空调换热器用铜表面亲水涂层的制备及性能

在空调换热器铜表面涂覆亲水层可以提高换热器的换热效率。选用丙烯酸乳液作为底层防腐蚀成膜物,硅溶胶、聚丙烯酰胺作为亲水层成膜物,采用两步法在铜管表面形成耐腐蚀亲水涂层,通过单因素试验筛选出最佳制备工艺条件,并对涂层耐蚀、亲水、耐热等性能及形貌进行测试。结果表明:最佳工艺为丙烯酸乳液含量为20%,硅溶胶含量为15%,聚丙烯酰胺含量为0.30%;亲水涂层的初期水接触角为4.72°,空调用冷却液中浸泡72h后失重率为0.056 57%,水接触角变为15.82°,150℃烘烤10 h后水接触角为9.01°,亲水涂层表面干燥后有细小的裂纹,但整体上仍具有良好的亲水性、耐蚀性、耐热性及附着力。     

自清洁聚氯乙烯型材的制备与性能

用硅丙乳液与纳米SiO2粒子在聚氯乙烯(PVC)型材表面制备了仿生自清洁涂层,采用扫描电镜、接触角表征了其低表面能、微-纳米粗糙结构。研究发现,当纳米SiO2含量为1.00%时,PVC型材表面涂层的接触角为151°,构成了超疏水表面。经集灰和耐玷污性实验发现,水滴能将面涂涂层的PVC型材表面的炭黑带走,涂层具有防污自清洁性能。耐候性研究表明,面涂涂层的PVC型材在老化10 d后,其总色差ΔE变化为8.61,具有优异的抗紫外老化性能,而没有涂层的PVC型材总色差变化为30.67,延长了户外PVC建筑型材的使用寿命。     

环氧底漆表面合成超疏水涂层减阻性能研究

采用大气压冷弧等离子体射流在防腐涂料表面制备了超疏水涂层。利用接触角仪对涂层的疏水性能进行了检测,并利用扫描电镜、能量色散谱对涂层表面形貌和化学成分进行了表征,采用差压流阻测试仪研究了等离子处理前后试样表面的减阻效果。结果表明,经等离子体射流处理后的涂层表面水接触角大于160°,滚动角小于5°,且该超疏水涂层在大气中具有良好的稳定性。流阻测试实验证明等离子射流处理后的试样表面减阻率最大可达16.5%。涂层具有微米和纳米凸起的二元复合结构,大幅度降低了涂层的表面能,二元结构中形成的空气层,将固体与液体之间的摩擦转化为气体与液体之间的摩擦,有效降低了水在超疏水涂层表面的运动阻力。     

溶胶-凝胶法超疏水含氟硅聚氨酯丙烯酸酯/SiO2杂化涂层的制备

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)为前驱体,在含氟硅聚氨酯丙烯酸酯(FSiPUA)复合乳液中采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了超疏水杂化涂层。考察了MTES/TEOS的摩尔比和FSiPUA复合乳液用量等对涂层表面粗糙度、疏水性、成膜性等表面性能的影响。通过扫描电镜和接触角仪表征了涂层的微观结构及疏水性,利用马尔文粒度分析仪和傅里叶红外光谱仪分析了二氧化硅(SiO2)的平均粒径和化学结构。结果表明,随着MTES/TEOS摩尔比增加,杂化涂层的表面粗糙度逐渐下降,疏水性先增大后减小;随着FSiPUA复合乳液用量增加,涂层的成膜性逐渐变好;当(TEOS+MTES)∶C2H5OH∶NH3·H2O∶AMP-95的摩尔比为1∶6.67∶1.83∶0.24,MTES/TEOS摩尔比值为5,FSiPUA复合乳液用量为20%时,涂层具有超疏水特性,其水接触角(WCA)和滚动角(SA)分别为161.5°和2.8°,涂层表面对水滴具有优异的不粘附性。     

水性聚苯胺/叔氟丙烯酸酯复合防腐涂层的制备及性能

为研究水性聚苯胺/叔氟丙烯酸酯（PANI/VFAc）复合涂层对Q235钢防腐蚀性能的影响,首先,以叔碳酸乙烯酯（Veova 10）和甲基丙烯酸十二氟庚酯（DFMA）为功能单体合成了VFAc乳液,并将其与PANI乳液混合后涂刷在Q235钢表面,制备了PANI/VFAc复合涂层;然后,采用TEM和FTIR对VFAc的结构进行了表征,采用XPS和接触角（CA）研究了复合涂层的表面性能,采用电化学方法研究了不同改性丙烯酸酯乳液对复合涂层防腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:PANI/VFAc复合涂层的水接触角为97.56°,湿附着力等级为0,涂层表现出较好的疏水性;其腐蚀电流密度为8.72×10-8 A·cm-2,电化学阻抗达到106 Ω·cm2。所得结论表明PANI/VFAc复合涂层对Q235钢具有良好的防腐蚀性能。      

核壳型含氟丙烯酸酯乳液的制备及其氟碳涂料涂层的性能

向聚丙烯酸酯聚合物中同时加入侧链取向向外的含氟单体及长碳链十八醇酯,可提高涂层的耐水、耐油及耐候性。采用半连续种子乳液聚合法,合成了一种核壳型含氟丙烯酸酯(FPAE)乳液。采用红外光谱(IR)、透射电微镜(TEM)、粒度分布仪及电位仪等对其性能进行了测试与表征。将FPAE乳液与纳米Ti O2及各种助剂等复配制成氟碳涂料,对涂料涂层性能进行了综合评价。结果表明:FPAF具有预期的核壳结构,乳液平均粒径为114nm,Zeta电位为-54.8 m V;氟碳涂层表面与水的静态接触角可达113°,耐水性、耐酸碱性、硬度、附着力等优良。     

水性氟碳涂料的制备及其性能

核壳型氟代聚丙烯酸酯乳液、丙烯酸树脂、纳米粒子构成的氟碳涂料所得涂层具有优良的自清洁性能,过去对其研究不够。以过硫酸铵为引发剂,阴/非离子表面活性剂为复合乳化剂,采用半连续种子乳液共聚法,将丙烯酸丁酯(BA)、苯乙烯(ST)及γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MPMS)与甲基丙烯酸十二氟庚酯(DFMA)于水相中制备了一种核壳型含氟硅聚丙烯酸酯乳液,与丙烯酸树脂、纳米TiO2等制备了氟碳涂料。利用红外光谱(IR)和透射电镜(TEM)对乳液主组分结构、乳胶粒形貌及粒径大小进行了表征和分析,考察了固化温度、乳液用量对涂层性能的影响。结果表明:合成乳液的乳胶粒呈规则球状,具有核壳结构,平均粒径约为100 nm;当乳液用量为45 g、固化温度为160℃时,所得涂层性能最佳,与水的接触角达133°,具有较好的自清洁性。     

PTFE/epoxy全有机超疏水涂层制备EI北大核心CSCD

采用纳米粒子构筑微-纳粗糙结构制备的超疏水涂层一般存在抗水流冲击能力差的缺点,极大限制了其户外应用前景。利用环氧树脂和聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)纳米粒子,通过喷涂和模压两种工艺分别制备低声阻系数的全有机超疏水涂层,基于水流冲击破坏机理设计实验分析涂层的抗水流冲击性能,并与商用超疏水涂层对比。结果表明:PTFE粒子为70%(质量分数,下同)时,其疏水性能最佳,静态接触角为164.13°,滚动角为3°;PTFE粒子为75%时,其抗水流冲击性能最佳,在被速度为22.77 m/s的水流冲击后接触角仍达到154.62°;与喷涂法相比,模压法能进一步提高涂层的抗水冲击性能。本研究所制备的全有机超疏水涂层同时还具有良好的附着性能和耐磨性能,在进行25次黏附剥离实验后涂层表面接触角为150.51°,滚动角为4°,在进行20次磨损实验后涂层表面接触角为149.21°,滚动角为9°。     

PTFE/epoxy全有机超疏水涂层制备

采用纳米粒子构筑微-纳粗糙结构制备的超疏水涂层一般存在抗水流冲击能力差的缺点,极大限制了其户外应用前景。利用环氧树脂和聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)纳米粒子,通过喷涂和模压两种工艺分别制备低声阻系数的全有机超疏水涂层,基于水流冲击破坏机理设计实验分析涂层的抗水流冲击性能,并与商用超疏水涂层对比。结果表明:PTFE粒子为70%(质量分数,下同)时,其疏水性能最佳,静态接触角为164.13°,滚动角为3°;PTFE粒子为75%时,其抗水流冲击性能最佳,在被速度为22.77 m/s的水流冲击后接触角仍达到154.62°;与喷涂法相比,模压法能进一步提高涂层的抗水冲击性能。本研究所制备的全有机超疏水涂层同时还具有良好的附着性能和耐磨性能,在进行25次黏附剥离实验后涂层表面接触角为150.51°,滚动角为4°,在进行20次磨损实验后涂层表面接触角为149.21°,滚动角为9°。     

复合氟化改性制备EP-ZnO纳米超疏水涂层的研究

风力发电机叶片覆冰严重影响风机安全经济运行,高质量的超疏水防冰涂层是当前研究的热点之一.本实验采用复合氟化改性的方法分别对环氧树脂(EP)和固化剂进行氟化改性,同时通过ZnO纳米颗粒对涂层表面结构进行修饰制备EP?ZnO纳米复合超疏水涂层,并研究了涂层的疏水性、耐磨性和抗冲击性能.研究结果表明,复合氟化改性能有效提高涂层的疏水性能,其接触角为150°,滚动角为6°;经过ZnO纳米颗粒对涂层表面结构修饰后涂层的接触角达158°,滚动角为3°.涂层具有良好的粘附力、稳定的抗冲击能力和耐磨性能,在磨损实验过后,涂层仍能保持较高的疏水性能.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...