Two-color storage tube

A direct-view storage tube has been developed which is capable of displaying stored information in either of two colors or in intermediate hues. The operating principle is based on the fact that flood electrons which pass through the holes in the storage mask when the storage-surface potential is near cutoff fall within small areas on the viewing screen opposite the storage-mask holes; whereas flood electrons which pass through the holes when the potential is near its maximum, i.e., flood-gun-cathode potential, fall on larger overlapping areas on the viewing screen. The viewing screen consists of a pattern of two phosphors: one occupies small areas in register with the storage-mask holes, and the other occupies areas surrounding the first. The tube, which has a 10-inch diameter, can be operated with simple circuitry, essentially the same as that required for conventional half-tone storage tubes. When the performance of this tube is compared with that of conventional half-tone storage tubes, it can be seen that a moderate sacrifice in resolution was made in order to replace the half-tone monochromatic range with a system of two primary colors and intermediate hues. This system permits the color coding of stored information that provides a vivid qualitative or semiquantitative representation of a variable in the display. The design and performance considerations for the tubes are discussed and future investigations for this type of tube are outlined.     

A focus mask for color picture tubes using dipolar and quadrupolar lensing

Post-deflection focus masks can increase the electron-beam transmission in a color picture tube over that achievable by conventional shadow masks. Various focus mask structures are considered here and most attention is given to one in which the electrostatic fields in each mask aperture consist of a dipole and a quadrupole component. A theory of the combination of dipolar deflection and quadrupolar focusing is given. Experiments on small masks are described and their quantitative behavior is evaluated. A demountable focus-mask color tube is described which has a 10-in diagonal flat mask. This has been used to display video and the 50-percent transmission of the focus mask has allowed high brightness operation with screen voltage of only 10 kV.     

殷钢荫罩彩管用弹簧片的设计及试验

本文离殷钢荫罩彩色显像管拚接式双金属弹簧片的设计及试验，确定了该管型的整管结构设计。     

荫罩及电子束扫描调制特性及其对显示分辨率和莫尔效应的分析应用

高分辨率是现代彩管的追求目标之一,而莫尔效应又是一个十分令人讨厌的现象。从某种意义上,二者之间存在着相互制约关系。本文在以前对荫罩二维特性的研究基础上,详细分析了彩色显像管荫罩的调制特性及电子束扫描调制特性,及其在显示分辨率、莫尔效应等特性分析中的应用。着重对电子束有效扫描节距及荫罩的纵向节距和槽宽与这些特性的关系进行了研究,并对显示分辨率的评价、荫罩节距的设计进行了讨论。在上述基础上,得出了一些不仅在理论上而且在实用上都具有重要价值的结论。     

大型全平面彩电显像管的技术特点

大型化全平面彩色显像管是近来推出的新管型,因此,所使用的玻屏荫罩、电子枪、偏转线圈及制造工艺等具有不同于普通ＣＰＴ的技术特点,本文对此进行了探讨。     

An improved shadow-mask design for in-line three-beam color picture tubes

In a color picture tube using an in-line arrangement of three beams and the conventional shadow mask, the transmission of the shadow mask must be made very low in the corner regions in order to avoid the overlapping of adjacent in-line trios of landed beam dots on the screen. An improved design of aperture alignment on a shadow mask was developed for the in-line three beams in order to avoid this overlapping without reducing the transmission. In this new shadow mask, the apertures are aligned not along straight lines as in the conventional shadow mask but along certain curved lines. The horizontal aperture alignment curves are a barrel-shaped group of arcs of ellipses, and the vertical aperture alignment curves are a pin-cushioned group of arcs of circles. Brightness and color purity of the picture in the corner regions of the screen were much improved by using this shadow mask.     

Viewing storage tubes based upon field-effect conductivity control

A new type of halftone charge-controlled viewing storage tube has been demonstrated which uses the field-effect principle and requires no flood beam or storage mesh. Such tubes are potentially capable of high writing speeds and very long viewing times. In addition, selected portions of stored patterns may be erased and information can be displayed without being stored.     

荫罩母版初探

荫罩是彩色显象管的重要部件,而制造荫罩的关键在于设计和制造荫罩母版。本文对荫罩母版进行了初步探讨,并对原始母版、工作母版和工作底版的设计与制作进行了具体的论述。     

A simplified direct-viewing bistable storage tube

A simplified meshless storage tube has been developed which uses a single-layer dielectric storage target deposited over a transparent conductive coating on a glass faceplate. The dielectric layer serves the two principal purposes of bistable charge storage and production of the visible image. The mechanism of writing, storing and erasing depends on the well-known bistability of a good secondary emitting surface under flood current bombardment. The occurrence of an upper and lower stable potential is used here, as in previous bistable devices, to form light and dark image areas having a sharply defined boundary between them. This boundary is, in bistable tubes in general, an inherently unstable region because it has a high gradient across it, which tends to move the boundary across the face of the target. The principal new structural feature of the storage target is the formation of a semicontinuous porous dielectric layer which will not sustain migration of the boundary of the stored charge image transversely across the target surface, because of the electrical and mechanical discontinuity of the target microstructure. Another target is described in which image boundary migration is inhibited by the formation of the target dielectric in a pattern of islands or dots. The semicontinuous layer and the dot target each prevent image spreading and result in a substantial stable range of operating voltages of the collector electrode. The flood current collimating system is described, as is the erase pulse, the split screen, electrical readout, the integration mode, and measurements of the potential on the vacuum side of the storage dielectric. The dependence of brightness, contrast, resolution, writing speed, and stable range on target thickness is also described.     

A PNP triode alloy junction transistor for RF amplification

This paper describes a three-gun, tricolor picture tube of basically improved design. Its picture is Presented on phosphors applied directly to the curved internal face of the tube. With a curved screen, a curved mask which is self-supporting is used. The mask and the springs to hold it in place weigh only six ounces. this simple, light, yet rugged structure is mounted directly on the face plate. three small "V"-shaped surfaces on the mask rest on three hemispheres molded directly on the glass to locate the mask precisely. No adjustment is required at assembly. The phosphor dots are placed directly on the curved glass face plate by a photographic process, using the individual mask belonging to that tube as a negative. The Screen will exactly register with its mask because they are images of one another. The curved screen face plate serves also to close the envelope just as it does in the black-and-white tube. Advantages resulting from this design are discussed. The improvements mechanical simplicity, ease of manufacture, size, weight, thermal-stability, electron Optics, picture quality, and circuit stability are shown to stem from the use of a spherical mask and a spherical face plate. The performance of a development tube of this design is given. The practicability of alternate forms of this tube including rectangular screen types in rectangular bulbs is examined. The possibility of using much of the conventional factory equipment for black-and-white picture tubes to make this new color tube is discussed.     

An efficient method of cast shadow removal using multiple features

Features of images are often used for cast shadow removal. A technique based on using only a single feature cannot universally distinguish an object pixel from a shadow pixel of a video frame. On the other hand, the use of multiple features increases the computational cost of a shadow removal technique considerably. In this paper, an efficient yet simple method for cast shadow removal from video sequences with static background using multiple features is developed. The basic idea of the proposed technique is that a simultaneous use of a small number of multiple features, if chosen judiciously, can reduce the similarity between object and shadow pixels without an excessive increase in the computational cost. Using the features of gray levels, color composition, and gradients of foreground and background pixels, a method is devised to create a complete object mask. First, based on each of the three features, three individual shadow masks are constructed, from which three corresponding object masks are obtained through a simple subtraction operation. The object masks are then merged together to generate a single object mask. Each of the three shadow masks is created so as to cover as many shadow pixels as possible, even if it results in falsely including in them some of the object pixels. As a result, the subsequent object masks may lose some of these pixels. However, the object pixels missed by one of the object masks should be able to be recovered by at least one of the other two, since they are generated based on features complementary to the one used to construct the first one. The final object mask obtained through a logical OR operation of the three individual masks can, therefore, be expected to include most of the object pixels. The proposed method is applied to a number of video sequences. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method provides a mechanism for shadow removal that is superior to some of the recently proposed techniques without imparting an excessive computational cost.     

A new high-performance color picture tube: The mask-focusing color tube

From a technical point of view, improvements of conventional color picture tubes could be regarded as having reached their limits. In this respect, we have found that the mask-focusing tube can achieve further improvements when combined with the black-matrix technique, a high-performance gun, dot screen structure, high-matrix transparency, and large gun electrode diameter. Two-fold improvements of brightness and contrast have been obtained with mask transparency twice that of conventional tubes, 22-percent higher matrix transparency, and mask-focusing. A 20-30 percent less deflection power has also been achieved with 110° deflection, neck diameter, and 1:2 mask-focusing voltage ratio. A 20-percent less spot diameter and a sharp beam distribution have been obtained by a new multistage-focusing electron gun in a delta arrangement in the 35.5-mm neck diameter.     

Recent dark-trace tube developments

Dark-trace tubes or skiatrons have certain advantages over bright display tubes which make their use desirable for information displays. These advantages are the ability to integrate visually, to store information, and daylight and sunlight viewing. Since World War II, at the time the 4AP10 was used, several of the basic disadvantages have been corrected in part, such as erase time, writing speed, contrast and color. Several experimental tube types have been evolved and others are under development. Some radical improvements in one or more of the limiting characteristics have been achieved. These were accomplished in several ways, including low heat capacity screens, conductive film techniques, different screen compositions, special electron optics, and other techniques. The characteristics and limitations are summarized for different tube types together with several suggestions for possible further research and development in the field. The equipment design factors peculiar to these tubes, such as stringent voltage requirements, sweep failure protection, beam current limiting circuitry, and other items are discussed to aid preliminary equipment designers in the use of these tubes.     

65cm彩管平板荫罩发辨率的提高

荫罩是彩色显像管的重要部件,本文详细介绍了提高64cm平面直角（FS）彩色显借管用于平板荫罩分辨率计算方法和计算结果,在不影响旧透过率和强度,又不用制作新的荫罩成形模具有以及彩管的其它部件的情况下,水平节距从原来的0.71mm降低到0.57mm,彩管的分辨纺从原来的587线提高到727线,而亮度及色纯等整管参数跟现行64cm彩管基本相同,可以更好的接受VGA信号,DVD图像以及电视节目。     

Noise in traveling–wave tubes

A number of experimental traveling-wave tubes have been built for operation in the 3.2 centimeter wavelength region, and series of noise measurements have been made on these tubes. The periodic dependence of noise figure on the separation between the electron gun and the circuit entrance of the traveling-wave tube has been investigated and various characteristics of these curves have been discussed. A modified noise theory has been suggested; comparisons between it and the experimental results show fair agreement. Noise figure reduction by the use of a triode gun has been investigated for two of the experimental tubes, and a method of analysis that should lead to theoretical justification is suggested.     

A scan-conversion tube utilizing fiber-optics photon transfer

Scan-conversion tubes utilizing fiber-optics photon transfer (FOPT) are currently being developed by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation under contract from the United States Army Electronics Research and Development Laboratory. The tubes consist of three major components: a reading electron gun, a writing electron gun and an interjacent scan-conversion target. The targets consist of a fiber-optics disc coated on one side with a phosphor and on the other with a photoconductor, the reading gun is similar to the low velocity gun of a vidicon and the writing gun is a high velocity cathode-ray tube gun. The majority of targets tested have incorporated a long storage Permachon type photoconductor and a short persistence phosphor; however, other photoconductors and phosphors can be used to perform a variety of video conversions and/or signal enhancements. Operation of these scan-conversion tubes requires only the circuitry normally associated with the driving of a cathode-ray tube and a vidicon; no RF or other type of cancelling circuitry is required to separate the written and read-out signals.     

SMPDP中荧光粉层制备方法的对比与研究

荫罩式等离子体显示器（SMPDP）是一种由金属荫罩板代替传统障壁的新型PDP。针对SMPDP结构的特殊性，讨论了丝网印刷法和喷涂法制备荧光粉层的制作工艺，并对比其优劣。实验结果表明：采用喷涂方法可以在SMPDP的荫罩孔内壁制备致密、均匀的荧光粉层，与掩膜配合使用，可在荫罩上制备三基色荧光粉，满足SMPDP实现彩色的需要。因此，喷涂方法是制备SMPDP三基色荧光粉层行之有效的最佳途径。     

High contrast thermal-erase cathodochromic sodalite storage-display tubes

Cathodochromic dark-trace tubes using KC1 as the screen material have been built for at least three decades. Recently developed cathodochromic sodalite materials give improved storage-display tube performance over the standard KC1 tubes. The induced cathodochromic coloration in both sodalite and KC1 is the result of F-center absorption. A limitation of KC1 is that after repeated and prolonged exposure color-center aggregation occurs. Unlike KC1, however, in sodalite each F-center is located in an aluminosilicate cage. These cages shield the F-centers from each other, and, therefore, color-center aggregation does not occur. Furthermore, in the optically reversible coloration region, the cathodochromic sensitivity is higher and the contrast range is larger in sodalite than in KC1. A more intense image can be obtained that is erasable thermally but not optically. The maximum contrast ratio attainable in this manner is also greater in sodalite than in KC1. Experimental self-contained storage-display tubes employing sodalite:Br as the dark-trace cathodochromic screen material operating in the permanent coloration thermal-erase mode have been constructed. State-of-the-art cathodochromic materials produce white-light reflective contrast ratios in excess of 10:1, and have storage times that are measured in months. Full-frame erase times of less than 2 s have been measured for erase powers of about 12 W/in².     

荫罩黑化及DX气与煤气成分的探讨

本文介绍了彩色显像管荫罩黑化反应的机理,详细说明了DX气制气流程,以及DX气的成分对黑化膜品质的影响。计算分析了成分不同的煤气在制成DX气时的成分变化。同时还分析了黑化工艺和黑化设备对煤气成分波动的适应性,及在生产实践中改变DX气制气时的煤气空气对黑化膜质量的影响。     

A history of color television displays

During the first half of the 50-year period covered by this paper, the color television display progressed from crude mechanical methods and rudimentmy cathode-ray-tube ideas to a more sophisticated combination of these with a rotating color disk in front of a black-and-white picture tube. By 1950, the need to make practicable a compatible color system resulted in an intensive program to develop something better. The result was the shadow-mask color tube, which has since been greatly improved and has been outstandingly successful. Although other cathode-ray approaches succeeded techinical, they have not supplanted the shadow-mask tube commercially. For larger screen applications, projection methods are employed, both with light valves and with projection cathode-ray tubes. The future will undoubtedly see major changes, particularly in the direction of paneltype displays.