聚烯烃/石蜡复合相变储能材料的研究

分别以低密度聚乙烯(PE-LD)、高密度聚乙烯(PE-HD) .聚丙烯(PP).聚苯乙烯(PS)为支撑材料、石蜡为相变材料,采用加热熔融法制备聚烯烃石蜡复合相变储能材料。考察了不同种类的聚烯烃材料对复合材料储能的影响,通过DSC测出PE-LD/石蜡、PE-HD/石蜡、PP/石蜡、PS/石蜡复合相变材料的相变烩分别为68.44J/g、45.52J/g、40.06J/g、1.19J/g。结果表明,PE-LD是其中最好的基体材料,具有最大的相变烩。随着石蜡含量的增加,PE-LD/石蜡复合材料的相变烩逐渐增大。此外,硅藻土和活性炭填料的加人有利于提高相变烩,增强复合材料的稳定性。     

PE-LD/石蜡复合相变储能材料的制备及性能研究

以固体石蜡、低密度聚乙烯(PE-LD)为原料,乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷改性的膨胀石墨/硅藻土为填料,过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)为交联剂,制备复合相变储能材料。研究了石蜡含量及改性后硅藻土/膨胀石墨用量对复合材料热稳定性及导热性的影响,探讨了DCP含量对复合相变材料微观结构、力学性能的影响。结果表明,当石蜡含量为60%(质量分数,下同)时,热稳定性良好,相变潜热和相变温度更合适;膨胀石墨及硅藻土的加入对复合相变材料热稳定性均有提升,且无机填料含量为4.6%时达到最大值,膨胀石墨对复合材料热稳定性改良效果强于硅藻土;膨胀石墨的加入对复合相变材料导热性能有所提升,当膨胀石墨含量为4.6%时,热导率为对比样的384.38%;DCP的加入使复合相变材料的力学性能有所增强,且含量在3%时综合性能良好。     

石蜡/LDPE/OMMT/石墨复合相变储能材料的制备及性能

以石蜡为相变材料,低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)为支撑材料,有机蒙脱土(OMMT)为载体材料,石墨为填料,采用加热共熔法制备石蜡/LDPE/OMMT/石墨复合相变储能材料。采用扫描显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱仪(FTIR)、热重分析仪(TGA)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、广角X射线衍射仪(WAXD)、导热系数测定仪等对复合相变材料进行结构表征与性能测试。结果表明:当石蜡质量分数为50%,OMMT质量分数为15%,石墨质量分数为4%时,石蜡包覆良好,相变温度为57.45℃,相变潜热为92.95 J/g。该复合相变材料结构稳定、密封性能优异、热稳定性好和导热率高,应用前景广阔。     

聚乙烯/石蜡/SBS复合相变储能材料的研究

以低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)和苯乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物(SBS)为支撑材料,石蜡为相变材料,通过熔融共混的方法制备相变储能材料。考察了LDPE交联后的网状结构对材料性能的影响。同时在材料中加入硅藻土和白炭黑,利用其疏松多孔的结构吸附石蜡,提高相变材料中石蜡含量。研究结果表明,材料的相变潜热随石蜡含量的增加而增加,其中SBS对材料失重率的影响最大,PE次之。PE交联后的空间网状结构有助于提高材料的稳定性,改善其物理机械性能。     

聚乙烯/石蜡相变储能材料的渗出性能

以石蜡作为相变介质,以含有石墨的高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为载体基质,通过熔融共混的方法制备出HDPE/石蜡相变储能材料,研究了加入了硅藻土和活性炭的HDPE/石蜡相变储能材料发生相变后,固体石蜡的渗出程度。通过SEM分析,背散射电镜放大到4 500倍后,可以看到硅藻土在HDPE基体中的附着镶嵌,放大2 200倍后,得到活性炭在HDPE基体中整齐排布的图像。扩散-渗出圈法测试结果表明:50%的石蜡含量是HDPE对石蜡的大包覆量;硅藻土和活性炭都能增强固体石蜡这种相变介质在发生相变后的渗出稳定性。     

石蜡/高密度聚乙烯/木粉/石墨复合相变储能材料的制备及性能

以石蜡为相变材料,高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为支撑材料,木粉(WF)为载体材料,石墨为填料,采用加热共熔法制备石蜡/HDPE/WF/石墨复合相变储能材料。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析仪(TGA)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、步冷试验和渗漏实验等对复合相变材料进行性能测试。结果表明,石蜡质量分数为50%,WF质量分数为10%,石墨质量分数为4%时,该复合相变材料结构稳定,密封性能优异,热稳定性好,相变温度为60.1℃,相变潜热为93.71 J/g,渗漏率低,应用前景广阔。     

硝酸钠/硅藻土复合相变材料的制备与热性能研究

采用溶液浸渍法制备出硝酸钠/硅藻土复合相变材料,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)分别对其形貌、成分、相变性能进行表征;同时对该复合相变材料的热稳定性进行探讨。DSC结果显示,硝酸钠/硅藻土复合相变材料的熔点(Tm)是305℃,凝固点(Tc)是299.7℃,熔融焓(ΔHm)和凝固焓(ΔHc)分别是94.1 J/g和94.3 J/g。热稳定性测试显示硝酸钠/硅藻土复合相变材料经过热循环后仍然保持了良好的热稳定性。     

石蜡定形相变材料的包裹及热性能

利用原位聚合法,提出了对定形相变材料进行无机高分子材料再包裹,制备了硅胶封装石蜡定形相变材料的微胶囊,其石蜡的含量最高达到w(石蜡)=69.12%。用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测定了微胶囊的热性能,并将测定粉体材料润湿性能的W ashburn方程应用于相变材料的亲油亲水性测定,评价了定形相变材料在胶囊封装前后的亲水性变化。结果表明,经硅胶封装的相变材料其相变焓为153.46 J.g-1,相变焓降低较少,而亲水性能有很大提高,确定了微胶囊产品中石蜡最佳质量分数为w(石蜡)=50%~56%。     

石蜡的聚烯烃定形包覆研究

低熔点石蜡为芯材,聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯和聚乙烯3种高分子材料作支撑材料,以加热熔融的方法制备了3种定形复合相变材料,确定了3种高分子材料对潜热为222.01 kJ/kg的17℃石蜡的最大包裹量分别为w(石蜡)=46%、51%、73%。用差示扫描量热仪对3种定形复合相变材料进行了测定,分析了所制备的定形复合相变材料的相变温度、相变潜热、热稳定性等性能。结果表明,石蜡经过高分子材料包覆之后,其相变温度有所降低,相变焓值有所提高,而且该定形相变材料可以加工成粉体材料,进一步拓展了产品的应用领域。     

石蜡/介孔复合相变材料的制备及其热性能

以高岭土为原料,通过微波合成法制备比表面积大、孔容量高、孔径分布均匀的介孔材料;并以该介孔材料为载体,石蜡为相变材料,采用真空吸附法制备石蜡/介孔复合相变储能材料。以N2-物理吸附脱附法、扫描电镜(SEM)及透射电镜(TEM)测试介孔材料的微观结构,通过FTIR对复合相变储能材料的兼容性进行表征,DSC测定复合相变储能材料的热性能,扩散-渗出圈法确定复合相变储能材料的稳定性。结果表明,所制备的介孔材料比表面积为961.64 m2/g,孔容量为0.854 mL/g,平均孔径为2.78 nm;复合相变储能材料中石蜡的最佳质量分数为50%,相变温度为56.9℃,相变潜热为75.2 J/g;石蜡和介孔材料是简单的嵌合关系,复合相变储能材料具有良好的热稳定性和兼容性。     

Compact Swelling in Bi1.4Pb0.6Sr2Ca2Cu3.6Oy During the Formation of High-Tc Superconducting Phase

Compact swelling in Pb-doped Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor has been studied by observing the effects of the size of calcined powders, volatilization of materials, and sintering of high- T _c (2223) powders. The bulk density increases at the early stage of sintering, for about 20 h, and then decreases. Densification occurs when the low- T _c (2212) phase and a liquid phase exist, whereas dedensification occurs with the formation of the 2223 phase regardless of the presence of the liquid. Gas evolution from specimens does not appear to be responsible for compact swelling. Compact swelling is explained by anisotropic growth of thin, platelike 2223 grains in random orientation. When 2223 grains grow in a preferred direction, compact swelling is suppressed.     

Synthetic routes to nanoscale BxCyNz architectures

B_xC_yN_z nanoscale materials, hybrids of h-BN and graphite, have been recently synthesised using various techniques. Here, we present the latest advances in the synthesis and characterisation of B-C-N nanotubes and nanofibres. In particular, we focus on layered BC₂N, BN, BC and CN_x systems, reviewing their production methods as well as their structural and electronic properties. These materials may find important applications in the fabrication of nanotransistors, robust nanocomposites, conducting polymers, storage components and field emission sources.     

Structure Evolution from Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 to La(Mg2/3Nb1/3)O3

The crystal structure of lanthanum-modified lead magnesium niobates having composition (Pb_{1− x} La _x ) (Mg_{(1+ x )/3}-Nb_{(2− x )/3})O₃ with X = 0 to 1 was investigated by X-ray powder diffraction. It was found that the fundamental reflections from perovskite structure remain in the whole range of composition. The superlattice reflections from the A(B'_1/2-B"_1/2)O₃ ordered structure are also well preserved for La content greater than 50 at.%; however, a series of extra peaks of mixing indices appears, with intensities gradually enhanced with the increase of La content. For the complete substitution of Pb by La, a splitting of some reflections can be observed in the diffraction pattern. The results indicate that the crystal structure evolves continuously with the La content, from disordered cubic perovskite of space group Pm 3 m for X = 0, to ordered cubic perovskite of space group Fm 3 m for X = 0.5, distorted cubic perovskite of space group Pa 3 for 0.5 < X < 0.9, and finally to a rhombohedral perovskite, possibly belonging to the space group R 3 , for X ≥ 0.9. In the evolution of structure, a linear reduction of the lattice constant of the perovskite cell from 4.048 to 3.964 Å was observed.     

Microwave Dielectric Properties of CaTiO3-CaAl1/2Nb1/2O3 Ceramics Doped with Li3NbO4

The microwave dielectric properties of CaTi_{1− x} (Al_1/2Nb_1/2) _x O₃ solid solutions (0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.7) have been investigated. The sintered samples had perovskite structures similar to CaTiO₃. The substitution of Ti⁴⁺ by Al³⁺/Nb⁵⁺ improved the quality factor Q of the sintered specimens. A small addition of Li₃NbO₄ (about 1 wt%) was found to be very effective for lowering sintering temperature of ceramics from 1450–1500° to 1300°C. The composition with x = 0.5 sintered at 1300°C for 5 h revealed excellent dielectric properties, namely, a dielectric constant (ɛ_r) of 48, a Q × f value of 32 100 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency (τ_f) of −2 ppm/K. Li₃NbO₄ as a sintering additive had no harmful influence on τ_f of ceramics.     

Preparation and properties of poly(Nε,Nε-dicarboxymethyl-l-lysine)

A new ampholytic homopolypeptide, $\text{poly}\text{(N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{,N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{-}\text{dicarboxy-methyl-}\text{l}\text{-lysine}\text{)}$, which has one tertiary amino and two carboxyl groups in the side chain has been derived from a hydrochloride salt of poly(L-lysine). The polymer in aqueous solution seems to be in the coil form with locally extended structure (LES) at neutral pH. In both the acidic and alkaline regions, the molar ellipticity of the polymer changes as a result of change in net charge on the side chain. The conformational changes may be from the coil with LES to other coiled forms. 5–7 M NaClO₄ and 80% aqueous methanol induce the α-helix in the polymer at neutral pH. Divalent cations, Cu²⁺ and Ca²⁺, do not induce any remarkably ordered structures such as α-helix or β-structure in the polymer in aqueous solution at any pH. Ultraviolet absorption studies show an absorption peak of the polymer-Cu²⁺ complex near 240 nm. Dependence of the peak intensity on pH at various q values ($\text{q =}\text{[}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{]}\text{[}\text{residue}\text{]}$) indicates the two steps of the complex formation. At q less than 0.64, the formation is described only with the first step. An average coordination number for Cu²⁺ at the first step was calculated to be about 2 by the method of Mandel and Leyte. The association constant of Cu²⁺ with the residue at the step was determined from the absorption data to be far smaller than that for the Cu²⁺-EDTA complex. The second step of the formation occurs in the case of large q but the absorption data for the second step cannot be obtained exactly due to precipitation.     

Dielectric-State Analysis in Solid-Solution Pb(Yb1/2Ta1/2)O3–Pb(Lu1/2Nb1/2)O3

The structure and temperature dependence of complex lead perovskite dielectrics were investigated for the system (1 − x )Pb(Yb_1/2Ta_1/2)O₃– x Pb(Lu_1/2Nb_1/2)O₃. Superlattice reflections for the compositions 0.8 < x < 1.0 were observed by X-ray diffractometry, and the temperature-composition dielectric-state diagram was determined. In the present study, the disordered middle composition, with 0.2 < x < 0.8, showed a diffuse paraelectric–ferroelectric phase transition, whereas the ordered end compositions, with 0 ≤ x < 0.2 and 0.8 < x ≤ 1.0, revealed successive sharp paraelectric–antiferroelectric and weak antiferroelectric–ferroelectric phase transitions. The dielectric state was confirmed by examining the variation of polarization ( P ) with electric field ( E ).