Calculation and Study of Graphene Conductivity Based on Terahertz Spectroscopy

Based on terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system and two-dimensional scanning control system, terahertz transmission and reflection intensity mapping images on a graphene film are obtained, respectively. Then, graphene conductivity mapping images in the frequency range 0.5 to 2.5 THz are acquired according to the calculation formula. The conductivity of graphene at some typical regions is fitted by Drude-Smith formula to quantitatively compare the transmission and reflection measurements. The results show that terahertz reflection spectroscopy has a higher signal-to-noise ratio with less interference of impurities on the back of substrates. The effect of a red laser excitation on the graphene conductivity by terahertz time-domain transmission spectroscopy is also studied. The results show that the graphene conductivity in the excitation region is enhanced while that in the adjacent area is weakened which indicates carriers transport in graphene under laser excitation. This paper can make great contribution to the study on graphene electrical and optical properties in the terahertz regime and help design graphene terahertz devices.     

Amplitude Calibration in Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy Using Attenuation Standards

An amplitude calibration method for a terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system (THz-TDS) is proposed and demonstrated for transmittance measurement. The method is based on a direct comparison method using a terahertz attenuator as a reference standard. The measurement uncertainties of the THz-TDS are evaluated in transmittance measurements of metalized film attenuators as test samples. The relative expanded uncertainty is found to be 6.4–14.0% (k = 2) at 1 THz for transmittances ranging from 1 to 0.001. In addition, the calibration capability is extended to the available frequency range of the THz-TDS by considering spectral flatness of the reference standard. Validations of the method are also conducted by comparing the measurements between different systems, and it is confirmed that they agree well with each other.     

基于三维石墨烯的可拉伸太赫兹吸波材料

通过将三维石墨烯材料与聚二甲基硅氧烷薄膜相结合,设计并研制了一种宽带可拉伸的太赫兹波吸收材料,设计结构可以使三维石墨烯在聚二甲基硅氧烷层的保护下实现大幅度拉伸。实验结果表明,该吸波材料在0.2~1.1 THz的测试范围内有最高90%的吸收率,同时在20%的拉伸量下复合结构对太赫兹波吸收率基本保持不变,并且在去掉外力时材料样品的结构和性能均可恢复至原始状态。可拉伸太赫兹吸波材料具有带宽大、吸收率高、加工简单以及可大面积制备等优点,在太赫兹吸收器等领域中具有潜在的应用价值。     

复合石墨烯/硅半球的宽带太赫兹超材料吸收器

提出了一种性能可调的宽带、极化与入射角不敏感的超材料太赫兹吸收器,该吸收器自上而下分为四层结构,分别是:硅半椭球/半球体复合结构、连续石墨烯层、PDMS介质层和金属背板。通过在TE波垂直入射条件下仿真,在已知结果基础上,对不同石墨烯化学势和不同结构条件下的电场结果分析表明,在硅半椭球/半球体亚波长复合结构所形成的连续、多模法布里-珀罗共振,以及由石墨烯所激发的多个离散的等离子体共振的协同作用下,其吸收光谱得到平滑和扩展,使该结构可实现吸收率宽范围可调,以及接近100%吸收率的宽频带吸收特性。特别的,当石墨烯化学势分别为0.2与0.9 eV时,其分别可获得约5.7 THz与7 THz的宽带太赫兹波吸收（吸收率超过90％）,且其最大吸收率接近完美吸收（约99.8％）。此外,该结构还具有360°极化不敏感和高于60°的入射角不敏感等优异特性,在以上角度范围内,吸收器吸收率仍可保持到90%以上。在太赫兹波探测、光谱成像以及隐身技术等方面具有潜在的应用前景。     

偏振选择可调谐双带太赫兹吸收器

提出并研究了一种偏振选择可调谐双带太赫兹吸收器。吸收器由顶层方形劈裂石墨烯环、中间SiO₂介质层以及底层金反射层组成。基于时域有限差分法的仿真结果显示,该吸收器在不同偏振光入射下均可以实现双带高效率吸收。x偏振光时在7.86和12.63THz处的吸收率分别为97.9%和91.2%;y偏振光时在6.30和10.52THz处的吸收率分别为94.1%和93.2%。通过改变石墨烯费米能级,可以对两个偏振的双带吸收峰波长进行调谐。此外,研究了介质层厚度和石墨烯劈裂环的物理参数对共振吸收峰的影响。因为在两个偏振状态下都能产生双带高吸收,所以此吸收器在太赫兹偏振成像、太赫兹传感、选择性光谱检测和偏振复用等领域有重要的潜在应用价值。     

Compact High-Repetition-Rate Monochromatic Terahertz Source Based on Difference Frequency Generation from a Dual-Wavelength Nd:YAG Laser and DAST Crystal

Although high-repetition-rate dual-wavelength Nd:YAG lasers at 1319 and 1338 nm have been realized for quite a long time, we have employed it in generating monochromatic terahertz (THz) wave in this paper for the first time. The dual-wavelength laser was LD-end-pumped and acousto-optically (AO) Q-switched with the output power of watt level operating at different repetition rates from 5.5 to 30 kHz. Using a 0.6-mm-thick organic nonlinear crystal DAST for difference frequency generation (DFG), a compact terahertz source was achieved at 3.28 THz. The maximum average output power was about 0.58 μW obtained at a repetition rate of 5.5 kHz, corresponding to the conversion efficiency of about 6.4?×?10^?7. The output power scaling is still feasible with higher pump power and a longer nonlinear DFG crystal. Owing to the compactness of the dual-wavelength laser and the nonlinear crystal, a palm-top terahertz source is expected for portable applications such as imaging and so on.     

双层石墨烯电控开关设计

提出并设计了一种基于双层石墨烯结构的电控太赫兹波开关。该开关结构由棱镜-石墨烯-二氧化硅-石墨烯-锑化铟组成。太赫兹波从棱镜左侧以特定角度入射,棱镜右侧固定有太赫兹波探测器,通过外加电场改变石墨烯介电常数,影响等离子体波矢匹配,进而控制太赫兹波反射率,实现太赫兹开关目的。实验运用COMSOL软件对双层石墨烯电控开关进行仿真模拟,将1 THz的太赫兹波以35.42从棱镜左上方入射,在无外加电场时,太赫兹波反射率为2.63%,此时为太赫兹波开关的关状态。施加外加电场时,石墨烯的介电常数发生变化,太赫兹波反射率改变并达到93.01%,棱镜结构接近全反射,此时为太赫兹波开关的开状态。研究结果表明该结构具有良好的太赫兹波强度控制性能,电控太赫兹波开关消光比为15.5 dB。     

Ultra-compact 1 × 8 Channel terahertz Wave Power Splitter

Relying on 1?×?2 photonic crystal waveguide and photonic crystal resonator, a compact eight-channel terahertz wave power splitter is proposed. The mechanism of such a device is further theoretically analyzed and numerically investigated with the aid of the plane wave expansion method and the finite-difference time-domain method. With an appropriate design, the proposed power splitter can split the input terahertz wave energy equally into eight output ports at the frequency of 0.667 THz. Furthermore, the total size of the present device is of 4.33 mm?×?3.74 mm. Due to its small size, the multi-channel terahertz wave power splitter has practical applications in the terahertz wave integrated circuit fields.     

Multilayer Graphene Broadband Terahertz Modulators with Flexible Substrate

Fabrication of terahertz modulators as simple devices with high modulation depth across a broad bandwidth is still very challenging. In this study, four different chemical vapor deposition grown multilayer graphene (MLG) modulators based on MLG/ionic liquid/gold sandwich structures have been investigated. Flexible substrates (PVC and PE) were chosen as host materials, and devices were fabricated with three different thicknesses. The resultant MLG devices can be operated at low voltages between 0 and 3.4 V providing nearly complete modulation between 0.2 and 1.5 THz with low insertion losses. Even with such low gate voltages, the devices have been doped significantly inducing 7–11-fold improvement in their sheet conductivities depending on device thickness. In addition, sheet conductivity has been improved more than three times as the graphene layer number increased from 30 to 100. With the demonstration of promising device performances, the proposed modulators can be potential candidates for applications in terahertz and related optoelectronic technologies.     

二维材料异质结增强的硅基太赫兹光调制器

研究了石墨烯/氮化硼二维异质结增强的硅基太赫兹波光调制器。利用太赫兹波时域谱系统和实验室自主搭建的太赫兹波动态测试系统分别测试了808 nm激光对太赫兹波的静态和动态调制。当照射在太赫兹波调制器上的激光功率从0增加至500 mW时,平均太赫兹波透过率从58%下降到13%,静态调制深度最高达到76%（500 mW）。动态测试获得的最大调制速度为15 kHz (100 mW)。实验结果表明,与单层石墨烯增强的硅基调制器相比,石墨烯/氮化硼异质结可以更大地提高硅对于太赫兹波的调制深度,并提升调制速度。     

基于石墨烯的太赫兹波调制器

石墨烯由于其优异的电学性能,在微波、毫米波、太赫兹波等领域显示出潜在的应用前景。本文设计了毫米波和亚太赫兹波频段的基于石墨烯的相位和幅值波导调制器。该石墨烯调制器可以通过调节石墨烯的表面阻抗来调控电磁波在波导中传播的振幅和相位;分析了石墨烯片的长度和位置对电磁波在波导中的透射和反射系数的影响,同时还分析了石墨烯化学势对电磁波在波导中传输和反射的影响。结果表明,通过调节石墨烯片的长度及其在矩形金属波导中的位置,可以调控调制器的反射系数、透射系数和透射相位调制范围,并满足器件级应用需求。     

基于石墨烯的网格型宽带可调谐太赫兹吸波器

该文提出了一种基于石墨烯的宽带可调谐吸波器,该器件是由网格型石墨烯结构、介质层及金属地板组成。采用CST软件对器件的性能进行了仿真分析,仿真结果显示,当石墨烯费米能级时,在2.97~3.74 THz内,器件对电磁波吸收率达90%。另一方面,器件的工作频率可通过改变石墨烯的费米能级进行动态调控。当石墨烯的费米能级从0.3 eV变到0.8 eV时,器件的工作频率在2.60~4.55 THz内调谐,相对调谐带宽为56%,且在整个调谐频率范围内,器件对电磁波的吸收率始终高于90%。此外,器件的工作性能对入射电磁波的偏振方向和入射角不敏感,因此,该器件在太赫兹成像、太赫兹检测和隐身技术等领域有潜在的应用价值。     

Graphene based tunable and wideband terahertz antenna for wireless network communication

A wide band terahertz dipole-antenna using graphene with tunable resonant frequency is proposed. Presence of graphene in the antenna is shown to electrically tune resonant frequency and to push the antenna to resonate with multibands in terahertz regime. The proposed terahertz antenna shows maximum of five tuning frequencies and better performance parameters such as return loss of ?? 39.7 dB, maximum directivity of 9.3 dB, five resonant tuning frequencies (multi resonances) at chemical voltage of 0.5 eV, maximum fractional bandwidth of 15.6%, maximum radiation efficiency of 21.5% and large bandwidth of 2.32 THz. Large bandwidth of the antenna can be very useful for highest possible data transfer among wireless devices. The proposed graphene based terahertz antenna has the dimensions of few micrometers so miniaturization i.e. size is reduced to 0.007 mm² which is suitable for size limited future applications such as Wireless Networks on Chip, software defined meta material and Wireless Nano Sensor Networks (WNSNs). Size of the proposed terahertz antenna is less than that reported in the literature. One reconfigurable and miniaturized antenna may replace a number of single function radiators, thereby also cost and size of a WNSNs can be abridged while performance is improved.

     

Theoretical Analysis of a Cascaded Continuous-Wave Optical Parametric Oscillator

Threshold and conversion efficiency of a cascaded continuous-wave (CW) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) which can obtain CW terahertz (THz) light are analyzed by the plane wave approach. The model predicts experimental results of the first-order cascaded threshold. The theoretically predicted threshold for the backward idler parametric process agrees with the experimental data. Validation with a high-order cascaded parametric process awaits completion of experiments. At a pump wavelength of 1,030 nm and temperature of 120 °C, the threshold intensity of the forward idler parametric process was 2.2–2.4 times that of the backward process when the period length of the MgO:periodically poled lithium niobate crystal was 24–30 μm. The energy efficiency of CW THz light at a cascade order smaller than 6 is 10^?5–10^?4. Moreover, efficiency of N cascaded processes can be increased by a factor of N compared with that of a single parametric process, which is limited by the Manley–Rowe relationship. To our knowledge, this is the first theoretical treatment of threshold and energy efficiency of a cascaded CW OPO.     

基于HIE-FDTD方法的太赫兹频段石墨烯吸收器的设计

应用混合显隐式时域有限差分(hybrid implicit-explicit finite-difference time-domain, HIE-FDTD)方法对石墨烯吸收器进行数值模拟. 通过辅助差分方程（auxiliary difference equation, ADE）将石墨烯带内电导率引入到HIE-FDTD方法中并结合共形技术对设计的新型石墨烯吸收器完成了特性分析. 数值结果表明:该吸收器在2.68 THz附近吸收率可达到99.8%,而且在太赫兹频段下可以通过控制石墨烯的化学势和圆环宽度调整该吸收器的工作频率. 本文设计的环状结构吸收器结构简单,在检测器、传感器、滤波器等太赫兹器件方面具有潜在的应用.     

Electrically Tunable Reflective Terahertz Phase Shifter Based on Liquid Crystal

We present a reflective spatial phase shifter which operates at terahertz regime above 325 GHz. The controllable permittivity of the nematic liquid crystals was utilized to realize a tunable terahertz (THz) reflective phase shifter. The reflective characteristics of the terahertz electromagnetic waves and the liquid crystal parameters were calculated and analyzed. We provide the simulation results for the effect of the incident angle of the plane wave on the reflection. The experiment was carried out considering an array consisting of 30?×?30 patch elements, printed on a 20?×?20 mm quartz substrate with 1-mm thickness. The phase shifter provides a tunable phase range of 300° over the frequency range of 325 to 337.6 GHz. The maximum phase shift of 331° is achieved at 330 GHz. The proposed phase shifter is a potential candidate for THz applications, particularly for reconfigurable reflectarrays.     

A kind of graphene film metamaterial for terahertz absorbers

A kind of functional graphene thin film metamaterial on a metal-plane separated by a thick dielectric layer is designed for terahertz (THz) absorbers. We investigate the properties of the graphene metamaterial with different interlayers in the 0–3 THz range. The simulation results show that the absorption rate reaches up to 99.9% at the frequency of 1.917 THz. Changing the period to 80 μm×18 μm can get a narrow-band high quality factor (Q) absorber. We present a novel theoretical interpretation based on the standing wave field theory, which shows that the coherent superposition of incident and reflection rays produces standing waves, and the field energy is localized inside the thick spacers and dissipates through the metal-planes.     

Cobalt-Based Ferrites Characterization Using Two Different Terahertz Time-Domain Spectrometers

We report an experimental study of the electrical properties of manganese cobalt (MnCo) and nickel cobalt (NiCo) ferrites in the terahertz (THz) frequency band. The study is motivated by the potential of MnCo, NiCo, and other magnetic ceramics for the fabrication of active and passive devices for THz wave communications. Using two different terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy systems, we characterized the optical constants of cobalt ferrites doped with manganese and nickel in the technologically important 0.2–1 THz frequency band. The MnCo and NiCo ferrites investigated in our study exhibit a lower refractive index and absorption coefficient in the 0.2–1 THz frequency band than commercial strontium ferrite. We observed that using different valency ion oxide leads to a sudden change of the refractive index as a function of sample stoichiometries. Our experimental results provide evidence that microwave ferrite technology can be extended to the THz frequency band.     

基于石墨烯的太赫兹透明吸波器设计

透明太赫兹吸波器既可在太赫兹波段实现吸波功能,又对可见光透明,隐蔽性高,因此其在电磁隐形等领域具有广泛应用。文中设计了一种基于石墨烯的太赫兹双频吸波器,它由方形加枝节的石墨烯上层宽带吸波结构和石墨烯-ITO 嵌套形下层窄带吸收结构构成,实现了独立可调的双频吸波功能。经仿真调试,该吸波器能够通过改变石墨烯费米能,分别在1.98~3.64 THz 范围内调节实现90%以上宽频带吸收率和在4.6~4.9 THz 范围内调节实现96%以上吸收率。经验证,该吸波器具有极化不敏感、宽入射范围等优点。     

Wide-aperture total absorption of a terahertz wave in a nanoperiodic graphene-based plasmon structure

The terahertz absorption spectrum in a periodic array of graphene nanoribbons located on the surface of a dielectric substrate with a high refractive index (terahertz prism) is studied theoretically. The total absorption of terahertz radiation is shown to occur in the regime of total internal reflection of the terahertz wave from the periodic array of graphene nanoribbons, at the frequencies of plasma oscillations in graphene, in a wide range of incidence angles of the external terahertz wave even at room temperature.