Si-Ni合金中小晶面枝晶生长的相场法模拟

相场法作为一种有效预测过冷熔体凝固过程的数值模拟计算方法,在模拟枝晶生长方面得到了广泛应用。应用界面能的校正形式,建立二元合金小晶面枝晶生长的相场模型,对Si-Ni二元合金小晶面枝晶生长进行了模拟。结果表明,当各向异性强度系数超过临界值υ=1/15时,枝晶生长表现出小晶面生长形态,尖端曲率效应消失,呈现出棱角状的不连续结构;同时在枝晶主支上产生大量侧向分支。实验观察验证了小晶面枝晶生长相场模型的有效性。     

1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢双辊薄带凝固组织区的形成机理

在双辊薄带连铸实验和薄带凝固组织特征分析的基础上,结合对薄带凝固组织区的模拟预测结果,研究了1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢双辊薄带凝固组织区(特别是等轴晶区)的形成机理.结果表明:1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢双辊薄带凝固组织中的等轴晶区不但在凝固类型为半固态时形成,在轧制或理想型时也能形成.其形成机理为,熔池中悬浮游离晶体的沉积、聚集以及在枝晶生长前沿的长大和薄带离开二铸辊最小间隙(铸辊出口)后,薄带/空气界面换热系数骤然降低抑制了柱状枝晶的生长,并促使薄带中部未凝固熔体中游离晶体的择优长大.     

相场法模拟Zn-Al二元合金凝固过程中的枝晶生长

建立了与温度场和溶质场相耦合的 Zn-Al 二元合金枝晶生长的相场模型,用相场法模拟了枝晶形貌及生长过程。通过分析得到的图像,研究了各向异性强度系数、界面动力学系数以及界面能对枝晶生长形貌和枝晶尖端生长速度的影响。结果表明：随着各向异性强度系数的增大,枝晶生长速率增加,且容易出现二次支臂。此外,界面动力学系数和界面能的增大也会不同程度地加速枝晶生长速率并对二次支臂的产生有着较为明显的促进作用。     

基于三维LBM-CA模型模拟Al-4.7%Cu合金的枝晶形貌和成分分布

建立了三维格子玻尔兹曼方法(LBM)-元胞自动机(CA)耦合数值模型,并用该模型模拟研究了Al-4.7%Cu(质量分数)固溶体合金的凝固过程。该耦合模型采用元胞自动机方法模拟枝晶的生长,同时采用基于分子动力学理论的格子玻尔兹曼方法模拟合金凝固过程中的温度场、流场以及溶质场。模拟结果再现了合金凝固过程中的三维枝晶形貌变化以及溶质富集过程,并将三维流场因素考虑进去,定量研究了自然对流、过冷度对单枝晶形貌和成分分布的影响。研究表明,在纯扩散条件下,枝晶呈现对称的生长现象,模拟自由枝晶稳态生长的尖端速度、尖端半径和过冷度的关系与Lipton-Glicksman-Kurz(LGK)理论模型吻合得较好。在自然对流条件下,枝晶的生长形貌呈现不对称性,即枝晶生长在迎流方向上得到了促进,在顺流方向上受到了抑制。熔体过冷度对枝晶生长的影响较大,过冷度的增加导致枝晶生长加快,二次枝晶增多且呈现出粗化现象,枝晶尖端固液界面处的溶质浓度偏高,加重了溶质偏析。     

抽拉速率对车用Mg-12.85Gd-1.25Zn-0.45Y镁合金的定向凝固组织演化的影响

选择Mg-12.85Gd-1.25Zn-0.45Y镁合金作为测试材料,通过电子背散射方法测试了各抽拉速率条件下其凝固组织内生成的初生-Mg相晶粒结构及其择优取向特点。研究结果表明:无论在何种换热系数下镁合金温度均随凝固时间的延长表现出单调降低的变化规律,在300 s之后降温速度明显增加,得到试样模型的对流换热系数为1600 W/(m~2·K)。所有生长工艺条件下得到的Mg-12.85Gd-1.25Zn-0.45Y镁合金中定向凝固组织都只存在a与Mg_5Gd这类两种组织结构。当抽拉速率增大后,镁合金基体中形成了相对圆滑的晶粒,同时枝晶的间距也开始变小。形成的晶界数量较少,表明大部分晶粒偏差角都在15°以内,镁合金达到了一致性较高的晶粒生长取向性。随着抽拉速率的增加,取向偏差表现出先降低后增加的变化规律,在抽拉速率100μm/s时取得最小值。{0001}面与定向凝固热流方向一致,{1010}面形成了与{1120}面相近的极图。     

Simulation of dendrite growth of Fe–C alloy using phase field method

采用相场法模拟了Fe--0.5%C合金等温凝固过程中单个枝晶和多个枝晶的生长, 研究了过冷度、各向异性、界面厚度、晶体取向以及扰动对枝晶形貌的影响, 获得了具有二次分枝的枝晶形貌, 再现了枝晶生长过程及枝晶臂之间的竞争生长. 模拟结果表明: 凝固过程中存在溶质富集和枝晶偏析, 枝晶主干溶质浓度最低, 枝晶臂之间的液相浓度最高. 随着过冷度的增大, 枝晶生长加快且分枝发达; 界面厚度直接影响枝晶的生长速度; 各向异性影响枝晶的形态; 晶体取向与坐标轴方向一致时枝晶优先生长;扰动的加入导致枝晶分枝的形成.     

用相场方法模拟Fe-C合金枝晶生长

采用相场法模拟了Fe-0.5%C合金等温凝固过程中单个枝晶和多个枝晶的生长,研究了过冷度、各向异性、界面厚度、晶体取向以及扰动对枝晶形貌的影响,获得了具有二次分枝的枝晶形貌,再现了枝晶生长过程及枝晶臂之间的竞争生长.模拟结果表明:凝固过程中存在溶质富集和枝晶偏析,枝晶主干溶质浓度最低,枝晶臂之间的液相浓度最高.随着过冷度的增大,枝晶生长加快且分枝发达;界面厚度直接影响枝晶的生长速度;各向异性影响枝晶的形态;晶体取向与坐标轴方向一致时枝晶优先生长;扰动的加入导致枝晶分枝的形成.     

边界热通量作用下枝晶生长相场模型的有限元法模拟

基于Beckermann和Karma枝晶生长相场模型,建立耦合溶质场、温度场的相场模型,采用有限元法对控制方程进行求解,研究凝固过程Al-3.0%(质量分数)Cu合金在边界热通量作用下的枝晶生长行为。结果表明,边界热通量作用能够显著改变凝固前沿的传热和传质,影响枝晶生长形貌。在边界抽热条件下,枝晶前沿温度降低,实际过冷度增大,从而促进二次枝晶生长发育,界面前沿溶质扩散层薄,枝晶微观偏析严重。而边界加热条件下,枝晶前沿温度升高,实际过冷度减小,抑制枝晶生长发育,界面前沿扩散层厚,枝晶微观偏析减弱。     

基于一种改进CA模型模拟双辊连续铸轧纯铝微观组织

基于枝晶生长的基本传输过程和元胞自动机(Cellular Automaton,简称CA)-有限元(Finite Element,简称FE)模型基本原理,建立了适应双辊连续铸轧纯铝薄带工艺特点的凝固过程形核和晶体生长的数学模型.模型耦合了宏观温度场和微观组织模拟计算,考虑了溶质扩散、曲率过冷和各向异性等重要因素的影响,定义了界面单元捕获规则,能够模拟凝固过程中枝晶生长的形态.应用本模型对双辊连续铸轧纯铝薄带凝固过程中等轴晶生长、等轴晶多晶粒生长及柱状晶生长、柱状晶向等轴晶演化进行模拟并与实验结果进行对比,模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,验证了模型的正确性.     

籽晶法生长高温合金单晶凝固界面研究

研究了籽晶法生长单晶高温合金中固液界面的演变规律。实验结果表明：在籽晶法生长高温合金单晶的起始过程中,凝固系统经非稳态自组织过程达到稳态生长,凝固界面经历了由平界面—胞状界面—枝晶界面的转化过程,胞枝晶间距根据凝固参数及初始形态自行调整,其调整模式主要有竞争淘汰、尖端开裂和高次分枝三种。在生长起始端存在着籽晶与单晶的融合区,融合区的成分取决于籽晶成分和单晶成分。     

Heat Transfer between Casting and Die during High Pressure Die Casting Process of AM50 Alloy-Modeling and Experimental Results

A method based on die casting experiments and mathematic modeling is presented for the determination of the heat flow density （HFD） and interfacial heat transfer coefficient （IHTC） during the high pressure die casting （HPDC） process.Experiments were carried out using step shape casting and a commercial magnesium alloy,AM50.Temperature profiles were measured and recorded using thermocouples embedded inside the die. Based on these temperature readings,the HFD and IHTC were successfully determined and the calculation results show that the HFD and IHTC at the metal-die interface increases sharply right after the fast phase injection process until approaching their maximum values,after which their values decrease to a much lower level until the dies are opened.Different patterns of heat transfer behavior were found between the die and the casting at different thicknesses.The thinner the casting was,the more quickly the HFD and IHTC reached their steady states.Also,the values for both the HFD and IHTC values were different between die and casting at different thicknesses.     

Study on Numerical Simulation of Mold Filling and Solidification Processes under Pressure Conditions

The mold filling and solidification simulation for the high pressure die casting (HPDC) and low pressure die casting (LPDC) processes were studied.A mathematical model considering the turbulent flow and heat transfer phenomenon during the HPDC process has been established and paralled computation technique was used for the mold filling simulation of the process.The laminar flow characteristics of the LPDC process were studied and a simplified model for the mold filling process of wheel castings has been developed.For the solidification simulation under pressure conditions,the cyclic characteristics and the complicated boundary conditions were considered and techniques to improve the computational efficiency are discussed.A new criterion for predicting shrinkage porosity of Al alloy under low pressure condition has been developed in the solidification simulation process.     

Determination of Interfacial Heat Transfer Behavior at the Metal/Shot Sleeve of High Pressure Die Casting Process of AZ91D Alloy

The interfacial heat transfer behavior at the metal/shot sleeve interface in the high pressure die casting(HPDC) process of AZ91 D alloy is carefully investigated.Based on the temperature measurements along the shot sleeve,inverse method has been developed to determine the interfacial heat transfer coefficient in the shot sleeve.Under static condition,Interfacial heat transfer coefficient(IHTC) peak values are 11.9,7.3,8.33 k W m~(-2)K~(-1)at pouring zone(S2),middle zone(S5),and end zone(S10),respectively.During the casting process,the IHTC curve displays a second peak of 6.1 k W m~(-2)K~(-1)at middle zone during the casting process at a slow speed of 0.3 m s~(-1).Subsequently,when the high speed started,the IHTC curve reached a second peak of 12.9 k W m~(-2)K~(-1)at end zone.Furthermore,under different slow casting speeds,both the calculated initial temperature(TIDS) and the maximum temperature(Tsimax) of shot sleeve surface first decrease from 0.1 m s~(-1)to 0.3 m s~(-1),but increase again from 0.3 m s~(-1)to 0.6 m s~(-1).This result agrees with the experimental results obtained in a series of "plate-shape" casting experiments under different slow speeds,which reveals that the amount of ESCs decreases to the minimum values at 0.3 m s~(-1)and increase again with the increasing casting slow speed.     

Fatigue behaviour of friction stir processed AZ91 magnesium alloy produced by high pressure die casting

The room temperature fatigue properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy produced by high pressure die casting (HPDC) as cast, heat treated, friction stir processed (FSP) and FSP and heat treated were studied. The fatigue properties of the material were evaluated for the HPDC magnesium alloy in the as-received state and after a solution treatment at 415 °C for 2 h and an ageing treatment at 220 °C for 4 h. The heat treatment resulted in a significant increase in the fatigue properties of the HPDC material, while no significance influence of heat treatment was recorded in the FSP condition. The morphology of fracture surfaces was examined by employing a field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEGSEM).     

Heat Transfer Characteristics of Billet/Die Interface and Measures to Relieve Thermal Stress for Hot Forging Die

The interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) shows the heat transfer capacity at the billet/die interface during the hot forming process, which affects the temperature gradient in the die that may potentially induce high thermal stress. Consequently, this determines the service life of the die. In this paper, a set of experimental equipments were used to identify the IHTC and the upsetting test of superalloy Inconel718 (GH4169) was carried out on the hot flat die to evaluate the IHTC characteristics after the billet heating and die preheating temperature, holding time, and billet deformation rate. The results indicated that the billet heating temperature has a minimal role in IHTC but the other components have a great impact on IHTC. Among them, the billet deformation rate has influenced the IHTC the most. In the die preheating temperature ranging from \(150\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}~\hbox {to}~400\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\), it was found that the preheating temperature was proportional to IHTC. A high preheating temperature that leads to a high IHTC was found unfavorable in relieving the die surface thermal stress, and also weakened the die hardness and strength. The IHTC declined with the increase in the holding time as a result of the billet oxidation. Based on these findings, the composite ceramic and polymetallic heat-resistant coatings on the die surface were prepared, respectively, to relieve the thermal stress of die surface by reducing IHTC. It showed that both of the treated dies could effectively reduce the IHTC, blocking the transferred heat from the hot billet and making it applicable to the different hot forging events.     

热金属表面多喷嘴风冷过程气-固耦合传热模拟

目的 获得多喷嘴风冷过程的界面换热系数,并研究风冷工艺参数对界面换热的影响规律.方法 基于Fluent软件对三喷嘴强制风冷传热过程进行"气-固"耦合分析,获得高压气流的流速场和钢板表面温度场.基于"气-固"耦合分析得到钢板表面平均温度曲线,利用自开发的反传热软件计算得到"气-固"耦合界面换热系数,并将界面换热系数以第三...     

Microstructure Characteristics of the Eutectics of Die Cast AM60B Magnesium Alloy

Under the cold-chamber high pressure die casting (HPDC) process, samples were produced with AM60B magnesium alloy to investigate the microstructure characteristics of the eutectics, especially focusing on the constitution, morphology and distribution of the eutectics over cross section of the castings. Attentions were also paid to study the effect of heat treatment on the eutectics in the die castings. Based on experimental analysis using optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), it was determined that fully divorced eutectics consisting of α-Mg and β-Mg17Al12 appeared at the grain boundary of the primary α-Mg in the as-cast microstructure. Islands and networks of β-Mg17Al12 phase were observed in the central region of the castings, while the β-Mg17Al12 phase revealed a more dispersed and granular morphology on the surface layer. The two phases ratio β/α in the central region of the castings was approximately 10%, which was higher than that on the surface layer. Besides, the defect bands contained a higher percentage of the eutectics than the adjacent regions. After aging treatment (T6), only α-Mg phase was detected by XRD in the AM60B magnesium alloy, though a small amount of precipitated β-Mg17Al12 phase was observed at the grain boundary. In contrast to the microstructure of die cast AZ91D magnesium alloy under the same T6 heat treatment, no discontinuous precipitation of the β-Mg17Al12 phase was observed in AM60B magnesium alloy die castings.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of rheo-diecast AZ91D magnesium alloy

A new semisolid metal processing technology, rheo-diecasting (RDC) has been developed for production of Mg-alloy components with high integrity. The RDC process innovatively combines the dispersive mixing power of the twin-screw mechanism for creation of high quality semisolid slurry and the high efficiency, low cost nature of the high pressure die casting (HPDC) process for component shaping. AZ91D Mg-alloy was used to optimise the RDC process and to establish its advantages over both the HPDC process and other existing semisolid processing techniques. In this paper we present the RDC process for processing Mg-alloys and the resulting microstructure and mechanical properties of RDC AZ91D alloy. The solidification behaviour of the Mg-alloys in the RDC process and the co-relationships between microstructure and mechanical properties of the RDC AZ91D alloy are discussed. It was found that the RDC process is capable of producing Mg-alloy samples with close-to-zero porosity and a fine, uniform microstructure throughout the entire sample irrespective of the section thickness. Compared with those obtained by other existing processing techniques, the RDC samples have substantially improved or equivalent mechanical properties, with the tensile elongation showing more than 100% improvement.     

Compressive properties of high-pressure die cast IP 75 alloy with strengthening Laves phase

The NiAl-2Ta-7.5Cr-0.5Nb alloys (IP 75 alloy) were prepared by high-pressure die cast (HPDC), and tested for compressible strength and fracture behavior in the temperature range 300-1373 K. The fine structures with a homogeneous distribution of Laves phase at the boundary regions created by high-pressure die cast led to improvements in both the compressible yield strength and fracture strain. The high temperature (1373 K) 0.2% compressible yield strength of the HDC IP 75 alloy (160 MPa) is larger than that of the IP 75 alloys prepared by other processes. The room-temperature compressible fracture strain of the HDC IP 75 (14%) is also superior to the IP 75 alloy (5%) prepared by an ingot-casting process. The effects of size refinement and the more homogenous distribution of Laves phase and the formation of a ductile Cr-rich phase due to a rapid solidification contribute to the increments of the compressible yield strength and the fracture strain of the HPDC alloy.     

Effect of casting/mould interfacial heat transfer during solidification of aluminium alloys cast in CO2-sand mould

The ability of heat to flow across the casting and through the interface from the casting to the mold directly affects the evolution of solidification and plays a notable role in determining the freezing conditions within the casting, mainly in foundry systems of high thermal diffusivity such as chill castings. An experimental procedure has been utilized to measure the formation process of an interfacial gap and metal-mould interfacial movement during solidification of hollow cylindrical castings of Al-4.5 % Cu alloy cast in CO₂-sand mould. Heat flow between the casting and the mould during solidification of Al-4.5 % Cu alloy in CO₂-sand mould was assessed using an inverse modeling technique. The analysis yielded the interfacial heat flux (q), heat transfer coefficient (h) and the surface temperatures of the casting and the mould during solidification of the casting. The peak heat flux was incorporated as a dimensionless number and modeled as a function of the thermal diffusivities of the casting and the mould materials. Heat flux transients were normalized with respect to the peak heat flux and modeled as a function of time. The heat flux model proposed was to estimate the heat flux transients during solidification of Al-4.5 % Cu alloy cast in CO₂-sand moulds.