涡轮叶片混气电解的调参数反拷加工法

涡轮叶片型面混气电解加工时,若按常规的反拷法,阴极要经过反复多次精细修整和试加工。因此,找到一种经济实用,简捷有效的反拷法,已成为叶片电解加工中亟待解决的关键之一。我厂通过总结混气加工叶片中,反拷加工时型面偏移的规律,运用各加工参数对间隙影响的关系,摸索出一种反拷后不必修磨阴极,即可加工出合格叶片的“调参数反拷加工法”以及有效保证加工重复精度的“参数补偿法”。本文详细介绍了这两种方法,并认为由于有该方法作保证,就可使电解加工叶片”加工规范化”。     

一米长叶片背弧的电解加工

本文介绍30万瓩汽轮机末级一米长叶片背弧的电解加工工艺。较详细地叙述了被加工工件的基本情况。对夹具的要求及结构、标准叶片制作及工具电极的反拷、加工工艺参数、加工过程的热平衡、电解成型精度等进行了分析,对存在的问题提出了一些看法。     

涡轮叶片电解加工阴极设计方法研究

电解加工技术是目前航天航空发动机核心零部件涡轮叶片的主要加工方法之一。叶片电解加工工具阴极设计方法与修正是提高叶片电解加工精度的关键。电解加工中阴极进给角度、工件装夹角度和工件型面法线方向夹角的规范性和均匀性是影响阴极设计准确性的重要因素。分析某小型发动机涡轮转子叶片三维模型结构,建立叶片型面上各采样点对应的阴极工具型面加工间隙的分布规律模型。优化阴极进给角度与毛坯件装夹角度,结合电场仿真分析进行优化,研究提高阴极型面设计精确度的电解加工阴极型面模型的设计方法。     

钛合金与镍基高温合金薄片振动辅助电火花加工工艺参数优化研究

在航空发动机叶片的电解加工过程中,由于存在加工间隙,导致加工后的叶片边缘存在尺寸与形状误差。采用电火花加工并辅以振动对叶片边缘进行粗、精加工修整,考虑到电火花加工参数与工件材料加工特性存在不确定性,通过正交试验探究了粗加工的峰值电流、脉冲宽度、振幅和振动频率对材料去除率、工具电极相对体积损耗率的影响。采用横截面尺寸为29 mm×0.5 mm的钛合金和镍基高温合金薄板作为工件进行长度2 mm的切断实验,通过极差分析法和方差分析法获得加工最优参数,并得出镍基高温合金、钛合金材料去除率最高分别达12.99、13.13 mm3/min,为后续利用成形电极对叶片边缘进行精密修整提供可参考的有效电加工参数。     

扭转叶片整体叶盘旋转套料电解余量均匀化加工技术研究

扭转叶片整体叶盘广泛应用在航空发动机上,而旋转套料电解加工在整体叶盘叶间通道大余量高效去除方面具有显著优势。针对扭转叶片整体叶盘旋转套料电解加工后存在的余量分布不均匀问题,提出了一种基于侧面间隙预测的变电压均匀化余量旋转套料电解加工方法,通过电场仿真确定侧面间隙和电压之间的关系,并开展了恒定电压与变电压旋转套料电解加工对比试验。结果表明,采用变电压加工后扭转叶片的最大余量差值由1.63 mm降至1.12 mm,余量分布情况得到显著改善,为后续叶片型面电解精加工奠定技术基础。     

型孔电解加工阴极优化试验研究

为解决电解加工型孔的加工稳定性和形状精度等问题,建立了异形孔电解加工稳定过程中加工间隙数学模型,分析了工具阴极结构对加工区域和非加工区域的电场及其均匀性以及其对电流密度与加工效果的影响,通过优化工件结构改善了加工间隙内的电场分布,使工件形状精度显著提高,并进行相关试验对仿真结果进行验证。得出结论:在相同的电解加工参数下,工具电极的结构对工件的形状精度有着显著的影响,通过优化工具电极结构,改善加工间隙内的电场分布与电流密度,让加工间隙内的流场更为稳定,使工件侧壁垂直度提高,提高了电解加工的形状精度与加工稳定性。     

管电极电解加工小孔实验研究

管电极电解加工是以中空管电极为工具对工件进行电解蚀除的一种加工方法,在制造飞机发动机叶片气膜孔方面具有独特优势。利用中性盐溶液代替酸性溶液作为电解液,分析了电压和电解液浓度对孔径的影响、不同的进给速度配合不同的电压值对加工深度的影响。结果表明:采用套管绝缘后的管电极在进给速度为0.42 mm/min、电压为14 V时可稳定加工直径为600μm、深度为12 mm的深小孔。     

锻模电解加工工具电极的反拷和修正方法

分析了锻模电解加工的工具电极反拷时会出现的问题,在此基础上介绍了工具电极的反拷和修正方法,并列举了加工实例。     

热锻模电解加工工具电极的反拷和修正

分析了热锻模电解加工工具电极反拷时会出现的问题,在此基础上介绍了工具电极的反拷和修正方法,并列举了加工实例。     

混气-定间隙间歇进给电解加工技术研究

以航天姿/轨控发动机拉瓦尔式小喷管为研究对象,采用常规直流电解加工、定间隙间歇进给电解加工、混气-定间隙间歇进给电解加工等技术,研究提高拉瓦尔式小喷管内型面加工精度以及表面质量的工艺方法.试验结果表明,混气-定间隙间歇进给电解加工技术具有复制精度高、加工表面质量好、加工间隙均匀,工具阴极基本不做修正,就能得到良好的加工效果.     

脉冲振动电解加工对圆柱型面复制精度的影响

开展了不锈钢材料脉冲振动电解加工的试验研究,设计了试验所需的工装夹具、工具电极和电解液流场。采用圆柱型面的工具电极电解加工不锈钢工件,通过对比试验分析了直流匀速进给电解加工和脉冲振动电解加工的精度差异,并优化了加工参数,获得了较佳的进给速度和脉冲电流占空比。对比二种加工方式证明脉冲振动电解加工能有效提高电解加工精度。     

Analysis of the machining accuracy when dry turning via experiments and finite element simulations

Workpiece and tool are subjected to severe mechanical and thermal loads when turning. These loads cause thermal expansions and mechanically induced deflections of the tool and the workpiece. Such deformations induce deviations from the nominal workpiece geometry. In order to decrease these deviations, the cutting condition needs to be optimized prior to actual machining. In this paper, the accuracy of machining when dry turning aluminum is analyzed via experiments and finite element simulations. For this purpose, seven characteristic values were used: the forces, the deflection of the workpiece, the quantity of heat in the workpiece, the temperature distribution in the workpiece, the temperature of the tool, the temperature of the tool holder, and the actual dimension of the workpiece after turning. These experimentally determined results serve in addition as boundary conditions for a 3D finite element model of the workpiece, which calculates the deformations of the workpiece. The continuous removal of material affecting the temperature distribution in the workpiece is considered. The actual dimensions of the workpiece after turning revealed a remarkable influence of the cutting condition used on the accuracy of machining. Differences of up to 116 μm regarding the deviation from the nominal workpiece diameter of 30 mm were observed. The analysis of the machining accuracy reveals that particularly the use of both high cutting speeds and feeds enhances the accuracy of machining when dry turning aluminum.     

Analysis of the electrochemical behaviors of WC–Co alloy for micro ECM

Micro electrochemical machining (ECM) of tungsten carbide with cobalt binder (WC–Co) was studied using ultrashort pulses. In ECM, the machining characteristics were investigated according to machining conditions such as electrolyte, workpiece potential, and applied voltage pulse. Using a mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid, microstructures with a sharp edge and good surface quality were machined on tungsten carbide alloy. The potentials of workpiece electrode and tool electrode were determined by considering the machining rate, machining stability, and surface quality of products. With the negative potential of the workpiece electrode, oxide formation was successfully prevented and shape with good surface quality in the range from R_a 0.069 μm to 0.075 μm were obtained by electrochemical machining. Moreover, the performance of ECM, which includes machining gap, tapering, surface roughness, and machining time, without tool wear was compared with that of electrical discharge machining (EDM). Microstructures of WC–Co with a sharp edge and good surface quality were obtained by electrochemical milling and electrochemical drilling. Micro electrochemical turning was also introduced to fabricate micro shafts.     

变参数微细电解加工变截面孔的实验研究

为提高微细电解加工高深宽比变截面孔的形状精度,通过仿真分析加工过程中不同的参数变化时间间隔对变截面孔形状精度的影响,设计并实现了一种变参数加工控制方法。在1 mm厚的18CrNi8工件上进行变参数微细电解加工实验,加工出孔径200~320μm(深宽比约为5)的变截面孔。结果表明:参数变化时间间隔为1 s时,形状平均误差为9μm,相比于其他时间间隔,其平均误差减小约85%,较好地满足了设计要求,也验证了该变参数加工控制方法的有效性。     

Controlling of metal removal thickness in ECM process

Electrochemical machining (ECM) offers the unique advantage of better accuracy and high surface integrity of hard-machined components. A new technique has been developed to utilize a simultaneously moving and rotating electrode to remove a specific amount of material from pre-machined holes and rods of hardened steel specimens. One of the electrodes was provided with two simultaneous movements, traverse speed and rotational speed. The electrolyte was pumped into the gap between the tool and the workpiece, through a matrix of fine holes distributed along one of the electrode surface. A mathematical model has been proposed for accurately estimating the thickness of the workpiece layer under different working conditions. Experimental results revealed that this technique could lead to the removal of a surface layer thickness up to 200 μ, which consequently classified this method as a super-finishing process. Finally, the results of the experiments and the simulation are compared with each other. The obtained results are an endeavour to enhance the controllability of the ECM process.     

Dimensional errors in longitudinal turning based on the unified generalized mechanics of cutting approach.: Part I: Three-dimensional theory

During the machining of a part, a new surface is generated together with its dimensional deviations. These deviations are due to the presence of several phenomena (workpiece deflection under strong cutting forces, vibration of the machine tool, material spring-back, and so on) that occur during machining. Each elementary phenomenon results in an elementary machining error. Consequently, the accuracy of the manufactured workpiece depends on the precision of the manufacturing process, which it may be controlled or predicted.The first part of this work presents a new model to evaluate machining accuracy and part dimensional errors in bar turning. A model to simulate workpiece dimensional errors in longitudinal turning due to deflection of the tool, workpiece holder and workpiece is shown. The proposed model calculates the real cutting force according to the Unified Generalized Mechanics of Cutting approach proposed by Armarego, which allows one to take into account the three-dimensional nature (3D) of the cutting mechanism. Therefore, the model developed takes advantage of the real workpiece deflection, which does not lie in a plane parallel to the tool reference plane, and of the real 3D cutting force, which varies along the tool path due to change in the real depth of cut. In the first part of the work the general theory of the proposed approach is presented and discussed for 3D features. In the second part the proposed approach is applied to real cases that are mostly used in practice. Moreover, some experimental tests are carried out in order to validate the developed model: good agreement between numerical and experimental results is found.     

Finite element prediction of material removal rate due to electro-chemical spark machining

Electro-chemical spark machining (ECSM) is an innovative hybrid machining process, which combines the features of the electro-chemical machining (ECM) and electrodischarge machining (EDM). Unlike ECM and EDM, ECSM is capable of machining electrically non-conducting materials. This paper attempts to develop a thermal model for the calculation of material removal rate (MRR) during ECSM. First, temperature distribution within zone of influence of single spark is obtained with the application of finite element method (FEM). The nodal temperatures are further post processed for estimating MRR. The developed FEM based thermal model is found to be in the range of accuracy with the experimental results. Further the parametric studies are carried out for different parameters like electrolyte concentration, duty factor and energy partition. The increase in MRR is found to increase with increase in electrolyte concentration due to ECSM of soda lime glass workpiece material. Also, the change in the value of MRR for soda lime glass with concentration is found to be more than that of alumina. MRR is found to increase with increase in duty factor and energy partition for both soda lime glass and alumina workpiece material.     

低频振动小孔径内壁面微结构电解加工技术研究

为了研究低频振动电解加工对小孔径内壁面加工的影响,采用数值模拟和实验相结合的方法进行电解加工,分析影响加工结果的工艺参数及低频振动对小孔径内壁面加工精度的影响。结果表明:采用阴极低频振动加工小孔径内壁面,有利于加工间隙内电解液的循环更新和电解产物、电解热的排除,提高加工精度,改善加工定域性,同时也延长了工具电极的寿命。     

Tool deflection compensation in peripheral milling of curved geometries

This paper presents compensation of surface error due to cutting force-induced tool deflections in a peripheral milling process. Previous research attempts on this topic deal with error compensation in machining of straight geometries only. This paper is concerned with peripheral milling of variable curvature geometries where the workpiece curvature changes continuously along the path of cut. In the case of curved geometries, both process geometry and the cutting forces have shown to have strong dependence on workpiece curvature and hence variation of surface error along the path of cut. This calls for a different error compensation strategy than the one which is normally used for machining straight geometries. The present work is an attempt to improve accuracy in machining of curved geometries by use of CNC tool path compensation. Mechanistic model for cutting force estimation and cantilever beam model for cutter deflection estimation are used. The results based on machining experiments performed on a variety of geometries show that the dimensional accuracy can be improved significantly in peripheral milling of curved geometries.