4种羧酸盐配位剂对装饰性三价铬电镀的作用

装饰性三价铬电镀层难以增厚、镀液不稳定、色泽不能令人满意.为此,采用线性电位扫描法探讨了甲酸铵、乙酸铵、草酸铵、柠檬酸铵4种羧酸盐配位剂体系中镀光亮镍钢表面电还原三价铬的极化特征,开发了草酸铵和甲酸铵复合配位剂三价铬电镀工艺,并对铬镀层的主要性能进行了研究.结果表明:草酸铵配位能力较强.可作为三价铬电镀的配位剂,甲酸铵既是配位剂也是消除六价铬干扰的还原剂,两者复配加入三价铬电镀液,可以获得较好的镀铬层,其厚度可达1.0～1.3 μm,光亮度为2级,耐蚀性、结合力等性能良好,能够满足装饰用途要求.     

三价铬厚铬镀层的制备及性能表征

为了开发替代六价铬电镀的三价铬电镀工艺,采用氯化物三价铬镀液体系,在30CrMnSi高强度钢上制备了厚度100μm以上的厚铬镀层,其沉积速率为1.2 μm/min;通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、中性盐雾试验、动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗对镀层的微观形貌、化学组成和耐蚀性进行了表征和分析。结果表明:三价铬镀铬层由金属铬、氢氧化铬和氧化铬组成;镀层表面为瘤状小球结构,结晶致密、有小孔及微裂纹;镀层与基体结合力良好;铬镀层表现出典型的钝化行为,抗盐雾处理后的铬镀层经过232h中性盐雾试验无锈蚀。     

三价铬电镀装饰铬工艺及特性研究

研究了一种以甲酸、乙酸及第三种配位剂组合的三价铬电镀工艺,并对该镀液和镀层进行了性能测试.测试结果显示,该体系所得镀层外观光泽明亮,光亮电流密度范围宽(可使用的电流密度从2.5～25.0 A/dm2);镀液的pH值容易控制,分散能力和覆盖能力好,可在室温下电镀,镀液性能比较稳定;通过Tafel测试和CASS试验证明,三价铬镀铬层的耐蚀性和六价铬镀层相当.     

常温高效硫酸盐三价铬电镀工艺

六价铬电镀工艺严重污染环境,有望被三价铬电镀取代.三价铬电镀分为氯化物体系和硫酸盐体系,其中硫酸盐体系因具有阳极无有害气体析出、不腐蚀设备等优点,近年来发展迅速.通过大量试验开发出常温甲酸-草酸体系硫酸盐工艺,并借助小槽挂镀、Tafel曲线、EIS曲线和CASS试验等方法对镀液和镀层性能进行了分析.结果表明,在优化工艺条件下,该工艺镀层沉积速率高达0.18μm/min以上,分散能力93%,覆盖能力96%,耐蚀性好,是一种性能优良、高效的三价铬电镀工艺.     

三价铬电镀工艺参数对其电流效率、镀层形貌和结合力的影响

为了替代六价铬装饰性镀铬工艺,减少六价铬对环境的污染,开发了一种硫酸盐三价铬电镀液及镀制工艺。研究了电流效率与镀液温度、pH值的关系,用扫描电子显微镜观察了镀层的显微形貌,测试了镀层与基体的结合力。结果表明,用此电镀液和合适的工艺可以镀得表面白亮、结晶平整、缺陷少的铬镀层。镀层由玉米粒状的铬颗粒堆积而成,与基体结合力强,能够用作装饰性镀铬。     

燃料电池不锈钢双极板Ni/Cr-C镀层的制备与性能研究

为了提高不锈钢双极板的耐蚀性和表面导电性,采用预镀镍和三价铬电镀方法在304不锈钢表面制备了Ni/Cr-C镀层,通过FE-SEM、EDS、XPS、XRD以及接触角测量仪等对镀层的性能进行了测试表征.结果 表明:在-1.8 V(vs SCE)的沉积电位下,由三价铬镀液制备的Cr-C镀层为无明显微观缺陷的非晶态镀层,并且镀...     

常见杂质离子对三价装饰铬电镀的影响

三价铬电镀液由于毒性小，镀液分散能力、覆盖能力和阴极电流效率等均优于六价铬电镀。因此，引起了人们的极大关注，但三价装饰铬不能使镀层任意增厚，镀层色泽发暗，镀液的稳定性受外来元素影响很大。本文研究了一些外来元素对甲－乙酸体系三价装饰铬电镀的影响。     

三价铬硫酸盐体系快速电沉积可行性探讨

三价铬镀铬是替代六价铬镀铬理想的清洁生产工艺.研究了电流密度、电镀时间和不同基体金属对三价铬硫酸盐镀液中快速镀铬的影响.结果表明:采用三价铬硫酸盐镀液在铜、镍和低碳铜基体上进行快速镀铬都可得到表面连续致密、结构为非晶态的铬镀层,镀速在铜基体上比在镍和低碳钢基体上快很多;电流密度10 A/dm2下电镀10 s,铜基体上可得到0.40μm以上的铬镀层,平均镀速可达2.50μm/min;镍和低碳钢基体上只能得到0.10μm的铬镀层,平均镀速为0.50 μm/min;快速镀铬的电流效率与电流密度有关,电流密度为10～12 A/dm2时可达25.0%以上;三价铬硫酸盐镀液长时间连续快速镀铬时镀液体积明显减少、pH值降低.     

氯化物三价铬电镀液中六价铬离子的去除方法及效果

三价铬电镀过程中六价铬离子对镀层质量的影响很大,因此研究电镀过程中六价铬的积累及消除对三价铬电镀液的维护和产品质量保证具有重要意义.研究了氯化物体系三价铬镀液中六价铬的积累规律和相应的改进措施,分别比较了添加剂A(含c=c双键的有机醛类化物)和溴化铵对六价铬生成速度的影响.结果表明,5 g/L稳定剂A或溴化铵均能降低六价铬的生成速度.同时采用添加4 g/L稳定剂A或溴化铵、过氧化氢还原和1 A/dm2小电流电解的方法对六价铬进行去除,经测试效果良好.     

三价铬镀液电沉积装饰性铬-磷合金层的特性

为了进一步提高三价铬镀层的性能,在硫酸盐三价铬镀液中加入次磷酸钠,电沉积出了装饰性铬-磷合金层(磷含量为9%～16%).研究了磷含量对镀液和镀层性能的影响,对比了电沉积铬镀层、三价铬-磷合金镀层和六价铬镀层的耐蚀性能.结果表明:铬-磷合金镀层为非晶态结构,具有良好的外观和耐蚀性能,能够很好地满足防护装饰性要求.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to