WDM中级联EDFA噪声积累和系统功率预算

对波分复用（ＷＤＭ）系统中级联ＥＤＦＡ噪声积累和系统功率预算进行了研究,认为累积噪声随着放大器的级数线性增长,而且还随着放大器级间损耗（增益）指数增长。系统总长度一定时,低增益、多级数比高增益、少级数方案有高得奖我的光信噪比（ＯＳＮＲ）。     

AM-VSB光纤有线电视系统的设计

根据多年工作经验，介绍了AM－VSB光纤CATV传输系统的设计方法，对系统的网络结构、技术指标、指标分配等方面进行了论述，并举例阐述了详细的设计过程。     

WDM/OCDMA混合系统中一种新型的接收机

文章针对波分复用/光码分多址(WDM/OCDMA)混合系统中存在窄带干扰(NBI)的问题,提出了一种新颖的用户接收机模型.从理论推导得知,该方案能完全滤除WDM用户间的NBI.同时,仿真结果也验证了系统的误码率(BER)有显著的降低,系统性能得到了改善,且归一化门限值为0.28时,BER最小.     

长距离波分时分混合复用无源光网络系统

提出一种基于10G EPON的长距离波分时分混合复用无源光网络(HPON)系统.系统下行采用商用化程度高、成本低的连续模式波长转换模块OEO,上行采用响应速度快、适用于突发信号波长转换的全光波长转换模块AOWC.采用掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)对光信号进行中继放大处理,可以满足100 km接入距离的要求,顺应了接入网和城域网融合的趋势.在系统的上行引入了基于SOA的全光均衡技术,使得上行光信号的幅度保持一致,使用商用10 Gb/s连续接收机替代高成本的突发接收机,降低了系统成本.系统采用扩展盒技术,可以在现有EPON的基础上方便灵活地进行系统升级,不需要改动EPON的ONU和OLT,最大限度地保留了EPON低成本的优势.     

Bit error rate reduction by power shaping in WDM networks with EDFAs

The trend in multi-wavelength optical networks is toward dynamic route and wavelength assignment to support burst-switching or packet switching. Where erbium-doped optical amplifiers (EDFAs) are used for multi-wavelength amplifications, the time interval between traffic blocks can be long enough to induce EDFA optical power transients created by abrupt changes in the average input power to the EDFAs and can adversely affect the performance of the network. To mitigate the effects of EDFA optical power transients on optical networks, a method based on power shaping where heads and tails are joined to the beginning and end of a traffic block is proposed. A head (tail) gradually increases (decreases) the channel power by employing a pseudo-random bit sequence in which the probability of a “1” (“0”) increases from 0 to 0.5. This paper reports experimental results showing that EDFA optical power transients can be significantly reduced with adequate shaping periods. The effects of alternative shaping profiles are examined, and for a linear shaping profile, experiments show that the drop transient deviation is reduced by 0.5 dB while the add transient deviation is reduced by 0.71 dB. We show by lab experiments that the bit error rate induced by wavelength add-drop transients in a chain of EDFAs in an emulated fiber network can be reduced by 25% using power shaping techniques. Power shaping is an economical means of suppressing EDFA optical power transients compared to other physical layer approaches that require the addition of specialized components and can be applied to EDFAs as well as other solid-state and Raman optical amplifiers.     

All-optical gain control of in-line erbium-doped fiber amplifiers for hybrid analog/digital WDM systems

Automatic gain control using an all-optical feedback loop in in-line erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA's) used in hybrid analog/digital wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems was studied. It is found that the signal level variation for the digital channels can be maintained within a range /spl les/3-dB between the presence and dropout of the analog channel when the narrowband feedback is centered at the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) peak (/spl sim/1532 nm) with loop loss ranging between 13-22 dB. Robust transmission at 2.5 Gb/s without measurable power penalty was obtained for the digital channels when the EDFA was saturated by either the analog or the control lasing signal.     

Design of FIR digital filters using tapped cascaded FIR Subfilters

This paper considers the design of an FIR digital filter by interconnecting a number of identical FIR subfilters with the aid of a few additional multipliers and adders. The overall structure is in the form of a tapped cascaded FIR subfilters. A composite method to determine the tapping coefficients along with the coefficients of the subfilter to approximate overall frequency response characteristic is proposed. Several numerical examples illustrating the proposed method are included.     

Design of hybrid filter banks for analog/digital conversion

This paper presents design algorithms for hybrid filter banks (HFBs) for high-speed, high-resolution conversion between analog and digital signals. The HFB is an unconventional class of filter bank that employs both analog and digital filters. When used in conjunction with an array of slower speed converters, the HFB improves the speed and resolution of the conversion compared with the standard time-interleaved array conversion technique. The analog and digital filters in the HFB must be designed so that they adequately isolate the channels and do not introduce reconstruction errors that limit the resolution of the system. To design continuous-time analog filters for HFBs, a discrete-time-to-continuous-time (“Z-to-S”) transform is developed to convert a perfect reconstruction (PR) discrete-time filter bank into a near-PR HFB; a computationally efficient algorithm based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is developed to design the digital filters for HFBs. A two-channel HFB is designed with sixth-order continuous-time analog filters and length 64 FIR digital filters that yield -86 dB average aliasing error. To design discrete-time analog filters (e.g., switched-capacitors or charge-coupled devices) for HFBs, a lossless factorization of a PR discrete-time filter bank is used so that the reconstruction error is not affected by filter coefficient quantization. A gain normalization technique is developed to maximize the dynamic range in the finite-precision implementation. A four-channel HFB is designed with 9-bit (integer) filter coefficients. With internal precision limited to the equivalent of 15 bits, the maximum aliasing error is -70 dB, and with the equivalent of 20 bits internal precision, maximum aliasing is -100 dB. The 9-bit filter coefficients degrade the stopband attenuation (compared with unquantized coefficients) by less than 3 dB     

Dispersion of cascaded fiber gratings in WDM lightwave systems

Fiber gratings operating in the transmission mode can provide high dispersion at wavelengths close to the Bragg resonance. When multiple gratings are cascaded for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) applications, the net dispersion between the stop bands of any two consecutive gratings is significantly modified. We discuss the dispersion characteristics of such cascaded fiber gratings and propose a dispersion compensator for simultaneous compensation of group-velocity dispersion (GVD) for multiple channels of a WDM lightwave system. We also discuss the impact of the dispersion possessed by cascaded gratings on grating based add-drop multiplexers     

Homodyne network analyzer with cascaded digital phase shifters

A network analyzer system employing a digital phase modulation and linear frequency conversion of the test signal is described. The system makes use of a microcomputer as a key component and operates as a precise RF-vector voltmeter over the full X-band (8.0-12.4 GHz) without the need for calibration standards. Measurement results for an insertion-loss range of up to 65 dB are presented.     

A novel grating-in-etalon WDM device and a proof-of-concept demonstration of a 1/spl times/40 polarization insensitive WDM

We propose a novel grating-in-etalon device for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) applications. After presenting the device concept and a specific design of the device configuration, we report a first proof-of-concept demonstration of a 1/spl times/40 polarization insensitive WDM device in LiNbO/sub 3/.     

Experimental demonstration of composite-packet-switched WDM network

We propose and demonstrate experimentally a novel technique for packet switching on a ring network. We use the wavelength dimension to increase the transmission line rate and a novel packet-stacking technique to add/drop packets. Packet stacking is used for transport rate multiplication and for equal loading of wavelengths on the physical layer. Packet stacking, switching, and unstacking have been successfully demonstrated on a four-node hubbed ring network serving five source-destination pairs on four wavelengths. Each wavelength was running at 1-Gb/s bit rate.     

Design of a hybrid switching architecture for avionic WDM platforms

A novel hybrid switching architecture using optical circuit switching for intra-subnet communication and fiber channel（FC）for inter-subnet communication is proposed.The proposed scheme utilizes small-size arrayed waveguide grating routers（AWGRs）and legacy FC switches to construct the large-scale avionic network,thus has the potential of the lower latency,the satisfactory network bandwidth and the lower power consumption.The simulation results verify that the proposed architecture outperforms FC switched architecture in terms of real time performance and power consumption.     

Comparative analysis of the traffic performance of fiber-impairment limited WDM and hybrid OCDM/WDM networks

Optical code-division multiplexing (OCDM) is a technique that is currently generating considerable research interest. This paper analyzes and compares the traffic performance of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and hybrid OCDM/WDM-based optical networks. The analysis considers the influence of the limitations of fiber-induced signal impairments on traffic performance and comparisons are performed for an example network utilizing different standardized fiber types. Furthermore, comparisons of traffic performance are also made between different lightpath schemes used in WDM and OCDM/WDM networks. The analysis results show that the OCDM/WDM lightpath schemes significantly outperform the WDM lightpath schemes for given blocking probability criteria. Moreover, the analysis indicates that fiber nonlinearity (which limits the minimum channel spacing) affects the traffic performance more severely compared to fiber dispersion (limits code cardinality).     

Application of preemphasis to achieve flat output OSNR intime-varying channels in cascaded EDFAs without equalization

In this paper, we present a new method for optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) equalization of wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) channels at the end of a cascade of several erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) by use of preemphasis, as well as the proper choice of EDFA design parameters. Identical OSNR at the end of the cascade ensures better signal detection and quality of service. The dynamics of the equalizing method have been demonstrated by simulation for single- and double-stage amplifier designs using a numerical model incorporating time variation effects in EDFA. Calculations are based on the solution of a transcendental equation describing the dynamics of the reservoir, i.e., the total number of excited ions, for each EDFA. Traffic on eight WDM channels is modeled as statistically independent ON-OFF time-slotted sources. In addition, we investigate the effect of gain clamping of the first amplifier in the cascade-by implementing a ring laser and propagating the lasing power through the cascade-on the statistics of OSNR variation. We show that it is possible to achieve dynamic OSNR equalization for a WDM system by the use of preemphasis and an appropriate choice of EDFA parameters, without resorting to optical equalization filters. Most previous equalization methods are static with flat gain for a given inversion level in the amplifier. Changes in the input power (due to network reconfiguration or packetized traffic) will lead to a varying inversion level and hence non optimal equalization     

Design and demonstration of weighted-coupling digital Y-branchoptical switches in InGaAs/InGaAlAs electron transfer waveguides

We have designed and demonstrated the first semiconductor digital optical switches that use weighted-coupling Y-branches. Using the beam propagation method we model both conventional Y-branches as well as weighted-coupling, shaped Y-branches with two angles. Theoretically we find that optimal shaping of the branch can provide, for the same device length, enhanced crosstalk performance and voltage efficiency. These features are confirmed by our experimental results on switches fabricated in InGaAs/InGaAlAs chopped quantum well electron transfer waveguides. In the shaped Y-branch switch, we measure a voltage-length product of 4 V-mm with single-arm drive, while that for the conventional Y-branch is 8 V-mm, With dual arm drive in the push-pull configuration, the shaped switch only requires 3.7 V for a 550 μm active length. This switch also has polarization and wavelength insensitive switching characteristics, with less than 1.0 dB variation in crosstalk over a wide operating range from 1.52 to 1.58 μm wavelength     

Video distribution system with 40 AM-VSB channels and 22 dB link budget

By using AM-VSB transmission, an erbium-doped fibre power amplifier, and a low-noise receiver, a video distribution system attains a 22 dB link budget for 40 channels.<>     

掺铒光纤放大器黑盒模型在波分复用系统中的实验验证

介绍了掺铒光纤放大器的黑盒模型 ,随后给出应用黑盒模型的参数测量步骤 ;测量了一台内部参数和结构未知的商用 EDFA对六信道 WDM光信号的放大光谱图。通过实测结果与黑盒模型仿真计算得到的结果相比较 ,证明了黑盒模型具有很好的精度 ,适用于估算商用波分复系统的性能。     

Simple and spectrally-efficient design of high capacity hybrid WDM/TDM-PON with improved receiver sensitivity

A simple design of hybrid wavelength division multiplexed/time division multiplexed passive optical network （WDM/ TDM-PON） is demonstrated for the high capacity next generation access （NGA） network, having advantages of both WDM and TDM based PON techniques. A 10 Gbit/s differential quadrature phase shift keying （DQPSK） data signal is used at optical line terminal （OLT） for downstream, whereas a 2.5 Gbit/s inverse return-to-zero （IRZ） data signal with high extinction ratio is used for upstream signal by intensity re-modulation of downstream signal, no additional laser is used at optical network unit （ONU）. Simulation results verify that aggregated 100 Gbit/s downstream transmissions of 10 DQPSK channels and aggregated 25 Gbit/s upstream transmission of 10 IRZ channels, using spectrally-efficient 50 GHz channel spacing, can be successfully achieved over a distance of 20 km with less than 1 dB transmission power penalties and improved receiver sensitivity.