基于小波变换的图像过渡区提取与分割

复杂背景下目标的准确分割是自动目标识别中的关键技术之一。该文将基于过渡区提取的图像分割技术应用于自然纹理场景的图像分割,提出了基于小波变换的过渡区提取与分割算法,克服了以往过渡区直接提取方法的不足。实验结果表明,该方法用于自然纹理场景下的目标分割具有很好的分割效果。     

基于分水岭算法的空间目标图像分割方法

自然背景复杂的纹理特征,使得自然背景下人造目标的分割变得困难.为了从空间背景下精确分割出人造目标,基于分水岭算法,结合形态学重建和分形理论,提出了一种改进的图像分割方法.首先利用形态学开闭重建运算对原始图像的形态学梯度图像进行重建,其次在原始图像中利用人造目标和空间背景的分形特性差异对目标进行标记,最后对重建后的图像采用分水岭算法进行分割,将包含标记的区域提取出来并进行合并,从而将人造目标提取出来.仿真结果表明了方法的有效性.     

颜色直方图特征分割方法在火灾探测中的应用

火焰目标区域的分割是火灾探测的重要组成部分.有效的目标区域分割方法可以在早期排除掉背景的干扰,降低后续判别的运算复杂度.火焰的颜色具有区别于其他物体背景的独特的色彩分布规律,因此文中尝试引入一种基于火焰颜色特征的分割方法.先将视频采集的RGB图像转换到HIS空间模式下,提取各分量直方图,在图像色相和亮度分量中采用最大类间方差法选择阈值分割提取火焰区域.在实验应用中的结果表明这种方法实现了对火焰目标的有效提取.     

基于水平集的SAR图像建筑物区域检测

根据合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像建筑物成像的特点,采用基于水平集的分割方法对SAR图像建筑物区域进行检测。结合基于指数小波提取的SAR图像梯度边缘信息,以及基于变差函数提取的SAR纹理特征,建立能量函数模型,进行曲线演化分割从而提取目标。实验结果表明,与基于灰度信息的模型相比,该模型可以准确、快速地检测出大场景SAR图像中的建筑物区域。     

基于区域信息的水平集模型

水平集模型在对具有细长拓扑结构和弱边界的核磁共振图像分割时得不到真实解,针对这一问题,提出一种新的基于区域信息的水平集分割模型.首先运用形态学方法预估计初始背景,采用差分算法提取最终背景,原始图像与背景图像作减法得到含有待分割目标的图像,定义一个新的相似度以及基于相似度信息的水平集速度函数取代传统水平集的速度函数.结果表明这种方法具有很好的分割效果.     

基于语义分割的红外和可见光图像融合

红外图像即使在低光照条件下,也能根据热辐射的差异将目标与背景区分开来,而可见光图像具有高空间分辨率的纹理细节,此外,红外和可见光图像都含有相应的语义信息.因此,红外与可见光图像融合,需要既保留红外图像的辐射信息,也保留可见光图像的纹理细节,同时,也要反映出二者的语义信息.而语义分割可以将图像转换为带有语义的掩膜,提取源图像的语义信息.提出了一种基于语义分割的红外和可见光图像融合方法,能够克服现有融合方法不能针对性地提取不同区域特有信息的缺点.使用生成式对抗神经网络,并针对源图像的不同区域设计了2种不同的损失函数,以提高融合图像的质量.首先通过语义分割得到含有红外图像目标区域语义信息的掩模,并利用掩模将红外和可见光图像分割为红外图像目标区域、红外图像背景区域、可见光图像目标区域和可见光图像背景区域;然后对目标区域和背景区域分别采用不同的损失函数得到目标区域和背景区域的融合图像;最后将2幅融合图像结合起来得到最终融合图像.实验表明,融合结果目标区域对比度更高,背景区域纹理细节更丰富,提出的方法取得了较好的融合效果.     

微目标遥感图像的感兴趣区域提取新方法

结合微目标遥感图像的灰度、轮廓、大小等信息特征,提出了一种基于视觉注意的微目标遥感图像感兴趣区域提取方法,首先采用形态学Top-Hat变换强化感兴趣区域和抑制背景,利用开运算实现去除噪声和虚假微目标:然后通过阈值迭代法初步分割出感兴趣区域;最后通过人工交互,结合形态学方法进行感兴趣区域提取,进而运用基于小波变换的多尺度边缘检测算法探测出感兴趣区域的边界.实验结果表明:该方法能快速有效地分割提取出微目标感兴趣区域.     

支持向量机和水平集的高分辨率遥感图像河流检测

河流是重要的地理结构特征,对河流进行检测识别研究,在军事上和民用上都具有十分重要的意义.提出了一种基于支持向量机(SVM)和水平集的高分辨率遥感图像河流检测算法.首先根据高分辨率遥感图像河流目标的特点,采用样本图像的纹理特征和基准点信息扩散特征构造特征向量,并基于样本训练支持向量机分类器实现河流目标的粗分割;然后以粗分割结果为基础,采用距离正则化水平集演化(DRLSE)模型提取河流的精确轮廓,获得完整的河流区域.以1 m分辨率的IKONOS图像进行实验验证,结果表明本文算法准确性高,灵活性强,可以在复杂背景下准确地检测河流目标区域,在实践中具有广泛适用性.     

强伪装下的航空图像边缘分割方法仿真

研究强伪装下的航空图像边缘准确分割问题.随着伪装技术的广泛应用,航空图像中的背景色彩已经高度接近目标,造成目标和伪装物在像素色差、灰度等特征上高度一致.传统的分割算法,在分割航空图像特征时,会随着灰度的接近陷入无穷分割的境地,造成阀值设定过程无穷化,很难保证完整分割出特征.提出了一种曲线演化模型的航空图像边缘分割方法.利用P&M算法,对采集的航空图像进行平滑滤波处理,从而去除航空图像中的噪声,提高图像的分辨率.建立曲线演化模型,将航空图像的监测目标中的能量进行由粗到细的演变,从而扩大图像边缘捕获区域,使其对捕获过程更加敏感,对强伪装下的航空图像边缘进行分割处理.实验结果表明,算法进行强伪装下的航空图像边缘分割,能够在航空图像中准确的提取边缘区域,为航空图像应用领域提供了决策依据.     

图像过渡区提取与分割算法的两个基本问题

基于过渡区提取的图像分割是近年来研究较多的一种图像分割方法,其理论研究还很不完善,如过渡区定义有很多局限性,阈值分割准则还没有给出显式的解释与证明等。给出了广义的过渡区定义,对基于过渡区提取的图像分割准则给出了合理的几何解释与数学证明。该研究内容进一步充实了这一理论框架,对研究过渡区提取与分割算法具有重要的理论意义。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).