单向循环荷载下超固结软黏土的永久变形特性

为研究超固结饱和软黏土在单向循环荷载作用下的永久变形特性,采用GDS动三轴,对不同超固结度的温州饱和软黏土试样进行了一系列单向循环加载试验,分析了循环动应力水平以及超固结比对饱和软黏土永久轴向应变的影响。试验结果表明:在单向循环加载作用下,超固结饱和黏土存在循环动应力阈值,通过几何作图法综合确定温州饱和软黏土的循环动应力阈值为0.59~0.68,可作为软土路基沉降控制的标准。基于试验结果并结合指数模型,构建了可以综合考虑循环动应力水平、超固结比以及循环次数的饱和软黏土永久轴向应变显式计算模型,适合饱和软黏土地基在交通循环荷载下的累积变形分析。     

长期循环荷载下饱和软黏土安定性模型

鉴于传统显式、隐式模型计算饱和软黏土长期循环荷载下轴向塑性累积应变的不足,在建立饱和软黏土总应力弹塑性模型基础上,考虑软黏土在长期小动应力比循环荷载作用下具有安定性特点,结合过应力模型及安定性理论提出计算饱和软黏土长期循环荷载下轴向塑性累积应变安定性本构模型.安定性模型能合理描述饱和软黏土循环荷载下的变形特性,模型只考...     

双向激振下饱和软黏土应变软化现象试验研究

循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土将发生刚度软化现象。由于受试验条件的限制,以往对软黏土循环软化现象的研究大都基于单向循环荷载试验。通过GDS双向动三轴系统对双向循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土的刚度软化现象进行了初步的探讨。着重分析了循环偏应力、径向循环应力、初始剪应力等因素对双向循环作用下软黏土刚度变化规律的影响。研究结果表明:循环偏应力的增加、径向循环应力的提高都将加快刚度软化。随着径向循环应力比的增加,临界循环应力比减少。双向激振循环荷载作用下软黏土存在门槛径向循环应力比。当径向循环应力比小于该门槛值时,双向振动不能加速土体软化。随着初始固结剪应力的增加,刚度有所提高。在试验的基础上初步建立了双向循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土的软化模型。将该软化模型引入到修正的Iwan模型中来描述土体的应力–应变关系,证实了模型的准确性。     

循环偏应力和循环围压耦合效应对饱和软黏土变形特性的影响

利用GDS变围压动三轴系统对温州地区典型饱和软黏土进行了一系列循环偏应力和循环围压耦合应力路径下的部分排水循环加载试验,重点分析了部分排水条件下循环偏应力和循环围压耦合效应对正常固结饱和软黏土变形特性的影响。试验结果表明:部分排水条件下,与围压保持恒定,偏应力单独循环剪切相比,循环偏应力和循环围压耦合剪切作用有效地促进了饱和软黏土的累积塑性应变的发展,循环围压和循环偏应力的比值每增加2/3,相应的永久轴向应变就增加32%。进一步根据部分排水条件下饱和软黏土永久轴向应变发展曲线特点,建立了考虑循环偏应力和循环围压耦合效应的正常固结饱和软黏土的永久轴向应变经验公式。     

部分排水条件下软黏土的循环三轴变形特性

为研究软黏土路基在长期交通荷载下的变形特性,针对温州地区的路基软黏土开展了一系列部分排水循环动三轴加载试验,研究部分排水条件下正常固结软黏土的孔压及变形随循环加载次数的发展规律,重点分析循环动应力比对软黏土回弹模量以及轴向累积塑性应变的影响。以5%的轴向累积塑性应变作为温州软黏土在部分排水条件下的破坏标准,确定了其临界循环动应力比为0. 275。通过进一步考虑循环动应力比的影响,采用对数型经验模型对轴向累积塑性应变进行预测并建立了拟合参数与循环动应力比之间的关系。     

循环荷载作用下流变性软黏土的边界面模型

为了预测交通荷载作用下流变性软黏土的长期运行沉降,提出了一个能够描述循环加载条件下饱和软黏土流变特性的弹黏塑性本构模型。本模型以边界面弹塑性理论为基础,采用滞后变形理论。模型不仅能单独考虑土体的流变效应和循环加卸载效应,还能考虑交通荷载作用下软黏土在循环荷载和流变耦合作用下的变形特性。模型概念清晰,参数少。通过多组上海软黏土循环加载流变试验结果的模拟,初步验证了本模型的合理性和有效性。     

基于修正Masing准则的萧山软黏土动应力–应变关系研究

地震、波浪、交通等不排水循环荷载的作用将引起土体孔隙水压力上升，从而使土体的刚度、强度发生软化现象，以往对软粘土动应力–应变关系的研究大都忽略循环软化的影响。采用Masing准则及其修正来描述软黏土的动应力–应变关系往往与实际偏差较大，主要是因为该准则未能考虑软黏土的循环软化特性。通过对萧山软黏土进行应力控制的循环三轴试验，研究循环次数、循环应力、偏应力对萧山软黏土的循环软化特性的影响。通过对每次循环中的刚度进行无量纲化得到量纲一的刚度Gsec/Gmax与循环应变幅值 的关系曲线。研究结果表明，当循环应力较小时，Gsec/Gmax- 曲线由硬化及软化两部分组成；当循环应力大于58 kPa时，该曲线仅表现为软化特性。在试验基础上得到量纲一的刚度软化模型，该模型可体现每次循环过程中的刚度软化规律。同时，基于修正的Masing准则，结合循环软化模型，得到考虑循环软化特性的萧山软黏土动应力–应变关系曲线。     

基于修正Masing准则的萧山软黏土动应力-应变关系研究

地震、波浪、交通等不排水循环荷载的作用将引起土体孔隙水压力上升,从而使土体的刚度、强度发生软化现象,以往对软粘土动应力-应变关系的研究大都忽略循环软化的影响。采用Masing准则及其修正来描述软黏土的动应力-应变关系往往与实际偏差较大,主要是因为该准则未能考虑软黏土的循环软化特性。通过对萧山软黏土进行应力控制的循环三轴试验,研究循环次数、循环应力、偏应力对萧山软黏土的循环软化特性的影响。通过对每次循环中的刚度进行无量纲化得到量纲一的刚度Gsec/Gmax与循环应变幅值εs的关系曲线。研究结果表明,当循环应力较小时,Gsec/Gmax-εs曲线由硬化及软化两部分组成;当循环应力大于58kPa时,该曲线仅表现为软化特性。在试验基础上得到量纲一的刚度软化模型,该模型可体现每次循环过程中的刚度软化规律。同时,基于修正的Masing准则,结合循环软化模型,得到考虑循环软化特性的萧山软黏土动应力-应变关系曲线。     

结构性软黏土循环荷载下的软化特性研究

目前国内针对重塑软黏土进行大量的研究,得到了许多具有重大意义的成果,然而有关结构性软黏土循环荷载下的动力特性研究却很少.因此,文中通过对杭州结构性软黏土进行了室内循环三轴试验,分析了循环荷载下有效固结围压、振动频率以及动应力比对软化特性的影响.研究结果表明,有效围压对于土体的软化指数有着显著的影响,增大有效围压可以有效...     

典型深海软黏土全流动循环软化特性与微观结构探究

深海软黏土具有不同于陆相或近海软黏土的岩土工程性质。针对取自中国南海西部深水区5个典型站位的海床软黏土,采用一种改进的全流动贯入装置对其强度特征进行测试,并结合深海软黏土特殊的微观结构和生物硅矿物,对其循环软化特性进行分析和探讨。研究结果表明:南海西部深海软黏土普遍具有高含水率、高液性指数、高活性值、低不排水抗剪强度和高灵敏度等特点,极慢的沉积速率和稳定的沉积环境是深海软黏土具有高灵敏度的主要原因。全流动循环软化过程中土体结构的变化主要体现在絮凝体的破坏和孔隙结构的改变两个方面。特殊的生物硅颗粒在循环作用下会发生破碎,导致内部孔隙水释放,从而加剧了土体循环软化的程度。     

Untersuchungen zur Genauigkeit von magnetisch induktiven Betondeckungsmessungen

Assessment of the accuracy of concrete cover measurements using Eddy Current devices The use of non‐destructive testing in civil‐engineering (NDT‐CE) is well established to assess as‐built drawings for existing structures as well as for quality assurance of new buildings or in case of concrete repair. To gain reliable results the choice of the appropriate testing method in combination with the correct data assessment is essential. Hence this article starts with the basics of the two typical testing methods for concrete cover measurement with high precision. Methods based on Eddy Current and based on Radar are different. The strengths and limitations of both methods are presented. In the second part the achievable accuracy of concrete cover measurements using Eddy Current will be assessed for the most important parameters that have been varied in a wide range. It is shown how results are influenced by an improper input of the diameter or by the effect of neighbored rebars. At the end of the article it is shown how the deviation of the results can be minimized using the internal neighboring rebar correction of some of the devices. This article does not intend to be a product test rather the influence parameters of measurements close to reality will be identified and quantified how the accuracy of concrete cover measurements is affected.     

The dilution of waste in the wake of a ship

This paper considers the problem of predicting the dilution of waste which has been discharged into the wake of a moving ship. A theoretical model is developed which relates the dispersion of the effluent field to the intensity of the turbulence created by the movement of the vessel. Specifically, the model describes the dependence of the dilution on the speed, dimensions and specific resistance coefficient of the ship.The new theory predicts that the rate of dilution decreases with time after discharge and, as with the empirical IMCO formula, indicates that dilution is more sensitive to the speed of the ship than the volume rate of discharge of waste.     

Zustandsuntersuchung und Instandsetzung am Hauptdach des Hauses der Kulturen der Welt in Berlin

The main roof of the ”Haus der Kulturen der Welt“ in Berlin Which is very well‐known on account of its history and striking structural design – was to be inspected by the author to determine its condition and analysed with regard to the durability of the existing liquid synthetic sealant. The roof structure consists of a biaxial, curved area‐covering structural element with circumferential edge beams of pre‐stressed lightweight concrete. This is the result of the reconstruction between 1984 and 1987 following a partial collapse of the then Berlin Congress Hall in 1980. The very thin roof shell is also made of lightweight concrete and, like the edge beams, has a polyurethane‐based spray‐on seal that was specially developed for this purpose as protection against the ingress of moisture. The reason why this, at the time, novel type of seal was chosen was that it should take into account the fact that the roof design urgently needed some kind of protection against moisture that had to compensate the expected changes shape and crack movements of the roof with no damage. The following article reports on the nature, scope and main results of the analysis of the condition of the roof seal, edge beams and abutments. It will also describe the repair recommendations resulting from the investigations, which form the basis of the execution of work at the present point in time. Apart from presenting the technical principles and special features of the building that have to be taken into account during any repairs, the special features of the execution will also be addressed.     

Magnetoelastische Spannkraftmessung in Bauwerken

Magnetoelastic Measurement of Prestressing Force in Civil Structures The knowledge of the tensile force of prestressing steel elements and its reliable and non‐destructive determination are of essential importance for the assessment of the structural health condition of prestressed concrete structures and tie‐back systems in terms of structural safety, serviceability and durability. For the evaluation of the prestressing force in steel tension members, the measurement technique presented in this contribution is using the magneto‐elastic effect (ME‐effect) of ferromagnetic materials. This effect describes the reverse‐proportional correlation between the mechanical stress and the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials. The cylindrical coiled sensors pushed over the tendon and the measuring device developed and practically optimized at the iBMB/MPA of the TU Braunschweig enable a fast and reliable measurement of the prestressing steel force after an initial calibration. In this contribution first the state of the art of prestress measurement techniques for steel tension members is presented. Afterwards, the ME‐measuring method with the basics and merits of magneto‐elastic prestressing force identification is shown. Further recent research results as well as several building applications will be discussed.     

Untersuchungen der Auswirkungen eines Vollbrands auf eine Sporthalle

Research of Fire Effects on a Gymnasium An arson attack committed in August 2015 on the gymnasium of the Oberstufenzentrum Nauen school facility built in 2007 led to a full fire and to the complete destruction of the hall. The effects of this fire were recorded with measuring technologies as well as through sampling on‐site. In the course of this, the wooden roof structure was particularly examined and demonstrated a residual load‐bearing capacity in spite of the intensive fire exposure and the resulting significant damage. The remaining support structure of the hall was completely recorded by means of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and evaluated in September 2015. Inclinations, cross‐sectional shifts and deformations in the building were able to be calculated with the geodetic measurement method. The results from the laser scanning in combination with the sampling served as a comparison of the theoretical structural evidence with the effects of an actual fire event. In the case of the fire at the Nauen gymnasium, the damage to the load‐bearing capacity was particularly significant in the area of the joining means. The goal of the investigations is a comparison of the technical engineering fire prevention certifications and their theoretical protective effects with the effects of actual fires. This is also a subject of current research projects in the Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin, University of Applied Sciences.     

对“建筑”内涵的重新审视与诠释

“建筑”现行内涵的功利与暧昧,是当代建筑粗糙、乏味的主要根源之一.为解决这一问题,首先分析了“architecture”、“营造”与“建筑”三者的内涵.通过将“建筑”与“architecture”及“营造”分别比较,审视了“建筑”的现行内涵;并对其内涵提出了新诠释.     

基于HSS模型隧道近接群桩基础施工影响分析

依托盾构隧道近接侧穿群桩工程建立三维数值分析模型,土体采用小应变硬化(HSS)模型,参数取值借鉴已有研究成果并根据监测位移数据反演,同时考虑土体开挖、衬砌拼装以及盾尾同步注浆等一系列施工工艺措施,并将模拟结果与监测数据进行对比验证,研究了不同工况下地表沉降的形态分布、群桩桩基变形及基桩结构受力,同时考虑地表位移对等代层厚度的敏感性。结果表明:HSS模型能有效预测隧道近接侧穿高架桥桩引起的变形,模拟结果与监测值较吻合; 隧道开挖引起土相对桩产生了滑移,地表沉降及桩身竖向位移在中心线前后各1D(D为管片外径)范围内随推进步数的增加而不断增大,且增加幅度明显减小; 两线推进地表沉降具有叠加效应,最大沉降量增幅达76.8%; 隧道与基桩水平距离越近,引起基桩沉降变化越大,两线推进基桩桩顶沉降增幅达134%; 群桩中各排桩的水平位移变化趋势基本相同,且同排桩的水平位移值相差不大,由于群桩遮挡效应,水平位移值由大到小依次为前排桩、中排桩、后排桩; 桩身水平位移主要在盾构中轴线2.5D范围内,桩身最大水平位移均出现在隧道中轴线附近; 群桩中同排桩桩身附加弯矩及附加轴力沿桩身分布规律相同,桩身最终附加受力与其距离隧道远近有关; 随着注浆充率β的增大,等代层厚度及地表沉降呈线性减小; 穿越段采取的施工工艺方案是有效的,经估算附加弯矩及轴力对桩基承载力的影响在容许范围内。     

采空区隧道二衬受力特性模型试验与耦合分析

由于采空区地层的非连续特征,下穿隧道衬砌往往处在偏心受压的不利状态,后期运营病害相对严重。为了查清不同采空区条件下的衬砌结构受力特性,采用室内物理模型试验和基于连续-非连续耦合数值模拟相结合的方法,开展了相关研究。结果表明:(1)采空区的存在会使二衬结构受到偏压荷载,远离采空区侧总体受力大于近侧,且倾角越大偏压越严重;(2)采煤层厚度、冒落带与初支距离的增大会引起围岩压力的降低,二衬内力减小,安全性提升,当采煤层厚度大于1.8 m时或冒落带与初支间距大于0.8倍隧道洞跨后,采空区对二衬安全性的影响很小;(3)喷层厚度的增加阻碍了围岩变形,引起围岩压力增加,不利于二衬受力和安全性。研究结论对于完善采空区隧道围岩压力计算理论和支护结构设计方法具有理论指导意义。     

城市物质空间结构中的面元素

基于建筑师立场,对大尺度的城市物质空间的诠释和操作提出分类。主要提出镶嵌状的面．元素层叠形成的面．地块-街区-街道形成的面三种面元素。面元素与点元素和线元素的主要区别在于．城市中的面自身占据较大尺度的空间面积,而点和线元素则是局部的空间构成要素。结合具体案例深入解析三种面的诠释视角对设计操作的影响。在结论中点明了提出“点-线-面”诠释和操作城市物质空间的意义。     

论电梯的安全、质量与标准

论述了电梯的特殊性、电梯安全的重要性;分析了政府主管部门、公众和媒体对电梯事故（故障）高度关注的原因;讨论了电梯安全与故障、可靠性的关系,电梯安全标准与安全、质量、运行性能的关系,以及电梯现行标准的性质;界定了安全标准与设计、制造规范的不同及关系;分析了行业及政府主管部门对公众普及电梯知识,客观、冷静地看待电梯故障与安全的重要性;说明了业内专业人员和政府主管部门应引导媒体和公众正确看待作为新型机电运输设备的电梯,认识不同档次电梯产品其质量和可靠性不同的必然性。