加工过程对苹果籽油中植物甾醇流向分布影响

采用GC-FIR法对苹果籽加工过程中的植物甾醇进行了成分分析。结果表明,苹果籽油中植物甾醇主要成分为菜油甾醇、豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇,其中以β-谷甾醇含量最高;压榨法制备的苹果籽油植物甾醇的含量(385mg/100g)高于索氏提取(288mg/100g)和超声提取法(318mg/100g);且随着苹果籽油精炼程度提高,油脂中的有益微量成分植物甾醇损失增大。     

J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 217–224 (May/June 2008) In vivo spectrophotometric evaluation of skin barrier recovery after topical application of soybean phytosterols

The skin's uppermost thin layer, stratum corneum, plays a crucial role in protecting the body against unwanted influences from the environment. Disruption of the stratum corneum, by tape stripping or chemical injury, results in epidermal recovery of the skin barrier. Soy phytosterols are widely used in the cosmetic field as active ingredients in creams and lipsticks. Furthermore, they deserve an important place among nutracosmeceuticals; in fact, after their absorption from the diet they are transferred from the plasma to the skin, playing an important role in the constitution of skin surface lipids. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of the topical application of soybean phytosterols on skin barrier recovery in human volunteers using the extent of methyl nicotinate (MN)-induced erythema in damaged skin as a parameter to evaluate the rate of stratum corneum recovery. MN was chosen as an erythematogenous substance for its capability to cause an erythema whose intensity and duration are proportional to the quantity of the substance that has entered the living epidermis over time. MN-induced erythema was monitored using reflectance spectrophotometry as a non-invasive instrumental technique. The results show clearly that soy phytosterols exert positive results on skin repair; in fact, 3 days after tape stripping, the sites treated with a formulation containing phytosterols showed an appreciable recovery of barrier function compared to those treated with a vehicle control without soy phytosterols.     

苹果籽油中脂肪酸及植物甾醇成分分析

采用冷榨法制取苹果籽油,并对制取的苹果籽油进行脂肪酸和植物甾醇成分分析.结果表明:苹果籽油中的主要脂肪酸为亚油酸(48.38％),油酸(38.32％),棕榈酸(7.15％)和硬脂酸1.83％;植物甾醇为β-谷甾醇,豆甾醇和菜油甾醇.苹果籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达86.92％,植物甾醇含量达384.7 mg/100 g,是一种具有开发价值的特种油脂.     

葡萄籽油中植物甾醇的提取与鉴定

以4种酿酒葡萄(美乐、赤霞珠、龙眼、霞多丽)的种籽为原料,提取葡萄籽油,经皂化、萃取制得植物甾醇。采用GC-MS方法首次分析了葡萄籽油中植物甾醇的组成及含量,结果从葡萄籽油中检测到6种植物甾醇(菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇、岩藻甾醇、豆甾烷醇、环木菠萝烯醇),其中白葡萄品种(龙眼、霞多丽)籽油中总甾醇含量高于红葡萄品种(龙眼、霞多丽)。在鉴定出的6种植物甾醇中,β-谷甾醇含量最高,其次是豆甾醇和菜油甾醇,岩藻甾醇含量最低。     

Functional components of grape pomace: their composition,biological properties and potential applications

The roles of functional foods on human health have been realised by more and more researchers, food producers and consumers. Functional food ingredients from both plant and animal sources such as dietary fibre, soy protein isolate, whey protein isolate and omega 3 fatty acid have been widely used in functional food product development. Many fruit processing by‐products such as grape, apple and orange peels are rich in bioactive phytochemicals, dietary fibre and unsaturated fatty acids, hence have potential to serve as functional food ingredients. In this review, we summarise recent advancement of research in grape pomace (GP), the residual of grapes after wine making. The polyphenol profile of GP and their biological, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, the stability of GP polyphenols in food system, the interaction between GP polyphenol and other food ingredients, as well as the functionalities of grape seed oil and GP fibre are covered.     

甾醇氧化特性及其在食品中应用研究进展

植物甾醇具有降低胆固醇等生物学效应。本文在概述植物甾醇的功能特性和食用安全性的基础上,对其氧化产物的形成机制及特性、检测方法研究进展以及功能性甾醇食品的开发现状进行综述,针对中餐食用油以高温煎炸为主的食用习惯,对我国功能性甾醇食品的研究与开发提出建议。     

Juices, Fibres and Skin Waste Extracts from White, Pink or Red-Fleshed Apple Genotypes as Potential Food Ingredients

This study measures and compares the bioactive content and appearance attributes of juices, dietary fibres (DFs) and skin wastes of three apple genotypes (white fleshed (WF), pink fleshed (PF) and red fleshed (RF)). The juices of the PF and RF apples had more appealing and stable colours and much greater total extractable polyphenol content (TEPC) (RF had the highest, 3.40 mg catechin equivalent/mL juice) and vitamin C (PF had the highest, 14.2 mg/100 mL juice), compared with the WF apple. DFs isolated from the three apples using aqueous and ethanolic methods varied in bioactive profiles as a function of genotype. The TEPC and antioxidant activity (AA) of the fibres decreased in the order of PF > RF > WF. The total DF (TDF) in the fibre obtained using the aqueous method decreased in the order of RF?>?PF?>?WF. The ethanolic method yielded higher neutral monosaccharide (NM) and slightly greater TDF contents than the aqueous method. More polyphenol species were detected in the PF fibres, especially those obtained using the aqueous method. The polyphenol content in the apple skin decreased in the order of RF > WF > PF, with PF having slightly more pectic polysaccharides. As a whole, the RF apple appeared to be the best genotype as the potential source for juice, fibre and skin waste extract (SWE) ingredients. The PF apple would be the second best genotype for juice and fibre ingredients. The skin of the RF and WF genotypes would provide a good source of polyphenols. There is potential for promoting RF and PF apple genotypes because of their excellent nutritional values. The aqueous fibre preparation method used herein containing no solvent treatment and freezing steps represents an industrial-scale cost-effective alternative to the conventional ethanolic methods used for producing DFs whilst retaining polyphenols.     

葡萄籽油的提取工艺、营养成分及健康功效研究进展

葡萄皮渣是在葡萄加工过程中产生的大宗副产物，包括葡萄皮、果肉和葡萄籽等。葡萄籽油（grape seed oil，GSO）是从葡萄籽中获取的一种高营养价值植物油，富含多不饱和脂肪酸、生育酚、植物甾醇和酚类物质等营养成分，具有抗氧化、抗炎症、降血脂、减肥和抗菌等多种生理功效。文章系统综述了GSO的提取工艺、营养组成和健康功效，并对未来一段时期内GSO的研究开发方向进行了展望。     

Sterol concentration and distribution in sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus L.) during seed development

Sunflower seeds are currently used for edible oil production. Among oil minor compounds, phytosterols are of special interest due to their cholesterol reducing properties. This paper reports studies on their accumulation and distribution in the embryo and hull, and the effects of temperature on phytosterol contents in sunflower seed produced under both conventional and organic field conditions. An optimised method of sterol determination, adapted to studies on small samples of seed, is presented. Seventy-two percent of phytosterols were found in the embryo, 28% in the hull. The periods of phytosterols concentration varied according to sterol category and seed part. Application of these results to improve production of natural sterols for functional food use is discussed.     

牡丹籽油营养成分和功能作用研究进展

近年来牡丹籽油因其丰富的营养成分和活性成分而受到研究者和消费者青睐,并于2011年被卫生部批准为新资源食品。牡丹籽油不仅含有丰富的人体必需不饱和脂肪酸,还含有植物甾醇、微量元素、丹皮酚等多种具有生理活性的物质,研究证明牡丹籽油具有抗氧化、保肝、降血脂等多种保健功能。对牡丹籽油的营养成分、功能作用等的研究现状和研究进展进行归纳总结,并对产业发展存在的瓶颈问题和前景进行分析,以期为牡丹籽油的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

苹果多酚的开发及应用

苹果多酚是苹果中的一类功能性成份,特别是未成熟苹果中含量特别丰富。很多研究表明苹果多酚可作一种优越的食品添加剂－－抗氧化剂,其表现出的生理活性比茶多酚还高100倍以上。介绍了苹果多酚的组成成份,从而成熟苹果中制取苹果多酚的工艺,苹果多酚的生理活性功能,以及在食品工业中的应用。     

Berry seed press residues and their valuable ingredients with special regard to black currant seed press residues

Berry seeds are distinguished by longevity though clear scientific appraisals cannot be made. Besides a hard seed coat other protecting substances are presumed in the seeds. Commonly the seeds are utilized as a source of oils. After pressing, there is a residue left that is still rich in bioactive ingredients. This paper gives an overview of the health-beneficial ingredients remaining in the residue of various berry seeds (bilberry, cranberry, rose hip, strawberry, elder, and black currant) with special focus on black currant. The fatty acid distribution and the content of fat, tocopherols and tocotrienols, phytosterols, carotenoids, vitamin C, fibre, protein, amino acids, dry matter, ashes, minerals, total phenols (gallic acid equivalent) and antioxidant capacity (TEAC) were determined. The investigation of berry seed press residues revealed that the total phenols and tocopherols were quantitatively the most important features of this material but there were significant differences between batches and cultures.     

Whole apple extracts increase lifespan,healthspan and resistance to stress in Caenorhabditis elegans

Regular consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced risk of age-related functional decline and chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. These effects are primarily attributed to phytochemicals, plant compounds with a wide range of biological activities and health benefits. Apples, the top contributor of fruit phenolics in American diets, have high antioxidant, antiproliferative and chemopreventive activity in vitro and in vivo. However, little is known about their effects on aging. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of whole apple phytochemical extracts on lifespan, healthspan and resistance to various stresses in vivo using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model. The mean and maximum lifespan of animals treated with 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/ml whole apple extracts increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner by up to 39% and 25%, respectively. Healthspan also significantly improved as indicated by improved motility and reduced lipofuscin accumulation. Animals pre-treated with whole apple extracts were more resistant to stresses such as heat, UV radiation, paraquat-induced oxidative stress, and pathogenic infection, suggesting that cellular defense and immune system functions also improved. Our findings indicate that, in C. elegans, whole apple extracts slow aging, extend lifespan, improve healthspan, and enhance resistance to stress.     

Preliminary study on health-related lipid components of bakery products

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of health-related lipid components, in particular trans fatty acids and sterol oxidation products, in four bakery products. Both types of components are known for their adverse biological effects, especially the increase of atherogenic risk, and therefore it is advisable to monitor their presence in food products. Trans fatty acids were determined by silver-ion thin-layer chromatography-gas chromatography, whereas sterol oxidation was assessed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of 7-keto derivatives (tracers of sterol oxidation). The amount of trans fatty acids (0.02 to 3.13 g/100 g of product), sterols (34.9 to 128.3 mg/100 g of product), and 7-keto derivatives of sterols (1.88 to 3.14 mg/kg of product) varied considerably among samples. The supply of phytosterols (22.5 to 64.0 mg/100 g of product) was not significant, and the extent of oxidation of most phytosterols to its corresponding 7-keto derivative was low (0.29 to 0.84%), except for that of brassicasterol (2.01 to 3.11%). The quality of ingredients and raw materials seems to have greatly influenced the fatty acid profile, stability, safety, and quality of the final product; these ingredients should be chosen with extreme care to decrease their potential negative health effects and to increase safety of these products.     

Development and Characterization of Phytosterol-Enriched Oil Microcapsules for Foodstuff Application

Phytosterols are lipophilic compounds contained in plants and have several biological activities. The use of phytosterols in food fortification is hampered due to their high melting temperature, chalky taste, and low solubility in an aqueous system. Also, phytosterols are easily oxidized and are poorly absorbed by the human body. Formulation engineering coupled with microencapsulation could be used to overcome these problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of encapsulating soybean oil enriched with phytosterols by spray-drying using ternary mixtures of health-promoting ingredients, whey protein isolate (WPI), inulin, and chitosan as carrier agents. The effect of different formulations and spray-drying conditions on the microencapsules properties, encapsulation efficiency, surface oil content, and oxidation stability were studied. It was found that spherical WPI-inulin-chitosan phytosterol-enriched soybean oil microcapsules with an average size below 50 μm could be produced with good encapsulation efficiency (85%), acceptable level of surface oil (11%), and water activity (0.2–0.4) that meet industrial requirements. However, the microcapsules showed very low oxidation stability with peroxide values reaching 101.7 meq O₂/kg of oil just after production, and further investigations and optimization are required before any industrial application of this encapsulated system.     

加工工艺对山茶籽油理化品质及活性成分的影响

以3种加工工艺(传统压榨、压榨-精制、精炼)制取山茶籽油,对不同工艺山茶籽油的理化品质、脂肪酸组成、感观品质、微量活性成分以及氧化稳定性进行了比较分析。结果表明:3种工艺山茶籽油中,精制油在保留山茶籽油固有风味的同时,其酸值、过氧化值和色泽较压榨油有所改善;精制油总酚、植物甾醇、维生素E含量分别是精炼油的2.37、1.06、1.24倍,但其氧化稳定性不及精炼油。山茶籽油的精制工艺仍需进一步优化。     

Salicin regulates the expression of functional 'youth gene clusters' to reflect a more youthful gene expression profile

There are a variety of biological mechanisms that contribute to specific characteristics of ageing skin; for example, the loss of skin structure proteins, increased susceptibility to UV-induced pigmentation and/or loss of hydration. Each of these biological processes is influenced by specific groups of genes. In this research, we have identified groups of genes associated with specific clinical signs of skin ageing and refer to these as functional 'youth gene clusters'. In this study, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to investigate the effects of topical application of salicin in regulating the expression of functional 'youth gene clusters' to reflect a more youthful skin profile and reduce the appearance of attributes associated with skin ageing. Results showed that salicin significantly influences the gene expression profiles of treated human equivalent full-thickness skin, by regulating the expression of genes associated with various biological processes involving skin structure, skin hydration, pigmentation and cellular differentiation. Based on the findings from this experiment, salicin was identified as a key ingredient that may regulate functional 'youth gene clusters' to reflect a more youthful gene expression profile by increasing the expression of genes responsible for youthful skin and decreasing the expression of genes responsible for the appearance of aged skin.     

我国药用植物种子油研究进展

药用植物种子含有的脂肪酸及各类活性成分赋予其种子油独特开发优势。本文从我国已被提取获得种子油的药用植物概况,及药用植物种子油提取方法、脂肪酸组成及其随种子成熟过程的动态变化、微量营养成分、生物学活性、常见用途等多方面,对我国药用植物种子油的相关研究成果进行了全面综述,以期为进一步推进我国药用植物种子油的基础研究与综合利用提供些许参考。     

精炼工艺对元宝枫籽油品质的影响

为了对元宝枫籽油的精炼提供指导,分析了精炼过程中元宝枫籽油的基本理化指标、脂肪酸和有益油脂伴随物（植物甾醇、生育酚）的变化情况。结果表明：随着精炼工序的进行,元宝枫籽油的酸值、过氧化值和氧化诱导期显著降低（p<0.05）,脂肪酸组成变化不显著（p>0.05）,植物甾醇和生育酚两种有益油脂伴随物的含量显著降低（p<0.05）,分别由毛油的950.3 mg/kg和1 107.4 mg/kg降至脱臭油的569.9 mg/kg和743.4 mg/kg,损失率分别为40.0%、32.9%。研究结果说明精炼能够显著影响元宝枫籽油的品质,应有效控制脱臭条件,尽量减少有益油脂伴随物的损失。