约束满足问题求解的符号OBDD桶消元算法

桶消元算法是求解约束满足问题的一种典型推理方法.针对桶消元算法面临的状态空间爆炸问题,将有序二叉决策图( OBDD)技术与该算法结合起来,给出了约束满足问题的一种求解算法.通过对约束满足问题中变量和域值的编码,将CSP问题转化为命题可满足性问题,给出了约束满足问题的OBDD表示方法;基于桶消元的算法思想,在约束满足问题...     

基于全局消息传播的贝叶斯推理

在贝叶斯网络中，常常需要作不确定概率推理。然而针对一般复杂网络，精确推理算法由于计算复杂度太高而常常被摒弃。针对这一问题，本文提出了一种基于全局传播的PPJT近似推理算法。PPJT算法采用消息传播机制，通过消息的收集与分发过程，可以更新和修正连接树节点的团势并最终生成相容连接树。与另一种常用的近似推理算法即似然权重（Likelihood Weighting）算法的时间性能对比实验显示，采用消息传播机制的PPJT算法有效地降低了计算的时间复杂度；同时与似然权重算法的性能对比实验表明，在相对小规模观察样本输入条件下，PPJT算法能够保证更高的概率推理精度。PPJT算法为实现一般复杂网络中的概率推理提供了一种新的理论工具。     

PMR四叉树空间索引优化的应用研究

PMR四分树空间索引结构在包含空间连接的空间数据库查询中是很有效的,本文对桶载入PMR四分树的算法做了一些改进,即两种互补的技术:一种改进的插入算法和一种桶载入方法.实验结果表明该算法使得四叉树的构造速度相对于原有的构造方法大大提高,桶载入PMR四叉树的性能有所改善,并可运用到许多基于规则划分的空间数据结构上.     

改进的基于邻接树的贝叶斯网络推理算法

分析比较Shafer-Shenoy结构和Hugin结构两种经典的基于邻接树的贝叶斯网络推理算法。针对Hugin算法在推理分析领域的局限性,通过在Hugin算法的消息传播过程中引入零因子标志位和零因子处理机制,提出一种Hugin算法的改进算法R-Hugin。该算法具有良好的推理分析性能,并从理论和实验两个方面证明R-Hugin算法的正确性和有效性。     

加速PMR四分树构造的研究

PMR四分树空间索引结构在包含空间连接的空间数据库的查询中是很有效的，本文对桶载入PMR四分树的算法做了一些改进，即两种互补的技术：一种改进的插入算法和一种桶载入方法。该技术使得四分树的构造速度相对于传统的四分树构造方法大大提高。该方法可运用到许多基于规则划分的空间数据结构上，来加快它们的构造。     

基于速度分布的移动对象混合索引方法

TPR*树是目前广泛使用的移动对象当前及未来位置预测索引技术,但是其频繁更新及查询性能随着时间变化而急遽下降.文中提出了一种基于速度分布的移动对象混合索引HVTPR树,综合考虑移动对象在速度域和空间域中的分布,首先在速度域中对移动对象集进行规则划分,根据速度矢量大小将移动对象映射到不同的速度桶,每个速度桶中移动对象具有相近的速度矢量;对每个速度桶中的移动对象,则利用TPR树进行索引.HVTPR树索引增加了一个建于移动对象标识上的Hash辅助索引结构,并采用增强的自底向上更新(EBUU)算法以提高其频繁更新性能,具有很好的动态更新性能和并发性.实验表明,采用EBUU算法的HVTPR树索引动态更新及查询性能优于TPR*树等通用索引技术.     

基于主存R树的空间连接的实现

空间查询效率是衡量数据库性能的关键，而空间连接查询是最耗时、最重要的空间查询。对几种典型的空间连接方法作了简单回顾，并具体给出了基于R树的空间连接算法(RJ)在空间数据库管理系统SADBS中的实现。     

基于贝叶斯网络的频繁模式兴趣度计算及剪枝

采用贝叶斯网络表示领域知识,提出一种基于领域知识的频繁项集和频繁属性集的兴趣度计算和剪枝方法 BN-EJTR,其目的在于发现与当前领域知识不一致的知识,以解决频繁模式挖掘所面临的有趣性和冗余问题.针对兴趣度计算过程中批量推理的需求,BN-EJTR提供了一种基于扩展邻接树消元的贝叶斯网络推理算法,用于计算大量项集在贝叶斯网络中的支持度;同时,BN-EJTR提供了一种基于兴趣度阈值和拓扑有趣性的剪枝算法.实验结果表明,与同类方法相比,方法 BN-EJTR具有良好的时间性能,而且剪枝效果明显;分析发现,经过剪枝后的频繁属性集和频繁项集相对于领域知识符合有趣性要求.     

基于B-list的快速频繁模式挖掘算法

针对现有的频繁模式挖掘算法存在建树复杂、挖掘效率低等问题,提出一种基于构造链表（B-list）的频繁模式挖掘（BLFPM）算法。BLFPM使用一种新的数据结构B-list表示频繁项集,通过连接两个k-1-频繁项集的B-list可以快速得到k-项集的支持度,避免了多次扫描数据库;针对连接两个B-list时间复杂度高的问题,给出了一种线性时间复杂度的连接方法,提高了BLFPM的时间效率;同时,BLFPM采用集合枚举树代表搜索空间,并使用子集非频繁剪枝策略,减小了频繁模式挖掘的搜索空间,提高了算法的执行速度。实验结果表明,与NSFI算法和prepost算法相比,BLFPM的时间效率提高约12%到29%,空间效率提高约10%到24%,对稀疏数据库或稠密数据库进行频繁模式挖掘均可以得到良好的效果。     

基于排列树剪枝的经济网格任务调度模型

针对如何在网格环境下快速进行独立任务调度的问题,提出了基于排列树剪枝的经济网格任务调度模型。该模型综合考虑了任务时间和费用,将网格中兼顾时间和费用的任务调度问题形式化为一个n层m叉排列树,将调度方案的选择转化为树的遍历,利用剪枝方法避免无效路径的搜索。通过实验评估了将解空间定义成排列树的算法性能,并与解空间定义成子集树的算法进行了比较。实验结果表明,该策略按照用户对时间截止期和费用约束的需求将任务指派到合适的计算机上运行,减少了搜索路径,在问题规模变大的情况下,该算法与子集树算法相比也具有较高的效率。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.