火电机组回热系统(火用)损分布的通用矩阵方程

根据平衡方程,首次导出了火电机组回热系统损分布的通用矩阵方程。利用这一方程可方便地得出不同机组回热系统的损分布规律,同时这一方程也为建立回热系统乃至整个机组与损分布通用矩阵方程相关的通用的分析模型、经济学分析模型、经济学优化模型和经济学故障诊断模型奠定了基础。利用这一方程还可以方便地开发出实时监测回热系统损分布的计算机程序,为降低机组能耗提供一个实用化的分析工具。图3表1参6     

火电机组回热系统结构系数计算方程

以定功率为条件,利用矩阵法和偏微分理论建立了火电机组回热系统结构系数通用计算方程,利用该方程计算出回热系统各处的结构键系数σi和外部键系数βi,并以N-1000机组为例进行了计算和分析.结果表明:火电机组回热系统结构系数可以反映各加热器(火用)损以及局部输入(火用)对整个回热系统(火用)损或输入(火用)的影响,把系统的局部改善纳入到对系统的整体影响进行观察,以便确定回热系统的节能重点,并为火电机组设计优化方案的选择提供参考.     

1000MW机组回热系统损分布的矩阵方法

基于热力学第二定律的分析法为评价能量转换的"量"和"质"提供了一个统一的尺度,比基于第一定律的能分析法更科学、更合理。根据平衡原理,对于一般的回热系统,建立回热系统中各级加热器的平衡方程,经过严谨的数学推理,获得类似于热力系统汽水分布矩阵的通用的损矩阵方程。该损矩阵方程与回热系统中各级加热器的类型存在一定的对应关系,利用该方程可以方便地得出不同机组回热系统的损分布,为较准确的评价热力系统的热经济性提供有力的依据。     

火电机组回热系统火用效率通用矩阵方程

根据热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律,推导出火电机组回热系统各加热器的(火用)效率的通用矩阵方程,利用此方程,可以方便地求出不同机组回热系统各加热器的(火用)效率.该方程构造容易,各项含义明确,不仅可以简化传统的火电机组热力系统的计算,还可供换热器的节能和优化设计参考应用.     

火电机组回热系统(火用)损矩阵方程的改进及应用

通过对(火用)损方程进行推导和改进,使其更加接近实际运行过程.根据汽水分布方程和损分布方程,建立起它们之间的联系,把汽水分布方程应用于损分布方程之中.以便在运行工况下使方程变得简单易解,利用这个改进后的损分布方程可以方便地得出不同工况下的损分布的规律,进而可以指导现实的节能分析.同时还可以方便地开发出应用于现场实时监测的回热系统的(火用)损分布的计算机程序,为降低机组的的能耗提供了很好的工具.     

基于熵分析法的回热系统通用损分布矩阵

熵分析法的核心就是求取过程的熵产,而熵产的大小体现着过程不可逆程度.在回热系统中,节流、有限温差传热以及摩擦与扰动等过程都是不可逆过程,它们必然会导致做功能力损失即(火用)损,而这损失可以利用Gouy-Stodola关系式由这些过程所造成的熵产转化获得.针对回热系统的(火用)损分布进行讨论,在划分单一回热加热器为独立系统后,对系统采用黑箱分析,对方程进行水侧定流量法处理,通过Gouy-Stodola关系式转化最终获得通用炯损分布矩阵方程.     

回热系统抽汽压损对火用损分布的影响

抽汽压损是一种不明显的热力损失,对机组的热经济性有一定的影响。根据小扰动理论,假定抽汽口的压力不变,定性分析抽汽压损对回热系统的影响。根据热力系统热平衡原理和汽水分布方程建立抽汽压损对回热系统抽汽系数影响的数学模型。根据火用平衡原理和火用分析法建立抽汽压损对火用损分布的影响的数学模型。以某电厂N1000-25/600/600机组热力系统为例,在TRL工况下,定量计算回热系统抽汽系数和火用损分布的变化。根据定量计算结果,从理论上分析了抽汽压损对热力系统产生的影响。     

压水堆核电机组二回路汽水分布矩阵方程

针对一个复杂的压水堆核电机组二回路系统,基于热平衡原理推导出其汽水分布通用矩阵模型。通过分析矩阵各元素的意义并引入"虚拟放热量"的概念,总结出矩阵元素的填写规则。此规则可推广到各种复杂的回热系统,只要已知回热系统的结构,即可根据此规则逐项填写矩阵方程。通过两个回热系统(压水堆核电与火电机组)的实例计算,验证了所建模型的正确性,并发现运用此规则写出的火电机组回热系统的汽水分布方程即是熟悉的三角结构矩阵,进一步验证了此规则的正确性。该矩阵方程原理简单,容易构造,为回热系统的热经济性分析提供了又一简单而实用的工具。     

火电厂辅助汽水系统定量(火用)分析计算通用模型的研究与应用

根据(火用)平衡方程,利用(火用)效率的概念对火电厂各回热加热器进行了分析,通过论证推导,提出了火电机组辅助汽水系统定量(火用)分析计算的通用模型.运用此模型定量计算某电厂328.5MW机组高压缸轴封漏汽利用对汽轮机装置系统(火用)效率的影响;为辅助系统局部定量分析提供了便利方法.     

抽汽压损对煤耗影响分析的通用微分关系式

以小扰动理论为基础,根据火电机组热力系统汽水分布通用矩阵方程、比内功方程、循环吸热量方程及发电标准煤耗率的计算公式,导出了抽汽压损对机组发电标准煤耗率影响的通用微分关系式,利用这一关系式可以准确而快速地计算各级加热器抽汽压损对机组发电煤耗的影响,其通用性强,适于程序化。     

包含环境影响的能量系统经济学理论分析

能量生产过程中总会有残留物质和能量排放到大气中 ,对环境产生影响。本文从能量系统的平衡出发 ,将系统对环境的排放从损失中分离出来 ,依据符号经济学的原理建立了包含环境影响在内的系统、成本和经济学成本分析模型 ,并以燃气轮机功热并供 (CGAM)系统为例推导出了矩阵求解方程 ,从而得出了能量系统的技术、经济和环境的经济综合分析模型     

压水堆核电机组热力系统炯损分布的矩阵算法

基于火（用）分析法和矩阵算法,建立了压水堆核电机组热力系统的通用火（用）损分布矩阵方程,并以某900MW压水堆核电机组为例进行了计算分析,得到了额定工况下热力系统及设备的焖损分布规律．结果表明：反应堆的焖损失最大,占核能总火（用）的50．85％,其次为汽轮发电机、蒸汽发生器和凝汽器,分别占核能总火（用）的6．17％、3．2％和2．55％;矩阵方程较常规火（用）分析法具有构造简单、矩阵元素填写法则简便、物理意义明确和规律性强等优点;利用该方程便于开发出相应的计算程序,进而为核电机组节能潜力挖掘和故障诊断提供依据．     

Exergoeconomic analysis of a combined heat and power (CHP) system

This study deals with exergoeconomic analysis of a combined heat and power (CHP) system along its main components installed in Eskisehir City of Turkey. Quantitative exergy cost balance for each component and the whole CHP system is considered, while exergy cost generation within the system is determined. The exergetic efficiency of the CHP system is obtained to be 38.33% with 51 475.90 kW electrical power and the maximum exergy consumption between the components of the CHP system is found to be 51 878.82 kW in the combustion chamber. On the other hand, the exergoeconomic analysis results indicate that the unit exergy cost of electrical power produced by the CHP system accounts for 18.51 US$ GW^?1. This study demonstrates that exergoeconomic analysis can provide extra information than exergy analysis, and the results from exergoeconomic analysis provide cost‐based information, suggesting potential locations for the CHP system improvement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modified exergoeconomic modeling of geothermal power plants

In this study, a modified exergoeconomic model is proposed for geothermal power plants using exergy and cost accounting analyses, and a case study is in this regard presented for the Tuzla geothermal power plant system (Tuzla GPPS) in Turkey to illustrate an application of the currently modified exergoeconomic model. Tuzla GPPS has a total installed capacity of 7.5 MW and was recently put into operation. Electricity is generated using a binary cycle. In the analysis, the actual system data are used to assess the power plant system performance through both energy and exergy efficiencies, exergy losses and loss cost rates. Exergy efficiency values vary between 35% and 49% with an average exergy efficiency of 45.2%. The relations between the capital costs and the exergetic loss/destruction for the system components are studied. Six new exergetic cost parameters, e.g., the component annualized cost rate, exergy balance cost, overall unavoidable system exergy destruction/loss cost rate, overall unavoidable system exergy destruction/loss cost rate, overall unavoidable system exergy production cost rate and the overall unavoidable system exergy production cost rate are studied to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the system.     

Energy,exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of a steam power plant: A case study

The objective of this paper is to perform the energy, exergy and exergoeconomic analysis for the Hamedan steam power plant. In the first part of the paper, the exergy destruction and exergy loss of each component of this power plant is estimated. Moreover, the effects of the load variations and ambient temperature are calculated in order to obtain a good insight into this analysis. The exergy efficiencies of the boiler, turbine, pump, heaters and the condenser are estimated at different ambient temperatures. The results show that energy losses have mainly occurred in the condenser where 306.9 MW is lost to the environment while only 67.63 MW has been lost from the boiler. Nevertheless, the irreversibility rate of the boiler is higher than the irreversibility rates of the other components. It is due to the fact that the combustion reaction and its high temperature are the most significant sources of exergy destruction in the boiler system, which can be reduced by preheating the combustion air and reducing the air–fuel ratio. When the ambient temperature is increased from 5 to 24°C, the irreversibility rate of the boiler, turbine, feed water heaters, pumps and the total irreversibility rate of the plant are increased. In addition, as the load varies from 125 to 250 MW (i.e. full load) the exergy efficiency of the boiler and turbine, condenser and heaters are increased due to the fact that the power plant is designed for the full load. In the second part of the paper, the exergoeconomic analysis is done for each component of the power plant in order to calculate the cost of exergy destruction. The results show that the boiler has the highest cost of exergy destruction. In addition, an optimization procedure is developed for that power plant. The results show that by considering the decision variables, the cost of exergy destruction and purchase can be decreased by almost 17.11%. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

火电机组热力系统成本分布通用矩阵方程

基于成本理论建立了热力系统局部成本分析通用模型及火电机组热力系统成本分布的通用矩阵方程,并对某600MW机组的热力系统进行实例计算与分析,得到了额定工况下独立流的单位成本.结果表明：该方程构造规范,适用于各种不同的热力系统,可以用于分析热力系统中存在的共性规律;对于具体的热力系统,通过将一些必要的矩阵元素代入方程中,可得到独立流的单位成本和单位成本的分布规律,为机组的节能降耗提供指导;如果对方程进行进一步的微分运算分析,还可求出一些因素变化对单位成本影响的敏感度.     

Comprehensive exergetic and economic comparison of PWR and hybrid fossil fuel-PWR power plants

A typical 1000 MW Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant and two similar hybrid 1000 MW PWR plants operate with natural gas and coal fired fossil fuel superheater-economizers (Hybrid PWR-Fossil fuel plants) are compared exergetically and economically. Comparison is performed based on energetic and economic features of three systems. In order to compare system at their optimum operating point, three workable base case systems including the conventional PWR, and gas and coal fired hybrid PWR-Fossil fuel power plants considered and optimized in exergetic and exergoeconomic optimization scenarios, separately. The thermodynamic modeling of three systems is performed based on energy and exergy analyses, while an economic model is developed according to the exergoeconomic analysis and Total Revenue Requirement (TRR) method. The objective functions based on exergetic and exergoeconomic analyses are developed. The exergetic and exergoeconomic optimizations are performed using the Genetic Algorithm (GA). Energetic and economic features of exergetic and exergoeconomic optimized conventional PWR and gas and coal fired Hybrid PWR-Fossil fuel power plants are compared and discussed comprehensively.     

Performance assessment of a direct steam solar power plant with hydrogen energy storage: An exergoeconomic study

Power generation and its storage using solar energy and hydrogen energy systems is a promising approach to overcome serious challenges associated with fossil fuel-based power plants. In this study, an exergoeconomic model is developed to analyze a direct steam solar tower-hydrogen gas turbine power plant under different operating conditions. An on-grid solar power plant integrated with a hydrogen storage system composed of an electrolyser, hydrogen gas turbine and fuel cell is considered. When solar energy is not available, electrical power is generated by the gas turbine and the fuel cell utilizing the hydrogen produced by the electrolyser. The effects of different working parameters on the cycle performance during charging and discharging processes are investigated using thermodynamic analysis. The results indicate that increasing the solar irradiation by 36%, leads to 13% increase in the exergy efficiency of the cycle. Moreover, the mass flow rate of the heat transfer fluid in solar system has a considerable effect on the exergy cost of output power. Solar tower has the highest exergy destruction and capital investment cost. The highest exergoeconomic factor for the integrated cycle is 60.94%. The steam turbine and PEM electrolyser have the highest share of exergoeconomic factor i.e., 80.4% and 50%, respectively.     

高炉余能余热驱动的内可逆闭式布雷顿热电冷联产装置火用经济性能分析

用有限时间热力学理论研究恒温热源条件下由一个内可逆闭式布雷顿热机循环和一个内可逆四热源吸收式制冷循环组成的高炉余能余热驱动的热电冷联产装置的火用经济性能,导出热电冷联产装置的利润率和火用效率与压气机压比的关系。利用数值计算,分析热电比和吸收式制冷循环总放热量在吸收器和冷凝器之间的分配率对利润率与火用效率关系的影响,并研究联产装置各种参数对最大利润率及相应火用效率特性的影响。