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1.
2.
M. S. A. Kheiri 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1985,62(2):210-220
Malaysia, the leading producer of palm oil, is now also the major producer and exporter of processed palm oil (PPO). Since
1977 she has been exporting PPO in increasing amounts. As a result about 50% of world production of palm oil is now traded
as PPO in the international market.
Currently, Malaysia has processing capacity far exceeding her production of crude palm oil. Guaranteed capacities for physical
refining, fractionation and chemical neutralization are 12,075, 9,940 and 4,949 metric tons (MT) per day, respectively. These
can be increased to 16,285, 12,705 and 6,170 MT per day, respectively, by some modification and rationalization. Thus Malaysia
is geared to cope with increased production of PPO at least up to 1990.
The PPO products exported are the results of primary down streaming of crude palm oil. The production and export of these
products are very well established. The emphasis is now on further down-streaming of PPO products into specialized products
such as food ingredients, nonfood applications and finished products such as shortenings, margarines, cocoa butter replacer
fats and oleochemicals both for local consumption and export. By the end of the decade, Malaysia is likely to become a center
for the manufacture of basic oleochemicals and their derivatives. 相似文献
3.
Yoshiteru Akaike 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1985,62(2):335-340
Production and consumption of palm oil and its products are discussed as they relate to industrial products. The large volumes
of palm oil being produced and projected for future production should increase the use of its byproducts in oleochemicals.
Tallow is the most competitive fat to palm oil in these applications, but its market share (at least in Japan) seems to be
declining. An enzymatic process for hydrolyzing fats and oils by a solid phase process is described. 相似文献
4.
Ab Gapor Md Top 《Lipid Technology》2010,22(1):11-13
PFAD (palm fatty acid distillate) is a by‐product of physical refining of crude palm oil products and is composed of free fatty acids (81.7%), glycerides (14.4%), squalene (0.8%), vitamin E (0.5%), sterols (0.4%) and other substances (2.2%). PFAD is used in the animal feed and laundry soap industries as well as a raw material for the oleochemicals industry. Vitamin E, squalene and phytosterols are value‐added products which could be extracted from PFAD and are of potential value for the nutraceutical and cosmetic industries. 相似文献
5.
Basic oleochemicals are produced by splitting and further reactions of oils and fats: fatty acids, glycerine, fatty acid methyl
esters, fatty alcohols and amines. The last two are included in the list of oleochemical raw materials, primarily because
of their importance in the preparations of further derivatives. The wide range of derivatives of oleochemical raw materials
such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, fatty alcohol sulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, quaternary ammonium compounds and
soaps are summarized. Oleochemicals such as fatty alcohols and glycerine from oils and fats have equivalents on the basis
of petrochemicals. Using the customary terminology, petrochemical products are referred to as “synthetics.” The are included
in the present discussion because in the application of oleochemical raw materials the origin of the material is often less
important than the structure. Oleochemistry can be regarded as a mature branch of chemistry, with many applications for its
products, but with few completely new fields. The challenge and the opportunities for oleochemistry today lie in the changing
economic and ecological conditions. Availability and price development of oils and fats are discussed with particular reference
to European conditions, for these are the prerequisites if oleochemicals are to be competitive and are to improve their chances
in the marketplace. The importance and development of the oleochemical raw material fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters,
glycerine, fatty alcohols and amines are considered on the basis of historical data. In considering future developments of
oleochemicals, the capacity, demand and the possible influence of petrochemistry or crude oil is discussed. The highly developed
oleochemical raw materials industry is a flexible supplier of medium-to long-chain fatty alkyl groups. These facts, together
with the well organized supply lines for raw materials and the considerable potential of these renewable raw materials, could
provide the necessary conditions for the oleochemical raw materials industry to fulfil its future tasks on a larger scale.
This could arise, for example, due to the partial substitution of petrochemical surfactants, if this should become necessary
as a result of developments in the price and availability of crude oil, or on grounds of ecological factors. 相似文献
6.
Peter Kalustian 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1985,62(2):431-433
The pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries are large and still growing. New products, astute marketing and sophisticated advertising
have been very effective in these industries. They are more and more exacting and highly complex in their requirements. They
require specification products with specific performance characteristics.
The cosmetic industry and drug or pharmaceutical industries are defined. Information is given about the unique composition
of palm and lauric oils which make them suitable raw materials for use in these applications.
These two base oils are used in the form of triglycerides, whole fatty acids, fractionated fatty acids or fatty chemical derivatives.
Information is given about these various ingredients, their use in specific cosmetic and pharmaceutical products and reasons
for their use.
Particular use is made of palmitic, stearic, myristic and short-chain fatty acids. The derivatives would include glycerine
esters, monostearates, other monoglycerides, propylene glycol esters, polyglycerol esters, sorbitans and sorbitan ethylene
oxide products, isopropyl palmitic and myristate. Specific powdered stearins and cocoa butter substitutes are used in various
formulations.
The production and marketing of ingredients for this industry are natural growths of the developing fatty acid industry in
Malaysia and nearby countries of southeast Asia. 相似文献
7.
Thomas J. Proffitt H. Thomas Patterson 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1988,65(10):1682-1694
This paper reviews the published literature on the uses of oleochemical surfactants and lubricants in the textile industry
with a dual emphasis on textile technology and effects that oleochemicals can have on that technology. Oleochemical derivatives
are used in the textile industry as surfactants, emulsifiers, wetting agents, antistatic agents, softeners, antimicrobial
agents, water and oil repellents, antisoil agents, lubricants, cohesive agents and dyeing assistants. The relationship between
the amount of fatty acid derivatives consumed in textile operations and global fiber production is discussed. Small amounts
of oleochemicals acting at interfaces are invaluable in their effects on textiles. Oleochemical surfactant chemical and physical
properties of importance in textile operations are described, and the relationships between certain properties of oleochemicals
and their performance on textile fibers are reviewed. The basic principles and technology of spin finishes and textile processing
aids are discussed. The effects of oleochemical surfactants in dyeing and as finishing agents for textile fibers are described
briefly. The conclusion presents the prognosis for the future of oleochemicals in the textile industry. 相似文献
8.
C. D. LaSusa 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1984,61(2):184-187
Oleomines represent the largest class of oleochemicals used in the oil patch and are used in virtually all phases of the oil
industry. Although the largest volume is used in production and refining, many amines are used prior to production in drilling
operations and well completions, as well as postprocessing as additives in finished products. Other oleochemicals widely used
include various surfactants made by ethoxylation and sulfation of fatty acids as well as polymerized fatty acids. The amines
of interest start with simple primary amines and include secondary, tertiary and quaternary amines. They extend into higher
amines such as diamines, triamines and beyond as well as all of these further reacted with other chemical species. Oleoamines
in a generic sense also include amino amides, amphoteric amines, cyclic amidines, ether amines, as well as some high molecular
weight polymeric materials. The oleoamines are used per se in suitable solvent systems, or as components in a wide variety
of finished products containing several chemical entities to obtain specified product properties. Oleoamines, their derivatives,
and other oleochemicals are used to prevent corrosion, inhibit and kill bacteria, condition waters for improved injectivity,
emulsify, deemulsify, foam, gel, remove deposits, disperse solids, wet solids, solubilize or disperse otherwise incompatible
liquids, produce or stabilize foaming systems, lubricate and produce detergent properties in liquid systems. They are used
in drilling fluids. well completion fluids, oil and gas wells, water source wells, injection wells, gathering systems, filters,
storage tanks, pipelines, refineries, and in finished products for all of the purposes listed above. This paper covers the
oil patch operating parameters that determine the need for using oleochemicals, and describes for each system appropriate
oleochemicals whose properties satisfy those needs. 相似文献
9.
Acidolysis reactions of cottonseed oil, peanut oil, mahua oil (Madhuca latifolia), and palm oil with lauric acid were investigated with special reference to the influence of catalysts and the relative proportions of oil and lauric acid on the extent and type of fatty acids displaced from an oil. Catalysts such as sulfuric acid, zinc oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, and mercuric sulfate were used. The reaction generally was carried out by heating oil and lauric acid at 150C±2 for 3 hr. The reaction products were separated and then analyzed by UV spectrophotometry and GLC. Sulfuric acid was found to be the best catalyst with 1 part of oil and 1.2 parts of the displacing acid (lauric acid) for displacement of high-molecular-weight fatty acids from an oil by low-molecular-weight fatty acids. The nature of the displacement of fatty acids varied from oil to oil, depending on their compositions. It was further indicated that linoleic acid was displaced preferentially over oleic acid in an amount dependent on its initial content in an oil with a corresponding increase in saturated acids content. A broad similarity in displacement patterns, in general, was noted; the fatty acids above C18 were not displaced as in the case of peanut oil. The results demonstrate the feasibility of introducing lauric acid in the vegetable oils for the production of interesting oils with vastly different physical and chemical properties. 相似文献
10.
世界油脂化工市场(英) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
油脂化工产品的原料来自于动物性和植物性的油和脂肪,它们也衍生许多化工产品。然而,由于油脂化工产品的独特性质,它主要为肥皂、清洁剂和洗发水等产品提供广泛的表面活性剂原料。通常在制成品前,这些基本的油脂化工产品需进行进一步的转化程序。油脂化学品原料取之天然可再生,可生物降解,而石油原料却无法再生。因此,从这一点来讲油脂化学品对环境更友好。指出油和脂肪的价格变化无常,以及副产品甘油的价格因供求而变是造成油脂化工生产经济不稳定的两大因素。 相似文献
11.
F. V. K. Young 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1983,60(2):374-379
Palm kernel and coconut oils are the most used of the lauric acid group of oils. The characteristic of this group is their high content of saturated acids, lauric and myristic, and it is from this feature that their principal uses are derived. Due to their triglyceride composition, both oils have steep melting curves and melt below body temperature. Their low degree of unsaturation gives them high oxidative stability. As a result of these properties they are found widely used as hard butters and in vegetable fat ice-creams, coffee whiteners and similar products. Their use in margarine gives that product an attractive coolness in the mouth. Coconut oil is also used extensively as a raw material for soaps and detergents and as a body oil. The oils are susceptible to hydrolytic splitting and to trace metal catalyzed oxidation. They are particularly affected by contamination with other oils which produce either reduced oxidative stability or, when the contaminant is high melting, an unacceptable palate cling. Refining is normally done with caustic soda solutions and refining conditions are chosen to minimize neutral oil losses due to saponification. Physical refining is also practised and is particularly useful for treating palm kernel oils with high free fatty acid content. To improve their quality and applicability for several uses, both oils are hydrogenated, fractionated and interesterified in various combinations. Fractionation is done either by dry “pressing” or with the assistance of detergents or solvents, the highest quality products being obtained using solvents. The relatively high solubility of the fatty acids can result in effluent problems. 相似文献
12.
K. F. Gander 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1984,61(2):268-271
The approximate quantity of 3 million tons estimated to be required at present for the production of oleochemicals is to be
covered from a total production of more than 60 million tons of vegetable and animal fats. While the quantity of eleochemicals
produced has nearly doubled in recent years, vegetable oil production alone has increased from 25 to 40 million tons in the
same period. More than half the feedstocks required for oleochemicals are acid oils and other fats and oils which are unsuitable
for human food. The demand for fats and oils for oleochemicals will certainly grow for price and technological reasons, but
only the use of large quantities of oils and fats for diesel engines could shift this balance drastically and endanger the
world supply of edible fats. A bottleneck may arise in the supply of fatty acids of medium chain length, although the use
of coconut and palm kernel oil by the food industry in the highly developed countries has been on the decline. The green revolution
goes on and the fat supply grows faster than the population. In addition, new approaches to plant breeding and agriculture,
and biochemical processes as well, might help circumvent any conceivable shortage in the supply of oils and fats in general,
and in the supply of special fatty acids in particular. 相似文献
13.
J. John Pease 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1985,62(2):426-430
In the search for economical cocoa butter alternatives, palm and lauric oils have emerged as important source oils in the
development of hard butters. Based on the method presented for categorizing hard butters, the lauric oils, primarily palm
kernel and coconut, can be modified by interesterification and hydrogenated to yield lauric cocoa butter substitutes (CBS)
which are both good eating and inexpensive. Fractionation, although adding to the cost of production, can provide lauric hard
butter with eating qualities virtually identical to cocoa butter. Unfortunately, one factor identified with the lauric oils
is their very low tolerance for cocoa butter.
Palm oil, on the other hand, has been identified as a valuable component in all types of cocoa butter alternatives. It is
a source of symmetrical triglycerides vital in the formulation of a cocoa butter equivalent (CBE). It can be hydrogenated
or hydrogenated and fractionated to yield hard butters with a limited degree of compatibility with cocoa butter, allowing
some chocolate liquor to be included in a coating for flavor enhancement. Palm oil is used with lauric oils as a minor component
in interesterified lauric hard butters, as well as functioning as a crystal promoter in coatings formulated with a fractionated
lauric CBS. While palm oil’s importance and flexibility have been duly noted, some important concerns remain from a market
perspective. The fact that the CBE fats are very expensive suggests they offer limited cost savings compared to cocoa butter.
The potential for CBE products is still questionable in those countries where chocolate labeling standards preclude the use
of vegetable fats other than cocoa butter. The nonlauric CBS products, while cheaper than the CBE types and able to tolerate
limited levels of cocoa butter, do not exhibit the level of eating quality characteristics present in the lauric hard butters.
Some challenges remain for today’s oil chemists. An economical nonlauric CBS, made predominantly from palm oil, possessing
the eating quality of a fractionated lauric CBS and exhibiting good compatibility with cocoa butter would be met with considerable
interest by the chocolate and confectionery industries. As for the lauric oils, it would seem reasonable to assume that greater
cocoa butter compatibility, if attainable, could enhance their potential for gaining even greater acceptance by confectionery
manufacturers currently using pure chocolate. As for the CBE products, the major issue is cost. If the cost of a CBE could
be reduced to a level which would allow a CBE to compete with the nonlauric and lauric cocoa butter substitutes, a major advancement
in the evolution of cocoa butter alternative fats will have been achieved. 相似文献
14.
J. F. Heidrich 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1984,61(2):271-275
Today’s oleochemicals are substances which are used not mainly because of their sophisticated chemical structures or their
chemical reactivity, but rather because of their adaptability as auxiliaries in a great variety of formulated products. This
has determined their success in the marketplace. The conversion to long-chain building blocks for polymers is one possibility
to move oleochemicals into a larger scale position as feedstocks. In the near future, this objective cannot be reached because
two factors limit their economical chemical derivation; namely, the missing technologies to separate chemical individuals
with one or two double bonds in the alkyl chain from the natural mixtures, and to cleave double bonds in a controlled way,
without forming larger quantities of byproducts. In any case, before oleochemicals (e.g., fatty acid methyl esters) are used
as substitutes for gasoil, as is already tried in certain countries, the chemical potential of oleochemicals should be exploited.
That means: “Use it-don’t burn it!” Today’s chemical processes and uses for oleochemicals are discussed. 相似文献
15.
Norman O. V. Sonntag 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1985,62(5):928-933
Crude soybean oil, as a major source of edible oil for the world, is available on such a scale that it serves additionally
as the origin for many industrial applications and for such materials as phospholipids (lecithins, cephalins), tocopherols
(for vitamin E), sterols (for pharmaceuticals) and recovered fatty acids from acidulated soapstocks. The latter always have
offered the oleochemicals manufacturer a low cost source of valuable fatty acids, and soybean oil itself, after hydrogenation,
serves as the most readily available, lowest cost source of 90% stearic acid from among all fats and oils. As an alternative
to alkali refining and the soapstock produced, physical refining of the degummed soybean oil is a potential source for fatty
acids and for recovery of larger amounts of valuable sterols and tocopherols, but this process severely degrades the oxidation
stability of the fatty acids.
The largest potentials for growth in industrial applications are for soybean oil itself in pesticide dispersion and grain
dust control; triglycerides and fatty acids split therefrom for 90% stearate oleochemicals and selected food additivies; fatty
acids from soapstocks up-graded medium-grade oleochemicals, medium-grade soaps for industrial cleaning operations, and in
animal feeds and pet foods; phospholipid gums in fractionated and modified lecithins and cephalins; soy deodorizer distillates
containing α-to copherol (vitamin E) and sterol-derived sex hormones. Inclusion of food additives, feed and pet food additives
with the more usual industrial markets results in the conclusion that industrial utilization of soybean oil could reach 12%
of total consumption in the U.S. within five years. 相似文献
16.
17.
The hydrogenation of fatty acids (FA) or fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) is a fundamental process to manufacture basic oleochemicals, like stabilizers and surfactants. These kinds of oleochemicals are used in downstream processes, to obtain products which are easily bio‐degradable, non‐irritant to the skin, and equipped with other favourable characteristics. In principle the FA or FAME are hydrogenated in a reactor under pressure, higher temperature and in the presence of a metallic catalyst, such as nickel or palladium. The process can be controlled in a desired direction by appropriate choice of these parameters to get a product with different degrees of saturation, melting properties and colour. The commonly used process nowadays is a batch process. The hydrogenation reaction is carried out in a loop or stirred reactor, in the presence of a suspended catalyst. After the reaction the catalyst must be removed from the product by an elaborate and time‐consuming filtration. This leads to higher consumption of catalyst. Another concern is that Ni‐soaps can be formed during the process leading to deactivation of catalyst and the presence of nickel in the final product. Therefore the fixed bed method was developed to eliminate these disadvantages. A pilot plant was constructed in which the catalyst is fixed on a carrier matrix and filled into the reactor and a test run was carried out with FA from tallow and FAME from palm oil. The iodine value of < 0.1 in hydrogenated FAME was achieved as required by the industry for the production of surfactants. In the fixed bed hydrogenation for ME nickel catalyst and for FA a palladium catalyst is used. Furthermore catalyst is reused, its consumption is reduced and the formation of byproducts is minimized. The process is characterized by a high reliability, feed flexibility, easy control and high yield. 相似文献
18.
Palm oil fatty acids can be used in increasing quantities in combination with selected minor oils from Indian in making lower
cost laundry or toilet soaps and derivatives suitable for use as surface-active compounds in many formulations. Experimental
soap formulations using palm oil products and indigenous fats are provided. 相似文献
19.
While practically all the fatty acids produced in the fatty acid industry are distilled products, these materials are all,
at least to some degree, fractionated fatty acids. Rarely indeed are today’s fatty acids suited for any of the many applications
to which they are put without the quality and homolog distribution improvements which only fractional distillation can guarantee.
Thus, this separation is of vital importance within the fatty acid and derivative industries. Fractional distillation is industrially
a practical separative method for: (a) 16:0 and 18:0 fatty acids, such as those derived from hydrogenated fats and oils like
tallow, soybean, cottonseed soapstocks, palm oil and others; (b) 18:0, 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 fatty acids from hydrogenated
fish oils or high erucic rapeseed oil; and (c) 8:0, 10:0, 12:0, and 14:0 fatty acids from the hydrogenated fatty acids from
the lauric oils group (coconut, palm kernel, babassu, etc.). While theoretically possible under idealized conditions in the
laboratory, it is not practical to separate palmitic, oleic, heptadecanoic, and stearic acids by means of fractional distillation 相似文献