壳聚糖特性对其微胶囊性能的影响

探讨不同特性的壳聚糖对其制备微胶囊的性能影响。以不同脱乙酰度和不同相对分子质量的壳聚糖为壁材、以维生素E(VE)为芯材制备微胶囊,分析所制微胶囊的性能指标。相对分子质量为9.18×105的壳聚糖所制得的微胶囊粒度小且耐热性能良好;脱乙酰度对微胶囊耐热强度影响不大,对粒度大小有较大的影响,具有较好粒度及粒度分布的是脱乙酰度为87.0%的壳聚糖。壳聚糖包埋VE制备微胶囊效果良好,包埋率达到83.5%,可以根据微胶囊性能的要求和合成条件选择不同特性的壳聚糖或对壳聚糖进行适当改性处理。     

壳聚糖絮凝动力学研究

通过不同情况下 ,壳聚糖絮凝皂土颗粒 ,絮体大小随时间的变化过程来研究絮凝动力学。研究认为水力梯度 G值是影响稳态絮体尺寸的关键因素 ;初始浊度和壳聚糖相对分子质量对稳态絮体尺寸和形成稳态絮体的时间亦有影响     

羧甲基壳聚糖对造纸黑液的絮凝效果研究

采用羧甲基壳聚糖(NOCC)为絮凝剂,考察其对造纸黑液的絮凝效果。研究羧甲基壳聚糖投药量、反应pH、搅拌速度和絮凝时间等关键参数对造纸黑液的絮凝效果的影响,并进一步利用添加羧甲基壳聚糖与其他絮凝剂(壳聚糖、聚合氯化铝铁)的投加量及絮凝前后溶液浊度的变化来评估NOCC性能优势。结果表明：羧甲基壳聚糖投药量为50 mg/L,pH约为5,搅拌速度和时间分别为150 r/min和8 min时,羧甲基壳聚糖对造纸黑液中悬浮颗粒去除率可达到95.3%;与传统絮凝剂相比,羧甲基壳聚糖具有絮凝效果好,投加量更少等优势,对造纸黑液废水的处理具有一定的应用价值。     

壳聚糖对废水中铜的脱除研究

壳聚糖作为性能优良的天然高分子化合物,在废水处理领域表现出良好的应用效果,不仅可以有效地治理水污染,还可以回收重金属等有用资源,且其无毒无害、可生物降解、不产生二次污染。文章用壳聚糖作为絮凝剂脱除铜离子,考察了不同铜离子浓度,不同pH的影响。实验结果表明壳聚糖具有优良的絮凝性能,在废水处理领域表现出良好的应用效果。     

壳聚糖与海藻酸钠复配体系的方式及影响因素研究

本文研究了壳聚糖与海藻酸钠复配的絮凝效果。实验结果表明,壳聚糖与海藻酸钠复配的絮凝效果好,复配方式以先加入壳聚糖,搅拌一段时间后,再加入海藻酸钠絮凝效果为最佳。絮凝效果与溶液中的阴离子有关,阴离子价态高絮凝效果较好。用壳聚糖与海藻酸钠复配,配比影响絮凝效果,并且受体系pH值影响,随着pH值的升高,所需的最佳投加量增加,海藻酸钠的比例随之降低,当复合絮凝剂中海藻酸钠所占比例在20％-50％时,絮凝效果最好。复合絮凝体系具有好的除浊效果,投药量低,在达到良好的除浊效果的同时还能去除一定的铜离子。     

强化壳聚糖絮凝性能研究进展

从壳聚糖的絮凝机理入手,详细阐述了增加壳聚糖的溶解性、改变壳聚糖在溶液中的分子构象、确定适宜操作条件等提高壳聚糖絮凝性能的方法,并介绍了壳聚糖在各个领域的强化研究成果。最后对壳聚糖的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

两种合成絮凝剂在处理染料废水中的比较

以羧甲基壳聚糖和羧甲基壳聚糖铁(Ⅲ)为絮凝剂处理染料废水,试验研究了其对染料废水的絮凝性能、脱色性能.初步考察了pH、投加量、搅拌时间与沉降时间等影响絮凝效果的因素,Fe3+的引入增加了合成絮凝剂处理染料废水的絮凝作用.在羧甲基壳聚糖处理染料红、黄、兰、黑废水的脱色实验中,脱色率达到76.3％～3.5％,COD去除率为...     

强化壳聚糖絮凝性能研究进展

从壳聚糖的絮凝机理入手,详细阐述了增加壳聚糖的溶解性、改变壳聚糖在溶液中的分子构象、确定适宜操作条件等提高壳聚糖絮凝性能的方法,并介绍了壳聚糖在各个领域的强化研究成果。最后对壳聚糖的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

壳聚糖絮凝剂处理水源水中有机物的试验研究

研究了壳聚糖絮凝剂的絮凝特性,进行了壳聚糖絮凝剂跟无机絮凝剂复合絮凝对水源水中浊度和有机物去除的试验。实验结果表明,复合絮凝能够相互促进各自的絮凝性能,显著提高有机物的去除效果,并使除浊和去除有机物得到了统一。在壳聚糖絮凝剂分别与三种常用无机絮凝剂(硫酸铝、氯化铁和聚合铝铁)的复合絮凝的效果的实验表明,其中聚合铝铁跟壳聚糖的复合絮凝剂的效果最好,在最佳条件下,其浊度、CODMn和UV254的去除率分别达到了97％、44％和55％。     

壳聚糖絮凝剂的投加量对污泥脱水性能的影响

通过污泥比阻的测定,分析絮凝剂剂量对污泥脱水性能的影响。同时对三氯化铝、阳离子聚丙烯酰胺、壳聚糖以及复合絮凝剂的絮凝效果进行比较。结果表明,无论是无机絮凝剂和有机絮凝剂都存在最佳剂量,小于或大于最佳投加量,絮凝效果都不好。阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)、壳聚糖、三氯化铝的最佳投加质量浓度分别为0．2g/L、10g/L、35g/L。与三氯化铝相比,阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的药剂消耗量要低得多。壳聚糖与CPAM相比,在达到相同的絮凝效果时,壳聚糖的用量大于CPAM的用量。将壳聚糖与氯化铝复合,用两段法应用于污泥调理,研究这种复合絮凝剂的脱水性能,实验表明壳聚糖和三氯化铝复合,能大大提高污泥的脱水性能。     

Flocculation performance of modified chitosan in an aqueous suspension

A cationic moiety, N‐(3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTAC), was incorporated onto chitosan in an aqueous alkaline solution. Thus, modified chitosan was prepared. A series of modified chitosans with different molecular weights and charge densities were synthesized through the alteration of the molar ratio of CHPTAC to chitosan in the reaction mixture. The synthesized modified chitosans were thereafter characterized by a variety of physicochemical characterization techniques to confirm that modification did take place. Furthermore, the feasibility of applying modified chitosans as flocculants was assessed, and they were compared with the native chitosan in model colloidal suspensions of kaolin and iron‐ore powder. The results indicated that the unmodified chitosan itself was a good flocculating agent. The flocculation performance of the chitosan could be altered by the incorporation of the CHPTAC moiety. Studies showed that not all the modified chitosans had superior flocculation performance versus the native chitosan. Among the different grades, the modified chitosan with a moderate molecular weight and a moderate charge density showed the best flocculation performance in both model suspensions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Molecular weight effect on antimicrobial activity of chitosan treated cotton fabrics

The effect of the molecular weight of chitosan on antimicrobial activity was investigated using three chitosans of different molecular weights [1800 (water soluble), 100,000, and 210,000] and similar degrees of deacetylation (86–89%). Cotton fabrics were treated with chitosan by the pad–dry–cure method. The molecular weight dependence of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan was more pronounced at a low treatment concentration. Chitosans with molecular weight of 100,000 and 210,000 effectively inhibited Staphylococcus aureus at a 0.5% treatment concentration. Chitosan with a molecular weight of 1800 was effective against S. aureus at a 1.0% treatment concentration. Escherichia coli was effectively inhibited by chitosan with a molecular weight of 210,000 at a 0.3% treatment concentration and by chitosans with a molecular weight of 1800 and 100,000 at a 1.0% treatment concentration. Proteus vulgaris was effectively inhibited by chitosans with molecular weight of 100,000 and 210,000 at a 0.3% treatment concentration and by chitosan with a molecular weight of 1800 at a 0.5% treatment concentration. None of the chitosans significantly inhibited Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa below a 1.0% treatment concentration. Chitosans with high molecular weights were more effective in inhibiting bacterial growth than chitosans with low molecular weights. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2495–2501, 2001     

Hypocholesterolemic action of chitosans with different viscosity in rats

The relationship between hypocholesterolemic efficacy and average molecular weight of chitosan was studied in rats fed a cholesterol-enriched (0.5%) diet. Several chitosan preparations with a comparable degree of deacetylation but differing widely in average molecular weight, as demonstrated by viscosity, almost completely prevented the rise of serum cholesterol at the 5% dietary level. At the 2% level, chitosans with viscosities at both extremes exerted a comparable cholesterol-lowering action. The glucosamine oligomer composed mainly of three to five aminosugar residues was not effective. The results indicate that the hypocholesterolemic action of chitosans is independent of their molecular weight within the tested viscosity range.     

Bone cell attachment and growth on well‐characterized chitosan films

Chitosan has been widely researched for bone tissue and implant applications. While initial results are promising, there are inconsistent reports regarding the biological responses. This may be due to inadequate evaluation of chitosan material properties. This study evaluated normal human osteoblast precursor cell attachment and proliferation on a series of well‐characterized chitosan films. The chitosan films exhibited a range of properties: 76–96% degree of de‐acetylation (DDA), 2400–8200 kDa viscosity‐average molecular weight, 62–90° contact angle, 0.24–2.46% residual ash, 5.3–287 µg cm^?2 residual protein and 23–40% crystallinity. There was no trend or correlation between DDA, crystallinity, contact angle, molecular weight, residual ash or protein content and the attachment or growth of bone cells on chitosan films. All films supported higher levels of bone cell proliferation than tissue culture plastic, which supports the general hypothesis that chitosans are osteocompatible. The 78 and 92% DDA chitosan films supported the most cell proliferation, approximately 16 times that of tissue culture plastic controls, but no chitosan physiochemical property correlated with the increased cell growth. The lack of correlation is hindered since more than one physiochemical property changed for each chitosan material. Data do indicate that there may be much variability in chitosan materials, and this variability may make understanding and comparing biological performance of chitosan materials difficult. These results highlight the need for systematic characterizations of chitosan materials for predictable biomedical applications. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Study of chitosan and its derivatives as preservatives for field natural rubber latex

In this study, the chitosan and its derivatives were tested for their preservative activities for field natural rubber (NR) latex. A series of chitosans with different molecular weights were obtained by nitrous acid depolymerization. The chemically modified chitosans, N‐carboxymethyl chitosan (NCMCh), N‐sulfated chitosan (NSCh), and N‐(2‐hydroxy)propyl‐3‐trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (NHTACh), were prepared from high and low‐molecular weight chitosans. Preservative activities for field NR latex of these chitosans were investigated based on the measurement of volatile fatty acids (VFA) number of the treated latex. The preservative activities of chitosan increased with decreasing molecular weights. The low‐ molecular weight NSCh and NHTACh exhibited good preservative activity for the latex. By the use of low‐molecular weight NHTACh in combination with octylphenol poly (ethyleneglycolether) (Nonidet P40), the latex was successfully preserved for more than 1 month in the low‐ammonia condition. The results showed an attractive feature to develop the preservative system, which was possible to reduce the concentrations of ammonia and carcinogenic nitrosamine in the NR latex. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Effect of degree of deacetylation of chitosan on the kinetics of ultrasonic degradation of chitosan

The objective of the study was to explore the effect of the degree of deacetylation (DD) of the chitosan used on the degradation rate and rate constant during ultrasonic degradation. Chitin was extracted from red shrimp process waste. Four different DD chitosans were prepared from chitin by alkali deacetylation. Those chitosans were degraded by ultrasonic radiation to different molecular weights. Changes of the molecular weight were determined by light scattering, and data of molecular weight changes were used to calculate the degradation rate and rate constant. The results were as follows: The molecular weight of chitosans decreased with an increasing ultrasonication time. The curves of the molecular weight versus the ultrasonication time were broken at 1‐h treatment. The degradation rate and rate constant of sonolysis decreased with an increasing ultrasonication time. This may be because the chances of being attacked by the cavitation energy increased with an increasing molecular weight species and may be because smaller molecular weight species have shorter relaxation times and, thus, can alleviate the sonication stress easier. However, the degradation rate and rate constant of sonolysis increased with an increasing DD of the chitosan used. This may be because the flexibilitier molecules of higher DD chitosans are more susceptible to the shear force of elongation flow generated by the cavitation field or due to the bond energy difference of acetamido and β‐1,4‐glucoside linkage or hydrogen bonds. Breakage of the β‐1,4‐glucoside linkage will result in lower molecular weight and an increasing reaction rate and rate constant. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3526–3531, 2003     

Polyelectrolyte complexes of sodium alginate with chitosan or its derivatives for microcapsules

Chitosan, a cationic polysaccharide, was heterogeneously deacetylated with a 47% sodium hydroxide solution and followed by a homogeneous reacetylation with acetic anhydrides to control the N-acetyl content of the chitosan having a similar molecular weight. The chitosans having different degrees of N-acetylation were complexed with sodium alginate, an anionic polysaccharide, and the formation behavior of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) was examined by the viscometry in various pH ranges. The maximum mixing ratio (R_max) increased with a decrease in the degree of N-acetylation of the chitosan at the same pH, and with a decrease in pH at the same degree of N-acetylation. Similarly, N-acylated chitosans were also prepared. The N-acyl chitosans scarcely affected the formation behavior of PECs with sodium alginates. For the application of the PECs produced, the microencapsulation of a drug was performed and the release property of drug was tested. The microcapsules were prepared in one step by the extrusion of a solution of guaifenesin and sodium alginate into a solution containing calcium chloride and chitosan through interpolymeric ionic interactions. The drug release during the drug-loaded microcapsules storage in saline was found to depend on the pH where the microcapsules were formed and the kind of N-acyl groups introduced to the chitosan. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 425–432, 1997     

Effect of recovery methods and conditions on the yield,solubility, molecular weight,and creep compliance of regenerated chitosan

The objective of this study is to explore the effect of using different recovery methods and conditions on the yield, solubility, molecular weight, and creep compliance of the regenerated chitosan. The results show that yields obtained by dialysis were higher than those using recovery medium of alkali solutions, organic solvents, or alkali–alcohol–water mixtures. For those chitosans employing alkali solutions as the recovery medium, the higher the alkali concentration used, the higher the yields obtained, although the total quantity of alkali in the solution were the same. Solubilities of regenerated chitosans were similar and independent at the methods of using alkali solution, organic solvent or alkali–alcohol–water mixture or at different concentrations of alkali solution. The molecular weight of regenerated chitosan decreased from 2.37 × 10⁷ to 1.68 × 10⁷ Da proportionally with the concentration of the alkali solution of the recovery medium from 1N to 8N. Creep compliance of regenerated chitosan gel obtained from 65% degree of deacetylation (DD) chitosan was lower than that of either 72 or 89% DD chitosan gel. Of the same DD chitosan, compliance of regenerated chitosan gels obtained by using a higher concentration of alkali solution was lower than that of a lower concentration ones. Hydrogels regenerated from different DD chitosans and/or different recovery mediums have different structure and tactile properties. Therefore, they can be used as wound dressings suited to different applications. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 193–202, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10296     

The effect of reaction time and temperature during heterogenous alkali deacetylation on degree of deacetylation and molecular weight of resulting chitosan

The objective of the study is to elucidate the effect of reaction time and temperature during heterogenous alkali reaction on degree of deacetylation (DD) and molecular weight (MW) of the resulting chitosans, and to establish the reaction conditions to obtain desired DD and MW chitosan products. Chitin was extracted from red shrimp process waste. DDs and MWs were determined by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and static light scattering, respectively. The results are as follow: The DD and MW of chitin obtained were 31.9% and 5637 kDa, respectively. The DD of the resulting chitosan increased along with reaction time and/or reaction temperature. The DDs of the resulting chitosan that were obtained from 140°C were higher than those reacted at 99°C. The highest DD of the resulting chitosans after alkali deacetylation at 99 and 140°C were 92.2 and 95.1%, respectively. The DDs of chitosans increased fast at the beginning of reaction process then slowed over time. The reaction rate and rate constant of the deacetylation reaction decreased with increasing DD of the reactant. The MWs of chitosans decreased along with the deacetylation time. MW of those chitosans reacted at 140°C are smaller than those at 99°C. The rate of chitosan degradation was above 43.6%/h in the initial stage, then decreased to about 20%/h. The degradation rate constants raised substantially in the late stage. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 2917–2923, 2003     

N,N-双烷基壳聚糖结构对其自组装泡囊性质的影响

合成了不同主链相对分子质量的N,N-双辛烷基壳聚糖,N,N-双癸烷基壳聚糖及N,N-双十二烷基壳聚糖,并制备了相应的自组装泡囊,比较研究了侧链长度和主链相对分子质量对载药泡囊药物释放行为的影响。结果表明这类N,N-双长链烷基壳聚糖可形成粒径为100～150 nm的泡囊。原子力显微镜表明,侧链长度对N,N-双烷基壳聚糖泡囊的曲率有较明显影响,主链相对分子质量对泡囊的粒径影响较大。药物释放行为表明,侧链长度或主链相对分子质量的增大会导致药物释放速率的降低,达到平衡时的药物释放率也较低,而其相应自组装泡囊的载药量和包埋率却有所提高。