一种高效复合除硫剂性能评价及现场试验

针对大牛地奥陶系风化壳气藏低含硫气井采用现用井筒除硫工艺导致采气管线结垢严重及除硫成本高的问题,研发了一种高效复合三嗪除硫剂,评价了其硫容、缓蚀阻垢及配伍性能。室内评价结果显示,质量分数5%的高效复合除硫剂硫容为14.04～14.56g/L,在高压及高温条件下,Q235钢材在复合除硫剂溶液中平均静态腐蚀速率为0.0012mm/a、平均动态腐蚀速率为0.1223mm/a,低于国家腐蚀标准,同时静态缓蚀率达46.0%、动态缓蚀率达50.4%,阻垢率达82.4%,其除硫及缓蚀阻垢性能佳且与现用药剂、地层水配伍性良好。优选2口低含硫气井(H₂S体积分数为90.3×10^-6～260.4×10^-6)开展了现场试验,现场应用结果表明,该高效复合除硫剂能将优选井的硫化氢体积分数降至0,与现用除硫剂相比,除硫能力提高489%,除硫成本降低28.8%。因此,该高效复合除硫剂在大牛地奥陶系风化壳气藏具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

无磷水处理剂对炼油回用水缓蚀效果的影响研究

采用静态失重法研究了不同缓蚀剂对碳钢的缓蚀性能,确定聚环氧琥珀酸、羟基亚乙基二膦酸和苯乙烯磺酸钠为1:1:1时1#配方无磷三元复合型缓蚀剂的缓蚀效果最佳,并研究了不同因素对其缓蚀性能的影响.结果表明,该无磷三元复合型缓蚀剂的最佳投加质量浓度为800 mg/L,最佳反应时间为6 h,最佳反应温度为40℃,溶液环境最佳pH...     

常减压装置塔顶系统的腐蚀机理与防腐措施

常减压装置塔顶及其冷凝冷却系统发生低温位(温度小于120℃)腐蚀,其机理主要是HCl-H2S-H2O腐蚀:原油中的盐类在一定温度和有水存在的条件下发生水解反应,生成腐蚀介质HCl;在原油蒸馏过程中,HCl及原油所含硫化物被加热分解成H2S;在低温冷凝区,HCl遇水(H2O)即形成浓度达1%～2%的稀盐酸,形成设备腐蚀。防腐措施主要是对原油深度脱盐并在塔顶注入中和剂和缓蚀剂。采用交直流高速电脱盐技术,并优选中和剂和缓蚀剂。措施实施后,原油中盐含量小于3mg/L、水含量小于0.3%,电脱盐排出的污水的含油量小于100μg/g,分馏塔塔顶脱出水中的铁离子含量小于3mg/L,排出水pH值大于等于7。各项指标都达到炼油行业工艺防腐的技术要求,使塔顶及其冷凝冷却系统的腐蚀得到了有效控制,保证了装置的安全、平稳、长周期运行。     

熔融盐对高含氮废弃物气流床气化产气调质与污染物脱除特性研究

在生物质气流床（5 kg/h）气化和熔融盐调质净化装置上,进行了熔融盐对高含氮废弃物气流床气化产气的调质与污染物脱除实验,考察了不同熔融盐温度、不同静液高度对出口气体调质和含N、S、Cl污染物脱除特性的影响。结果表明：经过熔融盐调质后,产气中CO与CO2浓度下降,H2浓度明显上升。当温度从380℃升高至580℃时,H2/CO值提高至7.3。随着静液高度的提高,出口气体中CO2与CO浓度下降,H2浓度由30.1%提高至36.8%;熔融盐对高含氮废弃物气流床气化产气中含N、S、Cl污染物有较明显的脱除效果,H2S、SO2、HCl与含氮污染物中的HCN与NOx已完全脱除,当温度为580℃、静液高度为67.5 mm时,NH3脱除率达到96%。     

清除零件污垢的方法

1清除冷却系统水垢 　　（1）缓蚀盐酸溶液清除法.酸性溶液除垢能力强,清除效能高,一般常用8%-10%的盐酸溶液进行酸性处理,但盐酸溶液的腐蚀作用很强,使用中常加入一定量的缓蚀剂,以减轻盐酸溶液对金属零件的腐蚀,并起清除水锈的作用.……     

哈6区块腐蚀结垢分析及对策研究

哈6区块存在CO_2和H_2S含量高,地层水矿化度高、Cl~-含量高等腐蚀结垢恶劣条件,极易发生腐蚀结垢、影响油井正常生产。区块主要在CO_2/H_2S共存条件下造成腐蚀,其主要影响因素为p_(CO_2)/p_(H_2S)值,地层水中成垢离子受温度、压力降低导致溶解度降低而结垢,酸化措施是由于缓蚀剂被岩层矿物吸附,导致残酸返排时对管柱造成腐蚀结垢,注气替油措施是因为溶解氧的存在造成管柱腐蚀结垢。从部位、缝洞带、生产管柱、产出液含水、酸化措施共5个方面分析了腐蚀结垢现状,结果显示整体表现较轻微,但不容忽视。目前油管、套管使用以抗硫管柱为主,地面设备及管道防腐采用深井阳极强制电流阴极保护方法。在前人研究基础上,针对性地提出了根据p_(CO_2)/p_(H_2S)值确定使用油管材质、酸化顶替液改进、注气替油措施改进等8个方面治理对策,为保证油井正常生产奠定了良好基础。     

BTA系列缓蚀剂对铜缓蚀作用的光电化学比较

采用光电化学方法将不同浓度的BTA(苯并三氮唑)及其衍生物在硼砂缓冲溶液(pH9．2)中对铜电极的缓 蚀性能及机理作了比较研究。研究发现,羧基类BTA衍生物(4CBTA、5CBTA、CBT-1)和酯类BTA衍生物(CBTME、 CBTBE,含BTA)对铜的缓蚀作用机理不同。前者对铜的作用主要是缓蚀剂在电极表面形成的膜能促使Cu2O膜不 断增厚,进而起到缓蚀作用,体现在一定浓度的缓蚀剂作用下,电位负向扫描过程中阴极光电流明显增大,缓蚀效 果可用阴极光电流的大小来评定,阴极光电流越大,缓蚀效果越好;后者对铜的作用主要是通过缓蚀剂在电极表面 形成的膜比较致密地阻止了溶液中的O2-进入到金属表面,改变了铜表面的Cu2O膜的化学计量比,体现在一定浓 度的缓蚀剂作用下,电位正向扫描过程中光响应由p型转为n型,缓蚀效果可用阳极光电流的大小来评定,阳极光 电流越大,缓蚀效果越好。     

生物质气化费托合成航空煤油的模拟和火用分析

基于Aspen Plus软件对生物质串行流化床气化费托(FT)合成加氢裂化制取航空煤油进行模拟和热力学分析,研究操作参数变化和副产品蜡循环利用对系统性能的影响。结果表明:系统损失主要在气化子系统中,而合成气提质子系统损较小,过程不可逆损是系统损的主要来源,内部损率为88.3%,生物质大分子结构改变是造成不可逆损的主要原因。所有操作参数中水蒸气与生物质质量配比(S/B)对系统效率影响最大,气化合成气H_2与CO物质的量之比(H_2/CO)在1.95～2.00为宜,增大合成温度和压力可提高系统航空煤油产率和效率。对于玉米秆气化FT加氢裂化制取航空煤油系统,推荐的操作参数:气化温度和压力750℃,0.1～0.2 MPa,S/B为0.4～0.5,合成温度240℃,合成压力1.5～2.0 MPa。此时,航空煤油产率最大可达85.3 kg/t,系统效率为54.3%。副产品蜡进行循环利用,可提高航空煤油产率3.9%,并降低最佳S/B为0.3～0.4。     

烟台500供热示范工程供热管网的腐蚀与保护研究

本文针对烟台 5 0 0供热管网存在的软化水腐蚀问题进行了分析与研究 ,并研制出用于软化水供热系统的缓蚀剂LJF - 2 4和LJF - 34,取得了把管网的腐蚀速度控制到 0 12 5mm/a以下的预期效果。     

雅克拉凝析气田单井集输管道腐蚀因素分析及治理对策

雅克拉凝析气田于2005年投入开发,生产层系为白垩系。该气田井流物复杂,呈高CO2(含量为2.34%～3.1%),高Cl-(含量约为7×104mg/L),低H2S(含量为13.33～43.59mg/m3),低pH值等特点,凝析油含水率为0.76%～12.37%,地层水矿化度约为14×104mg/L。在气、水、烃、固共存的多相流腐蚀介质中,H2S、CO2、Cl-和水是主要的腐蚀物质,在温度为40～60℃、压力为8.5MPa工况条件下,单井集输管道(尤其是出井口150m范围内)出现多次腐蚀暴管、穿孔事件,且不同区域内的管道均有结垢发生。腐蚀因素主要包括介质组分和含量、介质流速和流态、管道材质等。通过对单井集输管道各种腐蚀影响因素进行分析,并对常用防护措施进行比选,综合应用缓蚀剂加注技术、阴极保护技术,以及管道材质优选、材料表面改性和弯头改型技术等防护措施,有效解决了单井集输管线腐蚀穿孔、刺漏问题,为治理高含CO2、Cl-及高流速的"甜性"腐蚀环境下的集输管道腐蚀提供借鉴。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.