基于商空间粒度计算的图像检索

在图像检索领域应用商空间粒度思想,阐述了图像检索中的粒度原理,对图像检索问题进行商空间描述,并构造等价关系,提出了一种新的图像检索方法.根据图像在不同粒度下的表现构造不同粒度下的商空间,然后根据商空间粒度合成原理构造最优准则函数,对已得到的商空间进行属性合成,进而以合成后的属性函数来完成图像检索.与采用单一属性特征的图像检索方法相比,该方法能够在更大程度上利用图像自身所提供的信息,取得更好的检索效果和更高的查全率查准率指标.     

图像分割的商空间粒度原理

从商空间粒度理论角度分析图像分割概念,研究已有的图像分割方法,提出图像分割的商空间粒度原理．用商空间的三元组（X,f,Г）-（[X],[f],[Г]）来描述图像分割过程,阐述基于商空间粒度计算理论的图像分割原理及基于粒度分层、合成及其综合技术下图像分割的方法,并提出了基于粒度合成原理的复杂纹理图像的分割算法．该算法通过分别提取多纹理图像中纹理区域的方向性及粗细度特征,形成图像的不同粒度,然后根据粒度合成原则,对所形成的粒度进行合成,从而实现对纹理图像的分割,实验表明该算法对复杂纹理图像分割是有效的．     

基于商空间粒度计算的SAR图像分类

SAR图像的分类是实现SAR图像自动理解与解译的图像的分类提供了大量有用的信息,尤其对于单波段、单极化的SAR图像,纹理信息就显得格外重要.然而,不同纹理特征对SAR图像中不同地表结构内在属性的刻画能力并不一致.如何将不同纹理特征结合起来,以获得应用范围更广且分类效果更好的SAR图像分类方法,是当前SAR图像处理研究中的一个热点问题.文章将商空间粒度计算引入SAR图像的分类中,结合SAR图像特性,提出了一种基于粒度合成理论的SAR图像分类方法.该方法首先利用具有良好推广能力的支撑矢量机基于不同纹理特征获得SAR图像的不同分类结果,并认为这些分类结果构成不同的商空间,再根据粒度合成理论将这些商空间组织起来得到SAR图像的最终分类结果.实验结果验证了这种方法的有效性和正确性以及商空间的粒度计算在SAR图像分析中的应用潜力.     

商空间合成技术

商空间理论是粒度计算的3种主要方法之一,其合成技术研究的内容是探寻商空间与原空间的关系,目的是将复杂的问题简化,降低计算复杂性。论域合成旨在粒度变化,根据不同需要可进行细粒化和粗粒化。拓扑结构是商空间理论中独有的结构,其合成也有多种形式,除最细合成拓扑及半序结构的合成外,文中给出相对于最细合成拓扑的最粗合成拓扑,及基于逆商拓扑概念的逆商关系拓扑合成。拓扑的合成反映不同结构之间的关系。属性函数的合成意义在于形成不同等价关系下的论域,与论域的形成关系密切。这些研究扩充商空间合成技术的基础理论,使其更完善。     

采用粒计算的属性权重确定方法

针对属性值为连续值且无单一决策属性的多属性决策问题,通过宏观和微观的粒计算理论模型的对比分析,提出了一种融合模糊商空间理论和粗糙集理论的属性权重确定方法。首先通过应用模糊商空间理论构建具有分层递阶结构的商空间族,将一系列粒度商空间的样本聚类结果作为相应粒度空间下单一决策属性的分类,然后采用粗糙集理论计算得出所有商空间下各个属性的重要度,综合不同粗细粒度商空间下的属性重要度大小确定了各属性的客观权重。应用实例验证了该方法的合理性、有效性和实用性。     

基于颜色和轮廓平稳小波变换纹理分析的彩色图像检索

由于单一特征只能表达图像的部分内容,提出了一种新的彩色图像检索方法.该算法在提取颜色特征方面,首先将图像进行分块以获得空间分布信息,为了充分利用RGB颜色模型及HSV颜色模型的优点,分别在两种不同的颜色模型中提取相应的特征向量,将两种颜色空间中的特征向量结合在一起就形成本文的颜色特征向量,在纹理特征方面,结合小波变换及轮廓波变换的优点,将图像进行非下采样轮廓平稳小波变换(NWCT),然后分别计算各子带在各个方向上系数的均值与方差作为纹理特征向量,最后采用加权欧氏距离作为图像的相似度进行检索.实验结果表明,相对于其他检索方法,该方法平均检索精度有了一定的提高,取得了较好的检索结果.     

一种基于相容粒度空间的图像分割方法

定义归一化邻域方差,选取它和像素灰度值、邻域均值作为图像相容粒度空间的条件属性,构造出基于条件属性的相容粒度空间.根据相容关系进行图像粒化,定义相容决策粒间距离测度函数,利用思维进化算法(MEA)最优选取阈值,合成决策粒,实现对目标区域的提取,完成图像分割.实验结果表明所提出算法去噪效果明显,具有较好的稳定性和收敛速度.     

一种利用多特征向量的彩色图像检索方法

在彩色图像检索中,颜色是最重要的特征。论文提出了一种利用多特征向量的彩色图像检索方法。该方法基于HSV颜色模型提取示例图像的颜色特征与图像库中图像的颜色特征时,提取不同维数的特征向量。在图像匹配时对不同维数的特征向量采用不同的距离计算方法,并且通过设置阈值实现分层检索图像数据库。从而提高了图像检索的效率,有效地解决了查询中准确率和效率的矛盾。     

基于商空间粒度的极化SAR图像分类

当前极化合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像的分类研究中,极化信息的不完全利用是影响极化SAR图像分类效果的重要原因之一。故将商空间粒度合成理论引入到极化SAR图像分类中,通过建立不同的支持向量机(SVM)分类器构建不同的商空间,从多个粒度层面实现对极化信息的综合利用。首先通过不同的极化分解方法得到不同的极化特征,分别对其建立不同的支持向量机分类器进行分类;再根据粒度合成理论对这些商空间进行融合,得到更细粒度上的改进的分类结果。最后,利用AIRSAR图像进行实验比较,算法改进后的结果在地物误分上有明显的抑制,各类别分类正确率都有所提高。     

基于颜色空间分布特征的图像检索

目前,基于颜色特征的图像检索大多是以图像的颜色直方图作为颜色特征,这种图像检索方法有简单高效的优点,但丢失了颜色的空间分布信息,该文从CT图像重建的理论中得到启发,将对一幅图像从几个方向的投影图作为这幅图像的颜色特征分布。为进一步减少检索时运算的数据量,对图像做小波分解,然后对分解后图像的低频子带做Radon变换得到颜色空间分布的特征向量,并根据这个特征进行检索,实验表明,当检索图像中有明显的颜色目标时,该方法比传统的颜色直方图法更精确,颜色空间性更强,而且检索用时更短。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).