Unpriming: The Deactivation of Thoughts Through Expression.

Unpriming is a decrease in the influence of primed knowledge following a behavior expressing that knowledge. The authors investigated strategies for unpriming the knowledge of an answer that is activated when people are asked to consider a simple question. Experiment 1 found that prior correct answering eliminated the bias people normally show toward correct responding when asked to answer yes-no questions randomly. Experiment 2 revealed that prior answering intended to be random did not unprime knowledge on subsequent attempts to answer randomly. Experiment 3 found that exposure to the correct answer did not influence the knowledge bias but that exposure to the incorrect answer increased bias. Experiment 4 revealed that merely expressing the answer for oneself was sufficient to unprime knowledge. Experiment 5 found that each item of activated knowledge needs to be unprimed specifically, in that correctly answering 1 question does not reduce the knowledge bias in randomly answering another. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Perceptions of intergenerational communication by young, middle-aged, and older Canadians.

Young, middle-aged, and older Canadians (N = 240) evaluated their past communicative experiences with older and younger adults who were not family as well as undertaking an age-stereotyping task. The latter showed that ratings of attributed benevolence increased with target age but personal vitality declined; young raters attributed older people with the least personal vitality. Communication with older targets was rated more negatively in terms of their being more nonaccommodating and avoided. Although these (and other) differences were more evident for young respondents, older adults, too, indicated problems communicating with same-aged peers. Middle-aged respondents rated communication experiences similarly to their older counterparts. The study also examined whether the communication variables predicted older people's psychological functioning. In contrast to the intergenerational focus of the communication predicament model of aging, perceived accommodation from other older adults predicted life satisfaction and age group esteem. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effects of sleep deprivation on performance in a simulated communication task.

"Twenty Ss were tested for their ability to receive and send complex instructions in a simulated communication situation following 55 and 70 hr. without sleep. The ability to receive showed a significant decrement, but the ability to send did not. The time required to send instructions and the number of errors corrected spontaneously increased significantly. In the case of sending, high-intelligence Ss showed greater decrement than low-intelligence Ss." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Computer-mediated cross-cultural collaboration: Attributing communication errors to the person versus the situation.

Computer-mediated communication, such as e-mail, facilitates cross-cultural interactions by enabling convenient communication. During these exchanges, the absence of contextual or situational information may cause e-mail recipients to form dispositional explanations for behavior that might in fact be driven by unseen situational constraints. To gain insight into the manner in which e-mail recipients explain behavior, the authors conducted an experiment examining how technical language violations (i.e., spelling and grammatical errors) and deviations from etiquette norms (i.e., short messages lacking a conversational tone) affect a recipient’s perceptions of an e-mail sender’s conscientiousness, intelligence, agreeableness, extraversion, affective trustworthiness, and cognitive trustworthiness. This study also investigated whether the effects of technical and etiquette language violations depend on the availability of information indicating the e-mail sender is from a foreign culture. Results reveal that participants formed negative perceptions of the sender of an e-mail containing technical language violations. However, most of these negative perceptions were reduced when participants had situational information indicating that the e-mail sender was from a different culture. Conversely, negative attributions stemming from etiquette violations were not significantly mitigated by knowledge that the e-mail sender was from a foreign culture. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Perceptual organization and intelligence: A further study.

This experiment was a replication of that of Krech and Calvin (Levels of perceptual organization and cognition. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1953, 48, 394-400) using modified techniques. The correlation previously reported by Krech and Calvin between intelligence and perception, did not obtain upon replication. The data confirmed their finding that progression over trials was usually from low to high perceptual organization, but did not show a correlation between perception and stimulus-exposure time from 0.01 to 1.00 second. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Intelligent management of intelligence agencies: Beyond accountability ping-pong.

The intelligence community (IC) is asked to predict outcomes that may often be inherently unpredictable—and is blamed for the inevitable forecasting failures, be they false positives or false negatives. To move beyond blame games of accountability ping-pong that incentivize bureaucratic symbolism over substantive reform, it is necessary to reach bipartisan agreements on performance indicators that are transparent enough to reassure clashing elites (to whom the IC must answer) that estimates have not been politicized. Establishing such transideological credibility requires (a) developing accuracy metrics for decoupling probability and value judgments; (b) using the resulting metrics as criterion variables in validity tests of the IC's selection, training, and incentive systems; and (c) institutionalizing adversarial collaborations that conduct level-playing-field tests of clashing perspectives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

The group matters: A review of processes and outcomes in intelligence analysis.

The work of intelligence analysts is fundamentally cognitive in nature. Intelligence analysis consists largely of identifying problems, generating and evaluating hypotheses, identifying and assessing open source and classified information, recognizing patterns in large sets of data, aggregating information, and providing results in the form of judgments, forecasts, and insights to policymakers. These activities are often conducted by individuals; however, intelligence agencies and experts have called increasingly for the use of teams in intelligence analysis. This article reviews the research literature on group-level phenomena (that is, process losses) that are most relevant to the work of intelligence analysts, including productivity losses in brainstorming, the common knowledge effect, group polarization, confirmation bias, overconfidence, and pressures toward uniformity. We describe how features of intelligence analysis teams' tasks, context, and structure affect these processes, present methods to minimize these process losses and increase process gains, and discuss directions for future research. Although our focus is on intelligence analysis teams, these processes and interventions are relevant to a range of analytical teams that share common characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Upheavals of thought: The intelligence of emotions.

Reviews the book, Upheavals of thought: The intelligence of emotions by Martha C. Nussbaum (2001). Drawing from an astounding array of sources, Nussbaum argues against the common understanding of emotions as irrational and animalistic impulses disconnected from our thoughts and reason. Rather, she argues that emotions are highly discriminating responses to what is of value and importance that are, therefore, suffused with intelligence and discernment. Nussbaum explores the structure of a wide range of emotions, in particular, compassion and love, in order to show that there can be no adequate ethical theory without an adequate theory of emotional experience and meaning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stimulation seeking and intelligence: A prospective longitudinal study.

The prediction that high stimulation seeking 3-yr-olds would have higher IQs by 11 yrs old was tested in 1,795 children on whom behavioral measures of stimulation seeking were taken at 3 yrs, together with cognitive ability at 11 yrs. High 3-yr-old stimulation seekers scored 12 points higher on total IQ at age 11 compared with low stimulation seekers and also had superior scholastic and reading ability. Results replicated across independent samples and were found for all gender and ethnic groups. Effect sizes for the relationship between age 3 stimulation seeking and age 11 IQ ranged from 0.52 to 0.87. Findings appear to be the first to show a prospective link between stimulation seeking and intelligence. It is hypothesized that young stimulation seekers create for themselves an enriched environment that stimulates cognitive development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personal intelligence expressed: A theoretical analysis.

An individual's cumulative life decisions help determine that person's well-being. To make good decisions requires knowing something about who one is and who one wants to be. It seems plausible that personality may draw on a specifically tailored intelligence that supports its own self-understanding and contributes to such life decisions. This personal intelligence (PI) helps the individual meet his or her own personal needs and to fit in with (or stand out from) the environment. What are people high in PI actually like relative to those lower in the skills? Drawing on a 2008 theory of PI-related abilities, the author reviews several literatures to examine what features distinguish the behavior of people high in PI from those lower in such skills. The feature list sets the stage for future research in distinguishing high-PI individuals from low-PI individuals according to their life expressions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationship between EEG and test intelligence: A critical review.

Literature on the relationship of EEG to test intelligence scores is reviewed. Evidence for the relationship between these 2 variables seems strongest for samples of children, institutionalized geriatric patients, mental deficients, and brain-injured persons; and weakest for samples of normal adults. EEG indices seem to be more strongly related to MA than to IQ. Criticisms of the previous research are directed at insufficient attention to the measurement of intelligence, failure to control for sex, too restricted placements of leads, too restricted an employment of EEG indices, and the assessment of EEG performance under inappropriate conditions. (2 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationship between EEG and test intelligence: A commentary.

In a recent review Vogel and Broverman concluded that, contrary to previously expressed opinions, there do appear to be relationships between EEG phenomena and IQ—at least among children, the retarded, and institutionalized geriatric and brain-damaged patients. The evidence for such relationships is reexamined. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) The evidence concerning relationships between normal brain-wave phenomena and IQ in children and in the mentally retarded is contradictory and inconclusive. (2) The weight of available evidence suggests that there is no relationship in normal adults. (3) EEG abnormality and decreased intellectual capacity are both effects of organic brain disorders, and hence tend to be related to one another. (2 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mood regulation and emotional intelligence: Individual differences.

In 3 studies (Ns = 250, 83, 236), an examination of differences in how individuals experience their emotions (meta-emotion traits of clarity, attention, and intensity) led to the identification of 4 distinct types (overwhelmed, hot, cerebral, and cool). When mood was manipulated, the types differed in how they initially reacted to the emotional situation, how they regulated their mood and how they made judgments. In particular, one type of individual (the hot type) was more reactive to emotional situations than the others. Another type of individual (the overwhelmed type) regulated mood differently than the others, which led these individuals to make judgments that were also different. Overwhelmed individuals appeared unable or unwilling to avail themselves of critical affective information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Tactile measures in the structure of intelligence.

This study investigated the relationship of tactile abilities within the framework of a hierarchical structure of mental abilities. Data were analysed from 229 participants who were administered tactile measures from the Dean-Woodcock Sensory Motor Battery along with a battery of conormed cognitive measures representative of the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence. Multiple measures of tactile performance were used including Palm Writing and Object Identification, and each measure included a lateralized measure (i.e., right/left). Factor analytic results suggest tactile measures have a significant relationship with measures of cognitive ability. In this study, tactile measures involving object identification were more related to cognitive measures of visual processing-speed and overall processing speed; whereas, tactile measures involving the recognition of numbers written on the palm of the hand produced high loadings on a separate factor. Results from this study suggest different tactile measures may differentially load on cognitive factors depending on the common processing demands of the tactile and cognitive measures. Suggestions for differentiating common processing demands between tactile and cognitive measures are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-talk and emotional intelligence in university students.

The purpose of this study was to examine self-talk, year of university study, and gender as predictors of emotional intelligence in a diverse sample of 126 undergraduate participants (42 male, 84 female). Self-talk has been discussed in the literature as a means of enhancing self-awareness and self-regulation, both of which are considered important in the construct of emotional intelligence. Participants completed self-report questionnaires on self-talk and emotional intelligence. The results indicated that year of study and self-talk were significant predictors of emotional intelligence and were associated with emotional intelligence in a positive direction. Contrary to expectation, gender was not a significant predictor. The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of potential future research directions for the study of self-talk and emotional intelligence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

人工智能推动冶金工业变革

人工智能问世以来,获得了科学家和公众的广泛关注。随着计算机、数据和算法的更新升级,人工智能不断发展,在各行各业得到了广泛的应用。根据冶金工业的特点和主要生产流程,在冶金工业信息化基础架构的基础上,通过人工智能可以实现冶金工业的精准管理与控制。改造方面包括建设冶金人工智能生态环境,改造和完善工业互联网,数据的收集、筛选、积累、分析及数据云的建设,冶金工业数字化仪表的创新与应用,冶金工业人工智能建模及算法研究,无人车间和机器人的使用等。指出了人工智能在冶金工业改造中存在的问题。提出了实现冶金工业改造最根本的是要创造人工智能的生态环境,注重人工智能基础理论的研究和专业人才的培养,实现跨界合作、产学研相结合,在基础理论和科学知识下更有效地选取和积累数据,推进应用领域的开发,推动冶金工业的变革。     

Consulting to the intelligence community: An employee assistance program model.

Over the past 2 decades, the agencies and employees of the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) have increasingly come to appreciate the organizational, counterintelligence, and occupational health value added by employee assistance programs (EAPs). The author presents the rationale for such programs; discusses their core components; mentions some of the key professional and ethical challenges faced by consulting psychologists who provide these services; discusses the unique obstacles that must be overcome, in light of the common concern among IC employees that use of mental health services will adversely affect their continuing eligibility for a security clearance and/or their career; gives examples of policies and practices that encourage the use of services by IC employees; and suggests areas for further program development and research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Erickson and Kierkegaard: Indirect communication in psychotherapy.

In the present paper, we will show that, in their complementary approaches to indirect communication, Erickson and Kierkegaard have something important to offer to one another's theories. While Kierkegaard developed a framework by which Erickson can be more profoundly understood, Erickson's accounts offer clinical cases which support what Kierkegaard described. This mutual trade of benefits not only broadens and deepens the notion of indirect communication, but also alerts us to the fact that it was recognized and developed in two relatively independent disciplines, almost a hundred years apart! This parallel implies that indirect communication is, at the very least, a phenomenon worth investigating from both perspectives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The structure of intelligence in children and adults with high functioning autism.

Confirmatory factor analyses of the commonly used 11 subtests of the Wechsler child and adult intelligence scales were accomplished for 137 children and 117 adults with high functioning autism (HFA) and for comparable age groups from the standardization samples contained in the Wechsler manuals. The objectives were to determine whether the structure of intelligence in HFA groups was similar to that found in the normative samples, and whether a separate "social context" factor would emerge that was unique to HFA. Four-factor models incorporating a Social Context factor provided the best fit in both the autism and normative samples, but the subtest intercorrelations were generally lower in the autism samples. Findings suggest similar organization of cognitive abilities in HFA, but with the possibility of underconnectivity or reduced communication among brain regions in autism. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Technical communication in psychology: A statement of the problem.

The "needs of scientific psychology for communication may be categorized into four classes: need for rapid communication of what and how, need for direct discussion and comparison of ideas and findings, need for adequate and efficient archival storage, and need for integrated retrieval of information… . Certainly, the psychologist today cannot read all of the principal journals and books in psychology, and it is an uncommon specialist who reads all of the literature in his area of specialization." The present indexing system is not adequate. "BSA considers the problem of efficient and effective communication of scientific information to be perhaps the most critical problem faced by scientific psychology today." Factors responsible for the crisis are suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)