Statistical analysis of multilook SAR interferograms for CFAR detection of ground moving targets

This paper examines the statistics of the phase and magnitude of multilook synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferograms toward deployment of along-track interferometry (ATI) for slow ground moving-target indication (GMTI). While the known probability density function (pdf) of the interferogram's phase (derived under the assumption of Gaussian backscatter) is shown to agree almost perfectly for a wide variety of backscatter conditions, the corresponding magnitude's pdf tends to deviate strongly in most cases. Motivated by this discrepancy, a novel distribution is derived for the interferogram's magnitude. This pdf, called the polynomial or p-distribution, matches the real data much more accurately, particularly for heterogeneous composite terrain. For extremely heterogeneous terrain, such as urban areas, both pdfs for interferometric phase and magnitude fail and are extended. Based on these statistics, a completely automatic detection scheme with constant false-alarm rates (CFARs) for slow moving targets is proposed. All involved parameters required to determine the detection thresholds are estimated from the sample data. It is demonstrated, on the basis of experimental airborne SAR data, that this detector is capable of detecting slow moving vehicles within severe ground clutter.     

利用样本协方差矩阵特征值分解实现双通道SAR动目标检测

该文针对机载双通道SAR-GMTI系统及实测数据,提出一种新的地面慢动目标检测方法。该方法基于双通道样本协方差矩阵特征值分解,将杂波第2特征值和干涉相位联合统计特性的研究结果用于慢动目标检测,即根据给定的恒虚警概率确定一条联合分布的第2特征值干涉相位等高线作为门限检测曲线,同时结合第2特征值、干涉相位门限预处理,实现地面慢动目标的精确检测。实测数据实验结果表明:该方法不但扩大了慢动目标的可检测速度范围,同时还降低了系统的虚警概率。     

匹配傅里叶变换检测SAR中的运动目标

该文介绍了应用匹配傅里叶变换检测SAR中运动目标的方法。文中讨论了信号模型、检测方法,并进行了仿真研究。仿真和实际的SAR数据中运动目标检测处理结果表明:在雷达平台运动速度被补偿,且脉冲压缩之后,再应用匹配傅里叶变换进行运动目标检测是比较好的检测方法;在一定的条件下,也可以比较相邻SAR图像中强点间相对位置的变化来判断运动目标。     

相似度动目标检测量的修正与第二特征值 检测量的有效性证明

SAR地面慢动目标检测是利用SAR实现空间对地观测应用的一个主要方面,具有重要的理论意义和迫切的实际需求.目前,通过对协方差矩阵进行特征值分解得到三个检测量(第二特征值、干涉相位和相似度),为慢动目标检测的实现开辟了一条新途径.本文针对相似度和第二特征值检测量存在的理论缺陷,首先,根据对角化矩阵与Pauli自旋矩阵构成的单位上半球面点具有一一对应的特点,从理论上修正了相似度检测量表达式.进而,首次提出并证明了"对协方差矩阵进行邻域平均预处理是第二特征值作为有效动目标检测量的前提条件"这一命题,有力地补充和完善了特征值分解检测量的理论体系.仿真实验结果也证明了理论推导的正确性.     

PR-based SAR reconstruction algorithm for phase noise mitigation based on the hidden convexity

The performance of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) reconstruction is significantly deteriorated by the random phase noises arising from the atmospheric turbulence or frequency jitter of the transmit signal. Recently, the emerging phase retrieval (PR) technique is gradually extended to the SAR reconstruction problem via the phase-corrupted data attributing to its alluring potential for phase noise mitigation. In this paper, a novel PR-based SAR reconstruction algorithm for phase noise mitigation is proposed by jointing alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) and Kolmogorov spectral factorization (KoSF). Owing to the exploiting of the hidden convexity of PR-based SAR reconstruction problem and the structure advantage of the quadratic magnitude measurement, the proposed algorithm acquires better robustness for the complex-valued Gaussian white noises and the random phase noises than the existing PR-based SAR reconstruction algorithms. In the experiments, the synthetic scene data and the moving and stationary target recognition Sandia laboratories implementation of cylinders (MSTAR SLICY) target data are provided to verify the validity of the proposed algorithm.     

海面运动舰船目标的高分辨率SAR成像

基于高分辨率机载SAR,研究了合成孔径成像时间较长情况下海面运动舰船目标的SAR成像问题。根据船体上不同距离单元散射点多普勒历程可能不同的特点,采用粗校正和精校正相结合的方法在距离频率-方位时间域进行二阶和高阶相位补偿,完成运动舰船目标的距离徙动校正。提出了STFT和CDA处理相结合的时频分析成像方法,以获得较高的图像分辨率。实际数据的处理结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

Reconnaissance with ultra wideband UHF synthetic aperture radar

The author addresses the problem of detecting and identifying stationary and moving targets with foliage penetrating UHF synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The role of a target's coherent SAR signature, which varies with the radar's frequency and aspect angle, in forming the Fourier space of the SAR signal is analyzed. The resultant relationship is the basis of an algorithm which, after extracting (digital spotlighting) the target's coherent SAR signature in the reconstruction domain, could be used to differentiate man-made structures from foliage. Methods for blind-velocity moving target indication are discussed. The main tool of the work is a signal theory based analysis of SAR signal via Fourier transform. However, the theory is at most as good as the collected SAR data     

基于干涉图幅度和相位联合的慢动目标CFAR检测方法

 提出了一种新的基于干涉图幅度和相位联合的慢动目标CFAR检测方法.在理论层面上,基于复Wishart分布,推导出了均匀区域、不均匀区域和极度不均匀区域等不同环境下IMP检测量的统计分布族,并根据Mellin变换导出了各分布模型的参数估计器.在算法层面上,通过结合邻域平均这种等效的多视处理方式获得IMP检测量图像后,根据推导出的IMP检测量各分布模型对应的CFAR阈值求解方式,利用滑动窗口的形式实现慢动目标的自动检测.对双通道SAR实测数据进行实验,采用KL度量、MSE度量和K-S检验作为定量评估准则,结果证明了IMP检测量分布模型族及对应参数估计器的有效性以及基于IMP检测量实现慢动目标CFAR检测的更优性能.     

基于分数阶傅里叶变换的运动舰船聚焦算法

为解决合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像中运动舰船目标产生的散焦现象,结合对比度最大算法和分数阶傅里叶变换(FRFT)算法,提出了一种改进的对比度分数阶傅里叶变换(CFRFT)自聚焦算法.该算法利用分数阶傅里叶变换对已成像SAR图像进行时频域分析,根据旋转角分别利用参数模型和非参数模型对二阶相位误差和高阶相位误差进行补偿,和传统的相位梯度(PGA)法相比,图像分辨率和旁瓣比提升显著,可以更有效地补偿SAR中舰船运动产生的相位误差.对不同舰船和尾迹SAR图像实验表明,算法对二阶以上的相位误差具有较好的补偿效果,误差估计准确性高,适用范围广,解决了SAR运动舰船的散焦问题,提高了海洋舰船监测的准确性.     

Blind-velocity SAR/ISAR imaging of a moving target in a stationarybackground

A synthetic aperture radio/inverse synthetic aperture radar (SAR/ISAR) coherent system model and inversion to image a target moving with an unknown constant velocity in a stationary background are presented. The approach is based on a recently developed system modelling and inversion principle for SAR/ISAR imaging that utilizes the spatial Fourier decomposition of SAR data in the synthetic aperture domain to convert the SAR system model's nonlinear phase functions into linear phase functions suitable for a computationally manageable inversion. It is shown that SAR/ISAR imaging of a moving target can be converted into imaging the target in a stationary squint-mode SAR problem where the parameters of the squint-mode geometry depend on the target's velocity. A method for estimating the moving target's velocity that utilizes a spatial Doppler analysis of the SAR data within overlapping subapertures is presented. The spatial Doppler technique does not require the radar signal to be narrowband, so the reconstructed image's resolution is not sacrificed to improve the target's velocity estimator.     

Theory of synthetic aperture radar imaging of a moving target

Two novel image processing techniques have been developed to refocus a moving target image from its smeared response in the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image which is focused on the stationary ground. Both approaches may be implemented with efficient fast Fourier transform (FFT) routines to process the Fourier spatial spectrum of the image data. The first approach utilizes a matched target filter that is derived from the signal history along the range-Doppler migration path mapped onto the SAR image from the moving target trajectory in real space. The coherent spatial filter is specified by the apparent target range in the image and the magnitude of the relative target-to-radar velocity. The second approach eliminates the range-dependence by reconstructing the moving target image from a spectral function that is obtained from the SAR image data spectrum via a spatial frequency coordinate transformation     

SAR imaging of moving targets using polynomial Fourier transform

The polynomial Fourier transform (FT) is employed as a tool for the SAR imaging of moving targets. An efficient algorithm is proposed that can be used for radar images containing both moving and stationary targets. The proposed algorithm can be used in the form of the second-order polynomial FT, but it can also be extended to higher-order and order-adaptive polynomial FT forms.     

改进混合积累的单通道机载SAR高径向速度目标检测方法

高径向速度目标会产生严重的距离走动并伴随方位失配,方位压缩会使其散焦并弥散在SAR图像中,不易被检测。该文针对高径向速度目标的检测问题,提出一种基于单通道机载SAR的检测方法。该方法通过抽取等效双通道,利用相干对消抑制杂波,并去除动目标的频谱分裂,再运用Dechirp处理和Hough变换积累目标在距离单元内和距离单元间的能量,以获得更大的积累增益。与传统的混合积累方法相比,该方法在抑制杂波的基础上,更好地积累高径向速度目标的能量,从而有效提高该类目标的检测性能。仿真数据和实测数据均验证了该方法的有效性和优越性。     

基于MIMO-SAR体制的空频域自适应动目标检测技术研究

多发多收星载SAR使用多天线从不同的相位中心发射正交编码信号,多个接收相位中心接收回波后形成多通道信号,显著增大了空间自由度,有利于地面动目标检测.该文研究了多发多收星载SAR空时自适应信号处理进行地面动目标检测的技术,针对星载SAR回波信号的特点,在研究空频自适应处理算法的基础上,使用基于特征值分解的空频自适应处理算法对多发多收星载SAR的杂波进行抑制,最后完成对动目标的检测.仿真数据处理结果验证了该文方法的有效性.     

基于Chirp-Z变换的分布式SAR地面运动目标检测方法

该文基于主辅星编队模式下的分布式卫星SAR系统,对Range-Doppler域地面运动目标检测方法进行了改进,提出回波信号经方位向相位补偿后,应用Chirp-Z变换能够将地面同一方位单元回波的频谱在不同通道内精确配准,而后通过干涉处理和频谱相位补偿来提取运动目标信息,并给出了频谱相位补偿对系统参数的约束条件以及频谱配准对目标速度的约束条件。最后仿真表明该方法在约束条件下是有效的。     

Radar imaging of moving targets in foliage using multifrequency multiaperture polarimetric SAR

Because of the low signal-to-clutter ratio, it is a difficult problem to detect and image moving targets in foliage. In this paper, a multifrequency multiaperture polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (MFMA POLSAR) system is proposed for imaging of moving targets in foliage. The MFMA POLSAR extends the multifrequency antenna array SAR (MF-SAR) system to multiple polarizations. Full polarization is used in MFMA POLSAR to achieve an optimal polarization adaptive to the environment such that the images obtained by different apertures are of the best coherence that is used to obtain the highest accuracy of the phase estimation. It is also shown that the MFMA POLSAR cannot only accurately locate both the slow and the fast moving targets but also reveal moving targets in foliage.     

基于离散FRFT的SAR动目标参数估计方法

为了有效减少SAR系统的数据量和降低脉冲重复频率，提出了一种基于离散分数阶傅里叶变换（FRFT）的动目标参数估计方法。首先对距离向脉冲压缩之后的数据进行DPCA对消处理，其次利用Hough变换估计目标跨航向维的运动参数并校正距离单元走动，然后基于离散的FRFT变换矩阵构造稀疏基矩阵，建立压缩感知重构模型，通过对模型的优化求解获得FRFT的最优阶数，进而估计动目标沿航迹维的速度和位置。最后，仿真实验验证了所提方法能够有效实现低脉冲重复频率条件下的地面运动目标参数估计。     

基于分数阶Fourier变换的机载SAR运动目标检测

该文首先建立了机载合成孔径雷达(SAR)对运动目标的回波信号模型,阐述了其本质为线性调频信号的特点。根据这种特点,提出了一种基于分数阶Fourier变换的机载SAR运动目标检测新方法,有效地消除了线性调频信号的时频耦合特性对信号检测的影响。与双线性时频分布类算法相比,分数阶Fourier变换是线性变换,在多运动目标存在的情况下,不会受到交叉项的影响。仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

一种单通道SAR地面运动目标成像和运动参数估计方法

根据单通道高分辨SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)运动目标的回波包络和多普勒频谱的特性,本文提出一种利用二阶Keystone变换校正回波数据的距离弯曲,然后估计回波包络的斜率进行走动校正,再对运动目标的多普勒频谱进行分析得到运动目标的多普勒参数,进而对地面运动目标进行成像,同时完成对运动目标的定位,使运动目标在SAR图像中的正确位置上显示.另外,根据地面运动目标的多普勒参数和运动参数的关系,可以估计出运动目标的关键运动参数.结合仿真和实测数据的处理结果表明该方法可有效地对地面运动目标成像和运动参数估计.     

基于时空二维信号处理的合成孔径雷达动目标检测

本文基于时空二维信号处理方法，利用阵列天线回波的时空等效性，对合成孔径雷达数据进行运动目标成像处理，该方法克服了单天线系统中由于运动目标径向速度太小而不能检测和成像的固有缺点，解决了盲速问题，实现慢速运动目标成像，计算机模拟表明了算法的有效性。