a contribution to elicit the safety standards of food treated by high pressure.     

贮存温度和贮存时间对复原乳稳定性的影响

研究了贮存温度和贮存时间对复原乳的pH值、流变特性、粒径、乳析率和离心沉淀率的影响,在此基础上分析了贮存过程中乳浊液粒径与乳析率、离心沉淀率之间的相关性。结果表明:随着贮存温度的升高,复原乳的pH值与表观黏度逐渐降低,而随着贮存时间的延长,二者均先升高后降低,其中25℃和37℃下贮存在第15天时达到最大值,而55℃下贮存在第7天时达最大值;贮存过程中乳浊液顶部粒径d4,3与乳析率有较好的相关性(P<0.05),二者均随着贮存温度的升高和贮存时间的延长而增大;贮存过程中乳浊液底部粒径d4,3与离心沉淀率有很好的相关性(P<0.05),二者随着贮存温度的升高先增大后减小,在37℃时达最大值,随着贮存时间的延长均有所增大。