纳米Al2O3与SiO2的制备及在陶瓷釉料中的应用

以普通无机盐为原料采用沉淀法制备了纳米Al2O3和SiO2.XRD分析表明样品为无定形结构,SEM分析表明得到的纳米Al2O3和SiO2均为球形颗粒,直径分别为90m和300nm.将合成的纳米材料添加至陶瓷面釉进行烧结测试,结果表明,添加纳米材料釉料的烧结温度比普通釉料的烧结温度降低了30℃,釉层性能明显得到改善,釉料良好的性能源于纳米材料较大的表面积及高的烧结活性.     

Effect of heating temperature on the sintering characteristics of sewage sludge ash

This study investigated and analyzed the effects of the heating temperature on the properties of the sintered sewage sludge ash. The results indicated that the water absorption rate of the sintered sewage sludge ash samples decreased when the firing temperature was increased from 800 to 900 degrees C. When the heating temperature reached 1000 degrees C, the absorption rate decreased significantly. The bulk density of the sewage sludge ash samples increased by 2.3g/cm3 when the heating temperature was increased from 900 to 1000 degrees C, indicating that the densification was affected by heating. The porosity of the sintered sewage sludge ash samples ranged from 36% to 39% when the heating temperature ranged from 600 to 900 degrees C. The least porosity occurred at 1000 degrees C; the sintered samples were well densified. When the temperature was between 900 and 1000 degrees C, the strength appeared to increase significantly, reaching 2040 kgf/cm2, implying an advance in densification due to sintering. The SEM observations were in general agreement with the trends shown by the density data.     

Glass-ceramic from sewage sludge ash

Glass-ceramic was produced by adding limestone to sewage sludge incinerated ash. Black glass was produced by melting a blended ash batch at 1450°C. For nucleation, this glass was reheated at 800°C for 1 h, and reheated at 1100°C for 2 h to form glass-ceramic. The main components of sewage sludge incinerated ash are SiO2 and Al2O3. Because small amounts of Fe2O3, sulfur and carbon are included, the addition of limestone alone can generate the crystal nucleant, FeS, to form anorthite (CaO·Al2O3·2SiO2) crystal. The glass-ceramic showed superior characteristics of high strength and acid resistance for use in construction materials. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Sintering of MSWI fly ash by microwave energy

This study presents the sintering of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash assisted by microwave energy. The composition of fly ash was investigated by chemical sequential extraction and modified microwave digestion method. Effects of process time, container materials, aging time and salt contents were also discussed. The major elements of fly ash are Ca, Cl, Na, Si, K, Al, Mg, and Zn, and the metal species, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ca, and Cu, are mainly in the oxide phase. Under microwave processing, the fly ash was sintered into a glass-ceramics and the leaching concentrations of heavy metals were restrained. The stabilization efficiency increased with an increase in processing time in most of the cases. Better stabilization efficiency of fly ash was discovered by using the SiO(2) or Al(2)O(3) container than by using the graphite plate/SiC plate. The presence of salt in the fly ash could enhance the sintering and stabilization of fly ash. During the aging time of 0-30 days, negligible Pb in the sintered fly ash was leached out, and the leaching concentration was lower than the criterion.     

Fly ash-based geopolymer for Pb removal from aqueous solution

The aim of this work was to synthesis highly amorphous geopolymer from waste coal fly ash, to be used as an adsorbent for lead Pb(II) removal from aqueous wastewater. The effect of various parameters including geopolymer dosage, initial concentration, contact time, pH and temperature on lead adsorption were investigated. The major components of the used ash in the current study were SiO(2), Al(2)O(3) and Fe(2)O(3) representing 91.53 wt% of its mass. It was found that the synthesized geopolymer has higher removal capacity for lead ions when compared with that of raw coal fly ash. The removal efficiency increases with increasing geopolymer dosage, contact time, temperature, and the decrease of Pb(2+) initial concentration. The optimum removal efficiency was obtained at pH 5. Adsorption isotherm study indicated that Langmuir isotherm model is the best fit for the experimental data than Freundlich model. It was found also that the adsorption process is endothermic and more favorable at higher temperatures.     

Effect of water quenching and SiO2 addition during vitrification of fly ash Part 1: on the crystalline characteristics of slags

The objective of this study is to investigate how cooling rate and basicity in a vitrification process govern the crystalline characteristics of slags. In this experiment, the incineration fly ash mixtures with various SiO2 addition ratios were vitrified at 1450 degrees C and cooled down separately by air or water. Different thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis with an internal standard addition were applied to investigate the crystalline characteristics of slags. The microanalytical mapping images showed that water quenching and the addition of SiO2, both enhanced the glassy amorphous phase to distribute more uniformly in slags. Addition of SiO2 would lower the melting temperature of fly ash mixtures and retard the formation of crystalline phases in slags. When the basicity (mass ratio of CaO to SiO2 before vitrification) was >0.990, the profiles of crystalline phases in slags with equal basicity were similar no matter how they were cooled. However, when the basicity <0.674, water quenching greatly enhanced the formation of the glassy amorphous phase in slags. For air cooled slags, an even lower basicity (<0.511) is required to vitrify fly ash well.     

Preparation and thermoluminescence properties of aluminium oxide doped with europium

There is little information concerning the use of rare earths as dopants of Al2O3. This paper presents the preparation method and the results of studying the thermoluminescence characteristics of Al2O3:Eu exposed to ultraviolet light. Phosphor powder was obtained by the evaporation method. Optimum dopant concentration was 10% at an evaporation temperature of 700 degrees C. The powder obtained was submitted to thermal treatments at high temperatures in order to stabilise the traps. Diffraction patterns showed amorphous powder up to 500 degrees C; as the temperature was raised crystalline phases of Al2O3 appeared. The photoluminescence spectrum induced by 250 nm UV light exhibited four well defined peaks characteristic of the Eu3+ ion. The glow curve exhibited two peaks at 180 and 350 degrees C. The sensitivity of Al2O3:Eu was 10 times lower than Al2O3:C. The thermoluminescence response was linear from 2.4 to 3000 microJ.cm(-2) of spectral irradiance, and the fading 2% in a month. From these results it can be concluded that Al2O3:Eu has potential as an UV dosemeter.     

Removals of fly ash and NO in a fluidized-bed reactor with CuO/activated carbon catalysts

This study investigates the effects of fly ash compositions (SiO(2) and Al(2)O(3)), particle sizes (4-10 μm and 40 μm), and concentrations on the simultaneous removals of fly ash and NO using a fluidized-bed catalyst reactor. Experimental results show that the removal efficiencies of fly ash and NO at particle concentrations of 968-11,181 mg m(-3) are 71-97% and 42-57%, respectively. SiO(2) particles have more influences than Al(2)O(3) particles on the performances of fluidized-bed CuO/AC catalyst. As the concentration of fine particle increases, the pores and active sites on catalyst surface are obstructed and therefore the activities of catalysts are depressed.     

Utilization of coal fly ash in the glass-ceramic production

Manufacturing the glass-ceramic has been proposed as a useful choice to recycle coal fly ash from power plants. In this work, a glass-ceramic of SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3-CaO family was synthesized by mixing 90 wt% of coal fly ash, from a power plant in west of China, with Na2O, and then melted at 1350 degrees C. The ceramization of the obtained glass was carried out at 770 degrees C for 2h. Esseneite and nepheline were found present as major crystal phases. The produced glass-ceramic exhibited good chemical durability as well as good mechanical properties. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) method found that the glass-ceramic was non-hazardous.     

Sintering of MSW fly ash for reuse as a concrete aggregate

The sintering process of municipal solid waste (MSW) fly ash was investigated in order to manufacture sintered products for reuse as concrete aggregates.Four types of fly ash resulting from different Italian MSW incineration plants were tested in this study. A modification of the chemical composition of MSW fly ash--through a preliminary four-stage washing treatment of this material with water--was attempted to improve the chemical and mechanical characteristics of sintered products.The sintering treatment of untreated or washed fly ash was performed on cylindrical compact specimens (15 mm in diameter and 20mm in height) at different compact pressures, sintering temperatures and times.The sintering process of untreated MSW fly ashes proved to be ineffective for manufacturing sintered products for reuse as a construction material, because of the adverse chemical characteristics of these fly ashes in terms of sulfate, chloride, and vitrifying oxide contents.A preliminary washing treatment of MSW fly ash with water greatly improved the chemical and mechanical characteristics of sintered products and, for all the types of fly ash tested, the sintered products satisfied the Italian requirements for normal weight aggregates for use in concretes having a specified strength not greater than 12 and 15N/mm(2), when measured on cylindrical and cubic specimens, respectively.A compact pressure of 28 N/mm(2), a sintering temperature of 1140 degrees C, and a sintering time of 60 min were the best operating conditions for manufacturing sintered products of washed MSW fly ash.     

The behaviour of Al in MSW incinerator fly ash during thermal treatment

Fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators contains leachable metals, including potentially hazardous heavy metals. The metal content of the fly ash can be reduced by thermal treatment, which vaporizes the volatile metal compounds. After heat treatment of fly ash at 1000 degrees C for 3 h, less metal was able to be leached from the thermally treated ash than from the ash without thermal treatment. Al and Cr were the exceptions. These metals were more soluble in the ash that had been thermally treated. This paper focuses on the leaching behaviour of Al only. Both simple and sequential extraction leaching tests showed that the leachable Al for the heat-treated fly ash is about twice that of the untreated fly ash. The sequential test further revealed that (i) the majority of the leachable Al is associated with Fe-Mn oxides in the fly ash, and (ii) most of the unleachable Al resides in the silicate matrices of the heat-treated and untreated fly ash. Pure chemicals, Al(2)O(3), CaO and CaCl(2), simulating the relevant ingredients in the fly ash, were used for studying their reactions at 1000 degrees C. The aluminum compounds were identified by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Two new chemical phases produced by the thermal treatment were identified; Ca(AlO(2))(2) and 12CaO.7Al(2)O(3). Their formation suggests a mechanism whereby thermal treatment of fly ash would produce more soluble Al.     

Al2O3/SiO2纳米复合陶瓷型芯材料的制备与性能

用粉体分散及热压注方法制备了Al2O3/SiO2纳米复合陶瓷型芯材料，研究了Al2O3/SiO2纳米复合陶芯材料的增强机理，SiO2纳米粉在Al2O3微粉基体中较均匀分布，不含纳米粉材料的断裂方式为典型的沿晶断裂，SiO2含量为3％和5％时，为沿晶／穿晶混合断裂，SiO2含量为7％时，以穿晶断裂为主，加入SiO2纳米粉后，复合材料的孔洞减少，致密度增加，致使烧结温度降低，含7％SiO2纳米粉的陶芯强度比不含纳米粉的提高了约4倍，其原因是纳米晶的析出和材料断裂方式的改变。     

Uptake properties of Ni2+ by nCaO.Al2O3.2SiO2 (n=1-4) prepared from solid-state reaction of kaolinite and calcite

A series of nCaO.Al2O3.2SiO2 samples (n=1-4) were prepared by solid-state reaction of mechanochemically treated mixtures of kaolinite and calcite fired at 600-1000 degrees C for 24 h. All the samples were X-ray amorphous after firing at 600-800 degrees C but had crystallized by 900 degrees C. The main crystalline phases were anorthite (n=1), gehlenite (n=2 and 3) and larnite (n=4). The uptake of Ni2+ by nCaO.Al2O3.2SiO2 samples fired at 800 and 900 degrees C was investigated at room temperature using solutions with initial Ni2+ concentrations of 0.1-50 mmol/l. Amorphous samples (fired at 800 degrees C) showed a higher Ni2+ uptake capacity than crystalline samples (fired at 900 degrees C). Ni2+ uptake was found to increase with increasing of CaO content. Amorphous 4CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2 showed the highest Ni2+ uptake capacity (about 9 mmol/g). The Ni2+ uptake abilities of the present samples are higher than those of other materials reported in the literature. Since the sorbed Ni2+/released Ca2+ ratios of these samples are close to unity, ion replacement of Ni2+ for Ca2+ is thought to be the principal mechanism of Ni2+ uptake by the present samples.     

Experimental and thermodynamic investigation on transfer of cadmium influenced by sulfur and chlorine during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration

We used two approaches to investigate the impact of sulfur and chlorine compounds on transfer of a semivolatile heavy metal, cadmium, during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration: experiments using a tubular furnace reactor and thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Artificial wastes representative of typical MSW in China with and without the presence of sulfur and chlorine compounds were combusted at 850 degrees C, and the partitioning of Cd among bottom ash, fly ash and flue gas was quantified. The results indicate that sulfur compounds in the elemental form and reduced state could stabilize Cd in the form of CdS due to local reducing environment, while sulfur in the oxidized forms slightly increased Cd volatilization during incineration. In contrast, the presence of chlorine compounds significantly increased the partitioning of Cd on fly ash. Chemical equilibrium calculations show that sulfur binds with Cd and alters Cd speciation at low temperatures (<700 degrees C), while chlorine significantly increases the volatilization of Cd through formation of volatile CdCl(2) and thus its partitioning on the fly ash between 400 and 1000 degrees C. The equilibrium calculation results also suggest that SiO(2)- and Al(2)O(3)-containing minerals could function as sorbents stabilizing Cd as condensed phase solids (CdSiO(3) and CdAl(2)O(4)). These findings provide useful information on understanding the partitioning behavior of Cd and can help development of strategies to control volatilization of Cd during MSW incineration.     

Solidification and leaching behaviours of Cr6+ in sludge ceramsite

Making lightweight ceramsite with sewage sludge is a new effective approach for disposal of sludge. However, there is a concern as to whether the heavy metals such as Cr6+ in sewage sludge can be solidified in ceramsite after sintering. The configuration of Cr6+ in ceramsite was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and leaching tests were conducted to determine the effects of sintering temperature, pH and H2O2 concentration on the stabilization of Cr6+ in ceramsite. The results show that leaching of Cr6+ changes little at temperatures above 900 degrees C, and both pH and H2O2 concentration have some effects on the leaching of Cr6+. Leaching test results indicate that Cr6+ is stabilized in ceramsite and cannot be easily released to the environment again as secondary pollution, which eliminates the concern for its application. XRD analysis of ceramsite sintered at 1000 degrees C reveals that the main compounds of Cr6+ in ceramsite are Cr2O3 and FeCrO4. The test results provides a better understanding of the factors that affect the mobility of Cr6+, and show it is a safe way to make ceramsite with sludge as an additive.     

醋酸钙/飞灰复合脱硫脱硝剂热解性能实验研究

为了提高脱硫脱硝效率同时合理利用火电厂产生的飞灰,研究了醋酸钙中加入飞灰制备的复合脱硫脱硝剂的热解性能。对不同条件下制得的醋酸钙/飞灰复合脱硫脱硝剂的热重特性、X射线衍射图谱、比表面积、扫描电镜结果等进行了分析,结果表明:利用醋酸钙和飞灰水合制备的脱硫脱硝剂具有比单纯的醋酸钙和飞灰更大的比表面积;经过900℃煅烧后脱硫脱硝剂孔隙结构最好;脱硫脱硝剂经过900℃煅烧后的热解产物(SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3和CaO)有助于脱除烟气中的硫氧化物和氮氧化物。     

添加La2O3对粉煤灰合成Al2O3-SiC复合粉体的影响

以粉煤灰和活性炭为原料,通过碳热还原反应在Ar气氛下合成Al_2O_3-SiC粉体,探究了一条低成本合成Al_2O_3-SiC粉体的可行途径。研究了添加La_2O_3对合成过程的影响。采用XRD和SEM表征了材料的物相组成和显微形貌。结果表明:当粉煤灰与活性炭质量比为100∶44,在1 550℃下保温5h,添加6%(质量分数)的La_2O_3时,可合成性能良好的Al_2O_3-SiC粉体,颗粒分布均匀,平均粒径为0.5~1μm,较不添加La_2O_3合成温度降低约50℃。     

Fe~(3+)/Ti~(4+)赋存状态对钛酸铝/莫来石复合材料结构的影响

借助XRD、SEM和能谱分析仪等手段,研究了1 600℃煅烧中低品位矾土制备的钛酸铝/莫来石(Al_2TiO_5ss/3Al_2O_3·2SiO_2ss)复合材料经1 200℃保温12h后结构的稳定性。结果表明:高温煅烧中低品位矾土后,其合成材料的结晶物相组成为3Al_2O_3·2SiO_2ss、Al_2TiO_5ss和少量残存的方石英;Fe~(3+)或Ti~(4+)离子以不同形态赋存于结晶相(3Al_2O_3·2SiO_2ss和Al_2TiO_5ss)和非晶相。含Fe~(3+)/Ti~(4+)离子的3Al_2O_3·2SiO_2ss将Al_2TiO_5ss结晶相分割,使其蜷缩其间,并抑制Al_2TiO_5ss的分解;高温下,二者因组成元素相近而致使晶界融合,进而共同构建了体系牢固的致密骨架结构。由3Al_2O_3·2SiO_2ss和Al_2TiO_5ss等高温物相构成的致密结构将非晶相挤压于空隙结构的3Al_2O_3·2SiO_2ss晶间,避免了低熔点相富集带来的不利影响,进而赋予该Al_2TiO_5ss/3Al_2O_3·2SiO_2ss复合材料良好的结构稳定性。     

添加剂对Y2Ti2O7陶瓷的微波介电性能的影响（英文）

研究了CrO3、Nb2O5、SiO2及Al2O3对Y2Ti2O7陶瓷的烧结性能、相组成和微波介电性能的影响.其中Nb2O5掺杂能够降低Y2Ti2O7陶瓷材料的烧结温度,提高基体陶瓷的介电常数和品质因子,引起谐振频率温度系数的明显变化.且随着Nb2O5含量的增多,所有样品的主晶相仍为立方烧绿石型Y2Ti2O7,Nb5+可能进入烧绿石结构中,部分取代Ti4+所在位置.实验结果表明:1mol%Nb2O5掺杂的陶瓷材料在1420℃下烧结致密,具有最佳的微波介电性能:εr=61.8,Q×f=9096GHz(f=5.494GHz),τf=54×10-6/℃.     

SEM/EDS and XRD characterization of raw and washed MSWI fly ash sintered at different temperatures

The disposal of fly ash generated during municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) may pose a significant risk to the environment due to the possible leaching of hazardous pollutants, such as toxic metals. Sintering technology attracted more attention than the vitrification process because of its low energy needed. Generally, a preliminary washing treatment of raw fly ash with water was necessary for this sintering technology. This study investigated the composition and morphology of raw fly ash (RFA) and washed fly ash (WFA) at different sintering temperatures, and examined the newly formed minerals during sintering. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests were carried out to investigate the effect of the washing treatment and sintering process on the leaching performance of heavy metals in fly ash. Results showed that, with an increase of sintering temperature more complex aluminosilicates were formed; the incorporation of Mg, Fe and Pb into the aluminosilicates occurred during the sintering process at higher temperatures (800 and 900 degrees C). The washing treatment reduced the leachable concentration of Cd, Pb and Ni, but increased that of Cr. A CaCrO(4) compound was considered as a potential soluble species.