Effect of laser shock processing on residual stress and fatigue behavior of 6061-T651 aluminum alloy

Laser shock processing is a very new technique and an emerging modem process that generates compressive stresses much deeper into the surfaces of metals or alloys. A brief parametric study of the effect of laser parameters on fatigue behavior and residual stress state generated in 6061-T651 alloy specimens was summarized. Residual stress of 6061-T651 alloy was analyzed both before and after laser processing with multishocks. The material remains in compressive residual stress of approximate 1 mm in depth which is approximately 10 times deeper than that can be achieved with the conventional technique, and the maximal compressive residual stress at the surface of the sample is about -350MPa. Near the surface, yield strength and hardness are found to be increased by the laser shock. The ratio of fatigue crack initiation life for the laser-shocked to unshocked specimens is found to be 4.9 for specimens. The results clearly show that LSP is an effective surface treatment technique for improving the fatigue performance of aluminum alloys.     

Effects of surface preparation on pitting resistance, residual stress, and stress corrosion cracking in austenitic stainless steels

Surface finishing treatments such as shot blasting and wire brushing can be beneficial in improving the integrity of machined surfaces of austenitic stainless steels. These operations optimize in-service properties such as resistance to pitting corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In this study, ground steel surfaces were subjected to a series of sand blasting and wire brushing treatments. The surfaces were then characterized by their hardness, surface residual stress state, and resistance to stress corrosion and pitting corrosion. Some samples were selected for depth profiling of residual stress. It is found that surface hardening and the generation of near-surface compressive residual stress are the benefits that can be introduced by sand blasting and brushing operations.     

喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺对钛合金疲劳性能的影响

目的提高钛合金的疲劳性能。方法采用喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺对TC4钛合金进行了表面加工处理。对未加工试样、经过喷丸处理后的试样和经过喷丸与振动光整加工工艺处理后的试样,分别进行了表面粗糙度、表面层残余应力测试,并对三种状态下的试样进行了旋转弯曲疲劳试验。对比了不同工艺处理后试样的表面粗糙度、表层残余应力及疲劳强度。结果与喷丸工艺相比,采用喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺对试样进行处理后,试样的表面残余压应力值提高了39 MPa,残余压应力峰值、残余压应力层的厚度略有降低。喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺在不明显改变试样残余压应力场的条件下,使试样的表面粗糙度得到大幅降低。疲劳试验结果表明,喷丸工艺使TC4钛合金的疲劳强度提高了16.3%,喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺使TC4的疲劳强度提高了23.8%,比喷丸后TC4钛合金的疲劳强度高出7.5%。结论在喷丸工艺的基础上,喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺通过改善TC4钛合金的表面完整性,使TC4钛合金的疲劳强度得到进一步提高。     

喷丸强化后30CrMnSiNi2A钢表面完整性对其抗疲劳性能的影响*

采用气动式喷丸机对铣削加工和磨削加工的30CrMnSiNi2A钢疲劳试样进行喷丸强化处理,利用扫描电镜、表面粗糙度仪和X射线应力测试仪分别对试样的表面形貌、粗糙度和残余应力进行测试,并对不同表面状态的试样进行疲劳试验,分析表面完整性对其疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明:该钢铣削加工时易在表面留下撕裂、鳞刺和折皱等加工缺陷,导致严重的应力集中,试样疲劳寿命较低;喷丸强化处理能有效降低铣削加工试样的表面粗糙度,增加残余压应力水平,从而提高了其疲劳寿命。磨削试样喷丸处理后试样表面残余应力增大,但表面质量大幅下降,疲劳寿命略有降低。     

Effect of prestraining on Barkhausen noise vs. stress relation

Mild steel specimens were uniaxially strained in tension at strain levels varying from 0.5 to 10% followed by X-ray diffraction residual stress and Barkhausen noise (BN) measurements. After this tension and compression loading was applied to the specimens. BN measurements were carried out during the whole reloading sequence. These measurements showed that prestrain increased the tensile stress value at which the BN saturated. The linear range of the stress vs. BN curve shifted towards the tensile stress range as a function of prestrain. In the linear range the stress sensitivity remained unchanged despite the prestrain. The obtained stress vs. BN relation was used in the residual stress measurements of a welded tube segment. The residual stress values measured by the BN were compared to X-ray diffraction residual stress values. When the BN values were within the linear range of the stress vs. BN curve, the BN residual stress values agreed quite well with the X-ray diffraction residual stress values.     

激光冲击强化对W6Mo5Cr4V2高速钢材料表面性能的影响

目的研究激光冲击强化处理对W6Mo5Cr4V2(M2)高速钢材料表面性能的影响机理,探讨激光冲击强化处理可否作为提高M2高速钢刀具使用寿命的一种手段。方法以铝箔作为表面吸收层、流水作为约束层,采用高功率钕玻璃激光冲击系统对M2高速钢试样进行激光冲击强化处理,然后用砂纸对试样表面打磨,用研磨膏抛光表面,用硝酸酒精溶液浸蚀金相试样。分别用金相显微镜和扫描电镜对被冲击试样强化层的微观组织进行观察及分析,用显微硬度计测量激光冲击前后试样表层材料的显微硬度,用X射线应力测定仪测量激光冲击后试样表面的残余应力。结果当采用的激光波长为1064 nm、激光能量为9 J、光斑直径为3 mm、脉宽12 ns、激光功率密度为12.7 GW/cm~2时,M2高速钢材料强化层中的奥氏体晶粒显著细化,形成位错马氏体与孪晶马氏体的混合组织,M2试样表面硬度较激光冲击处理前提高约6.67%左右。试样表面获得了约1.0 mm深的残余压应力层,最大残余压应力在表层,约为-155 MPa。结论激光冲击强化处理在一定程度上改善了M2高速钢材料的表面性能,有利于提高M2高速钢刀具的切削性能与使用寿命。     

激光冲击强化对7050-T7451铝合金残余应力和力学性能的影响

对7050-T7451铝合金试样进行激光冲击强化,研究不同激光功率密度和冲击次数对铝合金残余应力和性能的影响.试验结果表明:激光冲击强化可以有效提高试样表面显微硬度,且硬度随着冲击次数的增加而增大,最高达172 HV0.05,较未强化试样提高了17％,硬度影响层深度可达750μm.当激光功率密度为7.28 GW/cm2...     

背反射增效激光X形焊缝焊接残余应力的数值分析

以1.5 mm厚的TC4钛合金薄板为对象,建立了背反射增效激光焊接成形过程的三维瞬态有限元模型,基于熔池温度场通过间接耦合方式获得了X形焊接成形的应力场.结果表明,在常规激光焊接仅能获得V形焊缝的激光工艺参数下,背反射增效激光焊接可获得对称性好的X形焊缝;同时,其焊缝上表面纵向残余应力与常规激光焊接基本一致,但其焊缝下表面纵向残余应力较常规激光焊接要大,且达到了上表面纵向残余应力相同的水平;此外,不同线能量下背反射增效激光焊纵向残余应力的变化很小,表明背反射增效激光焊接的线能量对其焊接残余应力影响的敏感度较低.     

线偏振激光斜冲击实验与理论研究

目的研究激光冲击强化中冲击角度对强化效果的影响。方法采用波长为1064 nm、脉冲能量为7 J、脉冲宽度为12 ns的YAG激光器对TC4钛合金表面进行冲击强化处理,得到经不同偏振方向、冲击角度冲击后的材料的表面形貌、硬度和残余应力。通过菲涅耳定律分析了不同偏振光斜冲击加工效果的差异。结果随着冲击角度的增大,冲击后形成的微坑深度逐渐减少,且正交偏振光减少的程度大于平行偏振光减少的程度,在超过30°的时候尤为明显。随着冲击角度的增大,试样表面显微硬度逐渐下降,当用平行偏振光斜冲击时,硬度下降较慢;而用正交偏振光斜冲击且冲击角度超过15°时,硬度下降较快。随着冲击角度增加,由于"残余应力洞"的影响,中心残余压应力值先增大后减少。结论在一定情形下,选用一定角度的斜冲击可以有效避免残余应力洞的产生。该研究得到的结论可以为复杂结构件激光冲击强化冲击轨迹规划提供一定的参考。     

激光冲击强化对焊缝组织性能影响的研究进展

激光冲击强化(LSP)是一种典型的非弹丸撞击式表面强化技术,可有效提高金属材料的抗疲劳能力、抗腐蚀能力、金属耐磨性能和使用寿命,具有应变率高、效率高、强化效果好等优点。焊缝质量直接影响了焊接件的合格率,而焊缝强化一直是一个比较难的挑战。首先,介绍了激光冲击强化的加工原理,总结了激光冲击强化的影响参数及条件,包括激光功率密度、约束层和吸收层、激光冲击次数、光斑搭接率以及激光脉宽。控制强化工艺参数可以使焊缝显微硬度提升50%、残余压应力提升65%以上,大幅度提升抗拉强度,降低疲劳裂纹扩展。其次,综述了国内外研究人员运用激光冲击强化技术对不同材料焊缝强化的研究与应用,重点论述了激光冲击强化对焊缝力学性能和显微组织的显著强化效果,与未强化试样对比,强化后试样的各项性能明显提升。其中针对力学性能,详细分析了显微硬度、残余应力和疲劳裂纹扩展的变化情况,结合残余应力的理论研究、仿真分析、试验论证以及显微组织变化情况,认为激光冲击强化导致马氏体组织发生了碎化,提高了硬度,产生了残余压应力,引起了晶粒细化,进而有效控制了疲劳裂纹扩展,阻止了裂纹产生,提升了疲劳寿命。通过激光冲击强化不同工艺参数的协同作用,可以获得较高的残余压应力和硬度,引起动态再结晶、晶粒细化等微观组织演变以及位错运动,使焊缝力学性能和显微组织产生相互影响。分析认为,激光冲击强化技术是焊缝强化的有效焊接后处理工艺。最后,展望了激光冲击强化技术在焊缝强化领域中的应用前景。     

激光冲击处理后X80焊接接头表面质量对腐蚀性能的影响

利用激光冲击波对X80管线钢焊接接头进行强化处理,用金相显微镜、光学轮廓仪分析激光冲击处理前后金相组织与表面粗糙度,并用应力测试仪测试了激光冲击处理前后残余应力和残余奥氏体的变化,分析了激光冲击波改善焊接接头表面质量的机理.结果表明,激光冲击处理后焊接接头表面晶粒细化,表面粗糙度有所提高;激光冲击处理形成了残余压应力,残余奥氏体向马氏体转化;激光冲击处理后表面粗糙度和残余奥氏体对慢拉伸性能的影响起主要作用,内积功下降3.8%;激光冲击处理后应力腐蚀敏感指数I_SCC由50.94%下降至45.10%,残余压应力和晶粒细化是提高其抗应力腐蚀的主要机制.     

2024铝合金薄板激光冲击波加载的实验研究

采用高功率激光束单次冲击3种厚度(1.3 mm,1.7 mm,2.1 mm)的2024铝合金薄板靶材,利用STSS-1应力检测模块采集靶材背面应变片的动态与静态应变信号,并用XRD技术检测了靶材表面残余应力.建立了2024铝合金薄板靶材激光冲击波加载模型,并利用该模型描述了靶材内部应力波结构及传播规律,解释了冲击区域残余拉应力产生的原因.结果表明,激光冲击2024铝合金薄板靶材时,激光诱导的冲击波和约束层对冲击波的反射波透射到靶材内部各部位的应力波具有不同的特性和强度变化规律.激光功率密度远超出2024铝合金最佳激光功率密度范围和靶材厚度较薄这2个条件同时存在是冲击区域残余拉应力产生的根源所在.     

激光喷丸Ti17叶片前缘的抗FOD性能模拟研究

为研究激光冲击强化（LSP）叶片前缘抗外物损伤（FOD）性能,设计截面尺寸近似叶片前缘的缺口模拟件,采用YAG激光器（30 J和15 ns）和方形光斑（4 mm×4 mm）对TC17模拟件的缺口尖端进行双面LSP。采用X射线衍射仪、透射电镜、高频疲劳试验机和扫描电镜分别对LSP前后的残余应力、微观组织、疲劳性能和疲劳断口进行测试分析。与未强化缺口模拟件相比,LSP-TC17合金的表面残余压应力最大值为-403 MPa。LSP-TC17合金表面形成高密度位错、孪晶和纳米晶。LSP-TC17缺口模拟件的疲劳强度提高55.6 %。TC17缺口模拟件的疲劳强化机理为高幅残余压应力和表面纳米晶。研究结果为LSP-FOD叶片奠定理论基础并提供工艺参考。     

Role of surface finishing on pitting corrosion of a duplex stainless steel in seawater

Localized corrosion of duplex UNS S32550 stainless steel in seawater was investigated in the laboratory and in field trials for several surface finish conditions: polished, ground, and sandblasted. Electrochemical data obtained by polarization curves showed that the smoother, polished surface had better characteristics (higher pitting and protection potentials) than the ground or sandblasted surfaces. However, despite its high degree of roughness, the sandblasted surface was the most resistant in field conditions, exhibiting the lowest number of sites attacked. Internal compressive stresses created by sandblasting seem also to have an “unsensitizing” effect on sensitized zones that exist in cast steel (due to repairs of mold defects), reducing its susceptibility to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Such stresses are not generated in polished or ground surfaces, and localized MIC attack can occur.     

激光冲击工艺对钛合金疲劳寿命的影响

研究激光加工工艺对Ti6A14V航空钛合金叶片表面粗糙度和残余应力的影响，并分析影响表面质量的激光加工工艺参数；探讨表面粗糙度和表面残余应力对叶片疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明，采用激光冲击航空叶片，叶片表面残余压应力大大增强，从而使得其抗疲劳破坏能力增强，而表面粗糙度减小；在激光脉冲功率允许的范围内，选择合适的冲击参数能有效降低叶片表面粗糙度，而表面残余压应力对疲劳寿命的影响起主导作用。     

低功率激光辐照对弯曲成形件表面残余应力的影响

目的 针对航空铝合金构件维修加工后存在残余拉应力,进而影响部件使用寿命的难题,研究一种基于低能量输入激光辐照消减构件表面残余应力的方法.方法 采用激光辐照材料残余应力集中区域,通过激光热作用诱导弹性内能转化为塑性功,从而降低残余应力.为了验证该方法的可行性,对2A12铝合金试样进行四点弯曲加载,通过不均匀塑性变形产生残余应力,再通过激光扫描应力集中区域诱导表面残余应力局部释放.结果 采用X射线衍射法测量表面残余应力的结果表明,激光扫描后,试样表面的残余拉应力完全消除,当激光功率增大到95 W时,残余应力可以消除77％左右.通过理论分析和微观形貌对比,发现材料在激光辐照前后并没有相变.通过分析材料Al(311)晶面X射线衍射峰半高宽的变化,发现激光辐照使材料表面位错密度下降,随着激光功率增大,位错密度下降幅度增大,这也是残余应力降低的原因之一.结论 在不改变材料微观组织的前提下,采用低功率激光辐照可以显著降低材料表面残余应力分布.     

Laser gas assisted treatment of pre-prepared high strength low alloy steel surface

A carbon film containing 5% volume fraction of TiC particles is formed using the phenolic resin on the workpiece surfaces prior to laser treatment process. The microstructural and morphological changes in the laser treated region are examined by optical and scanning electron microscopes, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The residual stress formed at the surface vicinity is obtained using the X-ray diffraction technique. Temperature and stress fields developed during laser treatment process are simulated incorporating the finite element code. Temperature predictions are validated with the thermocouple measurements. It is found that laser treated surfaces are free from defects such as voids, cavities, and cracks. The formation of dense layer with fine grains and nitride compounds as well as presence of TiC particles at the surface vicinity significantly increases hardness of laser treated surface. The residual stress predicted at the surface vicinity agrees well with that obtained from the X-ray diffraction technique.     

Influence of microstructure on ultraprecision grinding of cemented carbides

The influence of microstructure on the ultraprecision grinding response of a series of cemented carbides for spherical mirrors was characterized by means of optical and laser interferometry, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Surface roughness, form accuracy, grinding-induced residual stress and material removal behaviors were studied as a function of tungsten carbide (WC) grain size. In connection with the removal mechanisms in ultraprecision grinding, microindentations performed on each material showed similar deformation patterns, all in the plastic regime. The microstructure of WC-Co materials was found to have little influence on the nanometre surface roughness and submicron form accuracy. However, the X-ray stress measurements indicated that the microstructure of carbide materials had a significant influence on the grinding-induced residual stresses; i.e. an increase in grinding-induced residual compressive stress with an decrease in WC grain size. No grinding-induced cracks were observed in the ground cemented carbide surfaces. The material removal in ultraprecision grinding was considered to occur within the ductile regime. The formation of microgrooves and plastic flow regions via slip bands of WC grains along the cobalt binder without visible resultant microfracturing of WC grains were the dominant removal mechanisms.     

Thermal fatigue behavior of medium carbon steel with striated non-smooth surface

Imitating the body surface morphology of some biological systems, the medium carbon steel specimens with biomimetic surface were manufactured by laser processing technique. The key feature of this biomimetic surface is to arrange a various spacing of striations to create a non-smooth working surface. The thermal fatigue behavior of specimens with different surfaces, i.e. the specimen with 2-mm-spacing striations, 4-mm-spacing striations and smooth surface, was investigated and compared. It was found that the biomimetic surface has a beneficial effect on improving the thermal fatigue behavior of medium carbon steel, and that the specimen with 2-mm-spacing striations had the highest resistance to thermal fatigue. Compared with the base material, the striation zone on the non-smooth surface was mainly characterized by the refinement of grains and the alteration of microstructure.

Based on such strengthening mechanism as well as the emergence of huge compressive residual stress in the striation zone, the pile–nail effect, which is proposed initially and can be explained by crack retardation mechanism together with stress counteraction mechanism, is the main reason for enhancing the thermal fatigue resistance of medium carbon steel with biomimetic surface.     

激光辅助氮化工艺中的开裂行为研究

目的研究激光辅助氮化过程中,氮化层的开裂行为。方法利用CO2激光辅助氮化的方法在钛合金表面制备氮化钛涂层,观察氮化层的宏观、微观形貌,分析组织结构特征,测定氮化层残余应力,研究基体厚度、激光扫描工艺参数对氮化层表面形貌和裂纹情况的影响。结果钛合金经单道或多道激光氮化后,表面形成非均匀氮化钛层,其显微结构为沿主干轴交叉生长的枝状晶组织,存在数量和尺寸不等的显微裂纹。较薄试样经单道激光氮化后,表面呈现较低的残余压应力状态,较厚试样则以拉应力为主;试样经多道激光氮化后,整个氮化区表面均呈现残余压应力状态。结论枝状氮化层与基体组织高度结合,不易脱落,但受基体约束作用,氮化层内的拉伸热应力导致其冷却过程中形成微裂纹。随着试样厚度和氮化面积的增加,较高的热应力使得裂纹密度和裂纹尺寸增加,严重影响氮化层的质量。残余应力是热应力和相变应力叠加的结果,对于多道激光氮化工艺而言,大面积氮化使得相变压应力增加,同时后热效应使得热应力降低,最终呈现出残余压应力状态。