NNK和B[a]P在卷烟烟气基质中的联合致突变性

以苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)、甲基亚硝胺吡啶基丁酮(NNK)为目标化合物,设置卷烟烟气冷凝物(CSC)的浓度为0(CK),0.005,0.010,0.015,0.020 mg/mL;NNK的浓度为0(CK),0.005,0.010,0.020,0.040 mg/mL;B[a]P的浓度为0(CK),0.00025,0.00050,0.00075,0.00100 mg/mL,研究了NNK,B[a]P和CSC的联合致突变性。结果表明:①CSC,NNK和B[a]P均可诱导鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA98,TA100发生突变,且剂量-效应明显。②B[a]P与CSC联合呈相加作用;B[a]P与NNK联合高剂量呈弱相加作用;CSC与NNK联合低剂量呈弱相加作用。③在不同情况下,三者联合作用致TA98呈弱相加作用。综上,NNK和B[a]P在卷烟烟气基质中的联合致突变性呈现量效、时效和先后作用顺序的复杂性。     

卷烟烟气有害成分联合作用的细胞毒性

为评价卷烟烟气有害成分的细胞毒性及其联合作用,以人支气管上皮细胞(BEASe-2B细胞)为靶细胞,分别用卷烟烟气中5种有害成分4-甲基亚硝基-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮(NNK)、氨、苯并[a]芘、苯酚和巴豆醛单独及两两联合染毒,用MTT法测定染毒24 h后的细胞存活率,计算细胞的平均半数致死剂量(LC50),用效应图解法对联合作用进行评价.结果显示:①NNK、氨、苯并[a]芘、苯酚和巴豆醛的LC50分别为87.2、395.5、5.4、61.9和6.9 mg/L;②NNK与氨、NNK与苯并[a]芘、NNK与苯酚、NNK与巴豆醛、氨与苯并[a]芘、氨与苯酚、氨与巴豆醛、苯并[a]芘与苯酚、苯并[a]芘与巴豆醛、苯酚与巴豆醛的LC50分别为46.2、10.9、14.1、30.4、76.4、86.1、39.0、6.1、1.1和22.1 mg/L;③(NNK与氨、NNK与苯并[a]芘、NNK与苯酚、苯并[a]芘与苯酚、苯并[a]芘与巴豆醛、氨与巴豆醛存在明显的协同作用,而NNK与巴豆醛、苯并[a]芘与氨、苯酚与氨、苯酚与巴豆醛之间无协同作用.因此,卷烟烟气有害成分的细胞毒性存在明显差异,其联合作用的细胞毒性效应各不相同.     

接装纸透气度和滤棒吸阻对卷烟烟气细胞毒性的影响

采用中性红细胞毒性试验测试了不同透气度接装纸卷烟和不同吸阻滤棒卷烟烟气冷凝物的细胞毒性,并初步分析了卷烟烟气的细胞毒性指标与CO,NNK,NH3,HCN,B[a]P,巴豆醛和苯酚释放量之间的相关性.结果表明:①随着接装纸透气度的增大,卷烟烟气冷凝物的细胞毒性呈降低趋势;细胞毒性指标与CO,NNK,NH3,HCN,B[a]P,巴豆醛和苯酚的释放量之间具有一定的相关性;②随着滤棒吸阻的增大,卷烟烟气冷凝物的细胞毒性呈降低趋势;细胞毒性指标与NH3,HCN,B[a]P和苯酚的释放量之间具有一定的相关性.     

丁酸乙酯对卷烟烟气的影响

为研究丁酸乙酯对卷烟烟气的影响,在模拟卷烟燃烧条件下对其进行热裂解实验;按照不同用量加入空白卷烟,测试主流烟气中7种有害成分(CO、HCN、NNK、B[a]P、巴豆醛、苯酚和氨)的释放量以及烟气粒相物的细菌致突变性、体外细胞毒性和体外微核率。结果表明:①丁酸乙酯在模拟卷烟燃烧温度条件下的热解行为主要是原形转移;②与空白卷烟相比,加入丁酸乙酯后7种烟气有害成分的释放量无显著增加;③3种不同剂量丁酸乙酯分别加入空白卷烟后,烟气粒相物的细菌致突变性、体外细胞毒性及体外微核测定结果均无显著增加。      

卷烟纸助燃剂对主流烟气7种有害成分释放量的影响

为了解卷烟纸助燃剂在降低卷烟危害性中的作用,以柠檬酸钠和柠檬酸钾为卷烟纸助燃剂,考察了其组成和添加量对主流烟气中CO,HCN,NNK,NH3,B[a]P,苯酚和巴豆醛等7种有害成分释放量的影响。结果表明:①增加助燃剂中钾盐的比例,卷烟主流烟气中NH3,苯酚,B[a]P,CO和HCN释放量呈降低趋势,NNK略有增加,巴豆醛无明显变化。②增加助燃剂的添加量,NH3,苯酚和B[a]P呈显著降低趋势;巴豆醛和NNK释放量无显著变化;CO和HCN释放量在钾盐比例低于10%时随助燃剂添加量增加有增加趋势,在钾盐比例高于40%时呈降低趋势。③助燃剂对抽吸口数的改变是影响7种有害成分变化的原因之一。卷烟助燃剂对卷烟主流烟气中7种有害成分的降低有一定作用。     

卷烟纸对卷烟主流烟气中7种有害成分释放量的影响

为降低吸烟对人体健康的危害,考察了卷烟纸透气度、定量和助剂对主流烟气中CO等7种有害成分的影响。结果表明:①随着卷烟纸透气度的增加,卷烟主流烟气中CO,HCN,B[a]P,NH3,苯酚和卷烟危害性指数都呈降低趋势,而NNK和巴豆醛的变化不明显;②随着卷烟纸定量的增大,卷烟主流烟气中CO,HCN的释放量和卷烟危害性指数呈增大趋势,而巴豆醛,B[a]P,NNK,NH3和苯酚随卷烟纸定量的变化不显著;③不管是有机酸钾,还是有机酸钾与有机酸钠的混合物,随着其在卷烟纸中的用量增大,烟气CO,HCN,B[a]P,NH3,苯酚释放量和卷烟危害性指数也都呈降低趋势,但降低幅度都不大,NNK和巴豆醛的释放量变化不明显;④有机酸钾盐降低CO,HCN,B[a]P,NH3,苯酚释放量和卷烟危害性指数的效果优于有机酸钾钠盐混合物。适当增大卷烟纸透气度,降低卷烟纸定量,提高有机酸钾盐的用量可在一定程度上降低卷烟主流烟气中CO,HCN,B[a]P,NH3,苯酚释放量和卷烟危害性指数。     

富硒烟叶对烟气有害成分释放量作用分析

测定分析了天然富硒烟叶、外加硒的烟叶、盆栽富硒烟叶卷烟烟气中主要有害成分释放量,结果表明硒元素对烟气主要有害成分释放量具有抑制作用。(1)以天然富硒白肋烟为原料的卷烟可降低烟气中苯并[a]芘、TSNA、氨的释放量,以天然富硒烤烟为原料的卷烟可降低烟气中B[a]P、HCN、巴豆醛的释放量,但烟气中苯酚等的释放量稍有增加。(2)在卷烟工业过程中外加有机硒10μg.cig-1或无机硒2μg.cig-1均可明显降低烟气B[a]P、NNK、NNN、NAB、氢氰酸、氨等的释放量。(3)农业生产过程中外源施硒可降低烟气中苯酚、巴豆醛、HCN、氨等的释放量,但同时可增加烟气中CO、NNK的释放量。综合来看,卷烟工业过程中外源加硒可降低烟气有害成分释放量。     

烟叶产地与部位对卷烟主流烟气焦油和7种有害成分释放量的影响

为考察国内烟叶产地及烟叶部位对卷烟主流烟气焦油和7种有害成分释放量的影响,选取国内代表性烟叶产区不同部位烟叶样品467个,卷制成单料烟并测试烟气焦油、7种代表性有害成分和烟碱释放量,研究了烟叶产地和部位对卷烟主流烟气焦油、卷烟危害性评价指数(H)、7种代表性有害成分及烟碱释放量的影响。结果表明:(1)烟叶产地对NNK的单位燃烧烟丝质量释放量影响最大,其次为氨、HCN和苯酚等3种成分,对焦油、烟碱、H、B[a]P、巴豆醛、CO等指标影响较小。(2)烟叶产地对氨和NNK的单位烟碱释放量影响最大,其次为HCN、巴豆醛、B[a]P、苯酚和CO等5种成分,对焦油和H影响较小。(3)烟叶部位对氨、烟碱、苯酚、NNK等4种成分的单位燃烧烟丝质量释放量影响显著,对焦油、H、HCN、B[a]P、巴豆醛、CO等指标影响较小。(4)烟叶部位对巴豆醛、CO、NNK、B[a]P和HCN等5种成分的单位烟碱释放量影响显著,对焦油、H、氨和苯酚等指标影响较小。通过调控卷烟配方中烟叶的产地和部位,有助于降低烟气中焦油、7种有害成分的单位燃烧烟丝质量释放量或单位烟碱释放量。     

卷烟烟气危害性指数研究

为评价卷烟产品的危害性,研究建立了一种新的卷烟烟气危害性评价方法.用于分析评价的163个卷烟样品购自于中国市场.在分析卷烟主流烟气中29种有害成分(包括4种TSNAs、3种PAHs、8种羰基化合物、7种酚类物质、HCN、NO、NOx、NH3、CO、烟碱和焦油等)以及4种毒理学指标(小鼠吸入急毒试验、细胞毒性试验、Ames试验和细胞微核试验)的基础上,建立了烟气有害成分与毒理学指标的函数关系.通过采用无信息变量删除法和遗传算法,筛选出了最具代表性的7种卷烟烟气有害成分,即CO、HCN、NNK、NH3、B[a]P、苯酚和巴豆醛.多元线性回归分析表明,7种有害成分对毒理学指标影响显著,相关模型留一交叉验证的相对误差小于40%,对小鼠吸入急毒试验、细胞毒性试验、Ames试验和细胞微核试验的R2值分别为0.524、0.595、0.504和0.571.基于卷烟主流烟气中7种有害成分的释放量,建立了一种新的卷烟烟气危害性指数:H=Yco/C1+THCN/C2+YNNK/C3+YNH3/C4+YB[a]P/C5+YPHE/C6+YCRO/C7式中:Y--卷烟主流烟气有害成分释放量;C1～C7--参考值.应用研究建立的危害性指数对上述163个卷烟危害性进行了评价,结果表明,危害性指数排序不同于卷烟焦油量排序.     

卷烟主流烟气中6种化学成分的逐口释放量分析

为考察卷烟主流烟气化学成分的逐口释放量变化情况,对RM20H型吸烟机进行了改造,并参照国家及行业标准对国内4种不同规格卷烟样品主流烟气中6种化学成分(NNK、B[a]P、巴豆醛、苯酚、氨和HCN)进行了自动化逐口捕集、释放量测定及变化趋势分析。结果表明:1随着抽吸口序的增大,卷烟逐口烟气中巴豆醛释放量保持恒定不变,其余5种成分的释放量呈不同增加趋势:NNK呈线性增加、B[a]P呈对数或指数增加、苯酚呈多项式(n≥5)增加、氨呈对数增加、HCN呈指数增加。2 6种化学成分逐口释放量与抽吸口序之间的相关程度较高,复相关系数为-0.486(HCN)R0.995(NNK)。3该方法实现了卷烟主流烟气的自动化逐口捕集和定量分析,适合于卷烟主流烟气6种化学成分的逐口分析。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the