生物滞留技术在道路雨洪控制利用中的应用研究

生物滞留技术是目前应用较为广泛的雨洪控制利用措施,在美国等发达国家得到了广泛的认可和应用,但在国内的研究和应用较少。道路作为城市主要下垫面和重要的排水通道,雨水问题尤为突出。本文通过总结国外对生物滞留设施的相关研究成果,对生物滞留设施在道路雨洪控制利用中的应用进行分析,为生物滞留设施在我国的推广应用提供相应的借鉴。     

从城市雨洪控制与利用到海绵城市建设——近30年北京城市防汛排水科技支撑巡礼

作为建党100周年纪念的献礼,系统分析了近30年来北京城市防汛排水方面的科技发展,介绍了从雨洪控制与利用、到水源涵养型城市生态下垫面构建、到海绵城市建设、再到城市综合的研究和实践历程,从雨洪控制与利用、城市洪涝防治及海绵城市建设等方面总结了北京城市防汛排水科技的主要成果和应用成效,提出了需要进一步研究解决的问题,有助于支撑北京城市洪涝防治和海绵城市建设的深入开展.     

城市雨洪利用雨情分析

城市雨洪利用是解决城市缺水和防洪问题的一项重要措施.为了更好地利用城市雨洪资源,分析城区雨洪利用的潜力和效益规模,需要分析该城区的降雨资源特性,包括城区降雨总量、降雨的年内分配、年际变化及降雨的时间、空间分布特性;为了分析雨洪利用排水设施、蓄水设施规模,需要分析城区短历时暴雨、暴雨强度和设计降雨及设计降雨过程.     

从城市雨洪控制与利用到海绵城市建设——近近30年北京城市防汛排水科技支撑巡礼

作为建党100周年纪念的献礼,系统分析了近30年来北京城市防汛排水方面的科技发展,介绍了从雨洪控制与利用、到水源涵养型城市生态下垫面构建、到海绵城市建设、再到城市综合的研究和实践历程,从雨洪控制与利用、城市洪涝防治及海绵城市建设等方面总结了北京城市防汛排水科技的主要成果和应用成效,提出了需要进一步研究解决的问题,有助于支撑北京城市洪涝防治和海绵城市建设的深入开展。     

雨洪利用是城市解决水问题的必然选择

怎样解决洪涝灾害、干旱缺水、水环境恶化三大水问题?城市雨洪利用不失为一条良策。城市雨洪利用,即拦蓄、储存利用城市暴雨、洪水,化弃为宝、兴利除害。其主要作用是减洪免涝,增水添优,改善生态。     

砂石坑在低洼地区排水效果分析

针对北京市低洼地区日益增大的排水压力,提出利用流域内现状砂石坑作为城市建设区的雨水排放出路,一方面解决城市建设区雨水排放出路的问题,同时利用砂石坑滞蓄雨洪,也可补充地下水,在一定程度上缓解北京市水资源紧缺状况,为建设生态型城市,创造良好水环境服务.对砂石坑作为雨水排放出路、滞蓄雨洪的效果进行了分析,与传统雨水排放方法进行了比较.     

城市雨洪资源利用的国际比较研究

雨洪兼具资源和灾害的双重性质。在对德国、英国、日本、美国等国家雨洪资源利用措施和发展趋势比较的基础上,结合我国城市雨洪资源利用现状和存在问题,从制定相关法规、加强科学研究、拓宽融资渠道、加强雨洪利用理念等方面提出我国城市雨洪资源利用的对策建议。     

自动冲洗式雨洪资源利用新装置

为了实现既解决城市道路积水,又收集利用雨洪资源的目的,不同于以往单一的建筑物雨水收集利用系统,基于现有的雨水排水管道铺设标准,以水力学为理论依据,利用自动控制、渗水砖、立式入水口等细节设计,研发出了集排沙、过滤、蓄水于一体的自动冲洗式雨洪资源利用新装置。结果表明:将装置加装在原有总雨水排水管处,可对排水管泥沙进行自动过滤冲排,缓解了雨洪期城市道路积水,兼利用雨洪资源作旱期植被喷灌,以新思路响应了目前的海绵城市建设热潮。     

城市雨洪现状分析与收集利用

针对我国尤其是北方部分干旱缺水地区水资源的特点.分析了城市雨洪利用的紧迫性、发展概况、存在问题及应用前景,阐述了目前国内外雨洪资源化的理论与实践进展情况.结合我国实际情况,对雨洪资源利用今后的工作提出合理化建议.研究表明,城市雨洪利用不仅是开源节流的良策,也是改善生态环境、形成区域健康循环的有效措施.     

北京城市雨洪利用若干问题的探讨

随着北京城市化的迅速发展,城市不透水面积不断扩大以及水资源的紧缺,城市雨洪利用成为水务工作的重点.针对北京城市水资源危机的现状并结合朝阳区对雨洪利用的工程实例,分析雨洪资源化的可行性,介绍雨洪资源利用的进展,提出加快城市雨洪利用的主要措施.     

下凹式绿地和蓄水池对城市型洪水的影响

以北京市奥林匹克公园为研究区,采用美国环保局开发的SWMM(Storm Water Management Model),对研究区内下凹式绿地和蓄水池两种措施条件下排水管道主要断面洪峰流量的变化进行了计算分析.计算结果表明,下凹式绿地和蓄水池可以有效地削减洪峰,推迟峰现时刻,减小径流系数,从而增加雨洪资源利用量.     

国内外城市排水系统的回顾与展望

从国外城市排水系统各个发展阶段的特点及其最新进展出发，通过对比、分析找出国内外的差距，提出一些初步想法：适当的调整政策，并加大投资，以加快发展；引入城市排水管理的新观念，全面规划，提高效益；选择污水截流加处理作为改造现存直排式合流制的主要方案；积极创造条件，修订设计规范；建立我国的城市暴雨径流过程的计算机方法。     

Integrated urban stormwater management: Evolution and multidisciplinary perspective

This paper proposes an introductory review of the historical evolution of urban stormwater management, as well as of current trends, challenges, and changes of paradigm. It reminds us first that most of the existing urban stormwater infrastructures in developed cities are based on the modern urban sewer systems developed in the second half of the 19^th century in Europe. They have been built and for decades managed almost solely by urban sanitation and water specialists, relatively independently of other technical services and, more generally, of other stakeholders in cities. They contributed significantly to public health and fast conveyance of stormwater outside the cities. However, at the turn of the 1970s, it became evident with increasing urbanisation that they also had drawbacks: artificialisation of soils, reduction of aquifer recharge, pollution of surface water and ecological impacts, etc. The paper indicates how new concepts and paradigms thereafter emerged to manage stormwater by means of more sustainable and integrated approaches, aiming to solve the problems engendered by the previous approaches. This integration embraces more and more disciplines and issues, far beyond the traditional field of urban water engineers and specialists. The paper attempts to explain the need for this evolution, making urban stormwater management more much complex, dealing and interacting with ecology, biodiversity, bioinspiration, architecture, landscape and water values, citizens’ well-being, history, culture, and socio-economic aspects.     

基于城市水文模型的海绵城市智慧管控

针对海绵城市智慧管控系统的建设,从调蓄设施智慧管控的角度,以萍乡市西门片区为案例,对海绵城市建成后的运行管理方式进行分析,研究基于城市水文模型的海绵城市智慧管控系统的作用,重点阐述了调蓄设施的智慧管控系统的建设和应用。结果表明:在30 a一遇2 h设计暴雨下,不同的调蓄设施起调点设置对地表径流量的控制有较大的影响,随着起调点的设置越靠后,地表径流总量控制率从66.6%减少至8.9%,峰值削减率从47.3%减少至20.8%;在两场雨峰位置不同的实际降雨的模拟情况中,采用不同的起调点策略可以更好的发挥工程效益,地表径流总量控制率分别是64.5%和82.6%,峰值削减率分别为52.1%和70.4%。对基于智慧管控系统的调蓄设施的优点和局限性做进一步的阐述和分析,对海绵城市智慧管控系统的几个关键问题进行初步探讨,包括分布式参数获取与数据库更新、易积水点的远程管控技术和风险预警技术等。研究成果对海绵城市建成后的城市水资源管理具有一定的参考意义。     

Contributing to the sustainable use of stormwater: the role of pervious pavements.

The city of Melbourne, Australia is experiencing a water crisis with potable water storage reservoirs at an all time low. With increasing urbanisation there is an ever increasing need to research and explore sustainable water management initiatives. There is potential to minimise the negative impacts of stormwater runoff and augment dwindling supplies of potable water through adoption of pervious paving technology. The traditional approach to stormwater management has focused on constructing drainage networks to carry stormwater away from developed areas as quickly as possible to avoid the risk of flooding. The main aim of this research project was to establish relationships between rainfall intensity, infiltration rate and pervious pavement runoff and to examine the improvement to stormwater quality after infiltrating through pervious pavements. This paper describes the laboratory experiment set-up to determine the infiltration patterns and stormwater quality improvement for simulated storms precipitating on pervious pavements. Next, the scaling-up of the experimental rig to a field-based trial is explained. Preliminary results from this work are presented to demonstrate the potential benefits of pervious pavements in the Australian landscape.     

Impact of roof surface runoff on urban water quality

The pollutant impacts of urban stormwater runoff on receiving waters are well documented in research literature. However, it is road surfaces that are commonly identified as the significant pollutant source. This paper presents the outcomes of an extensive program of research into the role of roof surfaces in urban water quality with particular focus on solids, nutrients and organic carbon. The outcomes confirmed that roof surfaces play an important role in influencing the pollutant characteristics of urban stormwater runoff. Pollutant build-up and wash-off characteristics for roads and roof surfaces were found to be appreciably different. The pollutant wash-off characteristics exhibited by roof surfaces show that it influences the first flush phenomenon more significantly than road surfaces. In most urban catchments, as roof surfaces constitute a higher fraction of impervious area compared with road surfaces, it is important that the pollutant generation role of roof surfaces is specifically taken into consideration in stormwater quality mitigation strategies.     

Implementation of sustainable sanitation in existing urban areas: long-term strategies for an optimised solution.

If technologies for decentralised sanitation and reuse (DESAR) and for natural stormwater management should at least partially replace existing systems, then intensive reconstruction work becomes essential. A conversion can only be realised successively over a long period due to high construction and financial expenses and requires new strategies. This paper presents the development and practical implementation of a mathematical tool to find an optimised strategy for the realisation of alternative and more decentralised drainage and sanitation concepts in existing urban areas. The succession of construction measures (e.g. the implementation of decentralised greywater recycling) for the whole period of consideration is determined based upon a mathematical optimisation model on the condition that the favoured future state is known. The model describes the complex interdependencies of the urban water and nutrient cycle and enables the minimisation of both financial efforts and ecological impacts on the way toward the future state. The results of the implementation for a rural area in Germany show that the mathematical optimisation is an adequate instrument to support decision-making processes in finding strategies for the realisation of sustainable urban water management.     

Inadequacy of Land Use and Impervious Area Fraction for Determining Urban Stormwater Quality

Urban stormwater quality is multifaceted and the use of a limited number of factors to represent catchment characteristics may not be adequate to explain the complexity of water quality response to a rainfall event or site-to-site differences in stormwater quality modelling. This paper presents the outcomes of a research study which investigated the adequacy of using land use and impervious area fraction only, to represent catchment characteristics in urban stormwater quality modelling. The research outcomes confirmed the inadequacy of the use of these two parameters alone to represent urban catchment characteristics in stormwater quality prediction. Urban form also needs to be taken into consideration as it was found have an important impact on stormwater quality by influencing pollutant generation, build-up and wash-off. Urban form refers to characteristics related to an urban development such as road layout, spatial distribution of urban areas and urban design features.     

Understanding the Role of Urban Road Surface Characteristics in influencing Stormwater Quality

Urban road surfaces are one of the most important stormwater pollution sources. Asphalt and concrete road surfaces are typical road types in China and have different characteristics such as roughness, textures and infiltration rates. This could lead to differences of collecting and retaining pollutants. In this context, designing stormwater treatment for different road surfaces respectively is crucial to effectively minimize the stormwater deterioration. This closely depends on an in-depth understanding of stormwater quality characteristics on urban road surfaces. This research study investigated the stormwater quality characteristics on typical asphalt and concrete surfaces. The research outcomes show that road surface characteristics could play a more important role in influencing the resulting stormwater runoff quality than rainfall characteristics. Additionally, asphalt surface due to the relatively rough nature could play a more important role in influencing the overall pollutant export characteristics from urban road surfaces. It is also noted that there are notable differences in pollutant wash-off processes on different surfaces, where the wash-off process on asphalt surfaces tends to be a transport limiting process, while the wash-off process on concrete surfaces tends to be a source limiting process. These results can contribute to stormwater treatment design enhancement for urban roads such as treatment placement, rainfall event selection and water quality estimation.     

邯郸市区不同下垫面降雨径流水质变化特征研究

为缓解邯郸市城区水资源供需矛盾,合理利用雨洪资源,在对生活区屋面、城区道路、公园绿地降雨径流水质进行检测的基础上,分析了雨水径流中主要污染物的变化过程,探讨降雨径流水质受环境条件影响情况。通过研究得出城区初期雨水径流污染最为严重,随降雨历时的延长,污染物浓度逐渐下降并趋于稳定。不同城区下垫面雨水径流污染物含量差异明显,城区主干道路降雨径流水质最差。