Measurement of masculine and feminine sex role identities as independent dimensions.

Recent trends in conceptualizing sex role behavior have emphasized the independent development of masculinity and femininity. This has required a logical extension of sex role outcomes from the bipolar alternatives of being masculine or feminine to a quadripolar typology in which sex roles could develop as masculine and feminine, masculine and not feminine, feminine and not masculine, or neither masculine nor feminine. Investigation of this extended typology requires a masculinity-femininity scaling technique that provides independent measures of the 2 dimensions. The present study, employing 1,383 college Ss, presents evidence regarding the psychometric properties of the Masculinity and Femininity scales of the Adjective Check List, developed from the parent Masculinity-Femininity Scale by F. Cosentino and A. B. Heilbrun especially for the purpose of independent measurement. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Primordial structures of feminine maturation as reflected in fairy tales. Contribution to the anthropology of sexuality]

Two maturation fairy-tales with a high resonance effect are analysed. The method of interpretation was that of depth psychology, with observation of results of modern biological-anthropological research. The interpretation revealed 'hymenal' or retarding primary structures in the young female subject. These structures postpone the onset of sexual desires to the time after the defloration.     

The sanctuary of sobriety: the emergence of temperance as a feminine virtue in Tudor and Stuart England

Polyclonal antibodies were used to localize structural cell-wall proteins in differentiating protoxylem elements in etiolated bean and soybean hypocotyls at the light- and electron-microscopic level. A proline-rich protein was localized in the lignified secondary walls, but not in the primary walls of protoxylem elements, which remain unlignified, as shown with lignin-specific antibodies. Secretion of the proline-rich protein was observed during lignification in different cell types. A glycine-rich protein (GRP1.8) was specifically localized in the modified primary walls of mature protoxylem elements and in cell corners between xylem elements and xylem parenchyma cells. The protein was secreted by Golgi bodies both in protoxylem cells after the lignification of their secondary walls and in the surrounding xylem parenchyma cells. The modified primary walls of protoxylem elements were visualized under the light microscope as filaments or sheets staining distinctly with the protein stain Coomassie blue. Electron micrographs of these walls show that they are composed of an amorphous material of moderate electron-density and of polysaccharide microfibrils. These materials form a three-dimensional network, interconnecting the ring- or spiral-shaped secondary wall thickenings of protoxylem elements and xylem parenchyma cells. The results demonstrate that the modified primary walls of protoxylem cells are not simply breakdown products due to partial hydrolysis and passive elongation, as believed until now. Extensive repair processes produces cell walls with unique staining properties. It is concluded that these walls are unusually rich in protein and therefore have special chemical and physical properties.     

Interpersonal phenomena in the Rorschachs of extremely feminine boys.

The Rorschachs of 14 feminine boys were intensively studied. Relative to the records of normal subjects, feminine boys displayed an inordinate investment in quasi-human at the expense of fully human responses. When percepts had individuals in interaction, the preponderance of these interactions were malevolent. Boundary disturbances, as indicated by lapses of thought organization, were commonplace. Females were frequently represented in idealized, stereotypical, or caricatured ways. Lastly, overt gender confusion was seen in single percepts of humans. It is proposed that these results provide evidence of severely disturbed internalized object representations. As such, boyhood femininity is inextricably linked to psychopathology and not a secondary consequence of peer rejection, as has been argued by others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

How strong is the feminine drive to high position?

Suggests that female professionals cling to basic orientations, limiting their upward movement. Examples are provided of how women in France, Israel, the UK, and the US conform to a chosen sex role. The role of women in the academic world is discussed, with the conclusion that highly motivated women will win rewards despite the handicaps of their sex. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Masculine and feminine traits: Their relation to suitedness for and success in training for traditionally masculine and feminine army functions.

Evidence in support of the androgyny, masculinity, and congruence models is compared in a study of 200 men and 299 women training for traditionally masculine and feminine army functions. Ss rated their chances for success in and suitedness for functions for which they were being trained, and responded to the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. At the end of training they were rated by peers and training officers. Men rated themselves more likely to succeed than did women and had higher officer and peer ratings. Suitedness self-ratings were higher for sex-typed and androgynous men and cross-sex-typed women. Androgynous men and women, sex-typed men, and cross-sex-typed women saw themselves as most likely to succeed. Officers' ratings favored the sex-typed. Men and women high in masculinity had better self- and peer ratings than did those low in masculinity. These results lend most support to the masculinity model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self as an organized system of valuations: Toward a dialogue with the person.

Suggests that in describing the self as an organized system of valuations, the concept valuation refers to anything a person finds important in his/her everyday situation. A self-confrontation method is described in detail as a means of making a person's system of valuations explicit, with due regard to its affective properties. The method shows how the system is organized and reorganized over the course of time. This procedure is illustrated in a longitudinal case study of a 31-yr-old woman with an identity problem who spontaneously changed her name in the process of solving this problem. Essential for the proposed method of investigation is that the person has the position of self-investigator and reflects on his/her experiences in dialogical relationship with the psychologist. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sexual education and contentment with the feminine sexual role (author's transl)]

The correlation of sexual education during childhood and the later contentment with the feminine sexual role was quantitively tested for its statistical significance. The data were collected for 386 women with a questionnaire and psychometric testing. Contentment with the feminine sexual role showed correlations to the age of the first sexual education (p smaller than 0.01), to the quality of the sexual education (p smaller than 0.05) and to the experience of the individual sexuality during adolescence (p smaller than 0.05). The earlier and the more positive the sex education the higher was the contentment with the own sexual role. Women who were most content with their presently experienced sexuality were also most content with their social role (p smaller than 0.01). Of importance in the discussion of the results were relationships between the contentment with the sexual role and the age (p smaller than 0.05), neurotic personality traits (p smaller than 0.01), obesity (p smaller than 0.01), psychosomatic complaints (p smaller than 0.05) and the present state of health (p smaller than 0.001). These results are of practical importance for sexual councelling in gynaecology.     

Correlates of preschool girls' feminine and masculine toy preferences.

Observed 47 preschool girls (2.5–4 yrs old) in social interaction with boys and girls. For young Ss, feminine toy preference was positively related to interaction with girls, whereas masculine toy choice was positively associated with interaction with boys. For older girls, feminine toy choice was positively related to interaction with girls. Large, older girls tended to play with masculine toys. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Promoting remyelination as a future therapeutic principle in multiple sclerosis?

Certain factors have been studied that might influence whether interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or interleukin-4 (IL-4) will predominate in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). ELISA was used to measure cytokine protein, and PCR was used to quantitate mRNA. It was found that induction with plant lectins produced greater yields of IFN-gamma than induction with ionophores, but ionophores alone produced at least equal yields of IL-4 as did lectins. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) greatly enhanced IFN yields in the presence of ionophores but had no significant influence on IL-4 production. Calcium-independent cytokine induction using anti-CD28 and PMA resulted in production of both cytokines, whereas depletion of extracellular calcium and magnesium adversely influenced the yield of both IL-4 and IFN-gamma. Finally, calmidazolium, an inhibitor of calmodulin, had an enhancing effect on IFN-gamma yields when phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was the inducer and an adverse effect when A23187 was the inducer. In contrast, calmidazolium reduced IL-4 yields with both PHA and A23187 induction.     

造就自我的企业文化

论述了要造就自我的企业文化,就要努力去造就光辉的企业立体形象,即：企业的物质形象、精神形象及行为形象。并应以此作为企业文化的战略目标,以抓复合名牌效应为战术原则。     

Self-Esteem and Favoritism Toward Novel In-Groups: The Self as an Evaluative Base.

The self-as-evaluative base (SEB) hypothesis proposes that self-evaluation extends automatically via an amotivated consistency process to affect evaluation of novel in-groups. Four minimal group studies support SEB. Personal trait self-esteem (PSE) predicted increased favoritism toward a novel in-group that, objectively, was equivalent to the out-group (Study 1). This association was independent of information-processing effects (Study 1), collective self-esteem, right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), and narcissism (Studies 2 and 3). A self-affirmation manipulation attenuated the association between in-group favoritism and an individual difference associated with motivated social identity concerns (RWA) but did not alter the PSE effect (Study 3). Finally, the association between PSE and in-group favoritism remained positive even when the in-group was objectively less favorable than the out-group (Study 4). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"It's the End of the World as We Know It": Threat and the Spatial-Symbolic Self.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 86(2) of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (see record 2007-16903-001). The article contained two errors. On page 35, second column, line 14, two of the word fragments are notated incorrectly. The word shown as s[k]ull should be sk[u]ll, and the word shown as as[h]es should be as[h]e[s].] According to amoebic self theory, the boundary defining the self encompasses 3 levels of self-representation--bodily, social, and spatial-symbolic. Study 1 related a newly developed measure of individual differences in sensitivity to boundary threat across these 3 domains to values and disgust sensitivity. Four subsequent studies focused on spatial-symbolic threat sensitivity and related it to right-wing authoritarianism, aversive reactions to unfamiliar out-groups, and revulsion to vermin. A final experiment illustrates how a salient spatial-symbolic threat (dust mites) can elicit reactions toward out-groups that closely parallel mortality salience effects observed in research inspired by terror management theory, even though dust mites do not elicit mortality concerns. The importance of preserving the familiar in order to preserve the self is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self psychology since Kohut

The changes in psychoanalytic self psychology since its origination by Heinz Kohut are described as differences in three branches: the traditional, the intersubjective, and the relational. Each claims both a distinctiveness and a major influence within self psychology. These are described and contrasted. It is suggested that an effort to integrate all three is premature, and that they will continue to grow separately.