无卤膨胀阻燃长玻纤增强聚丙烯性能研究*

利用无卤膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)阻燃长玻纤增强聚丙烯(LGFPP)复合材料,研究IFR的添加量对复合材料阻燃性能、热稳定性能、燃烧性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,加入IFR使复合材料燃烧后生成了具有阻燃作用的炭层,显著提高了复合材料的阻燃性能。随IFR添加量的增加,复合材料的极限氧指数(LOI)逐渐提高,热释放速率峰值及其平均值、总热释放速率和生烟速率逐渐降低,力学性能略有下降。当IFR质量分数为20%时,复合材料的LOI和垂直燃烧等级分别达到了24.4%和UL 94 V-0级。     

三嗪膨胀阻燃聚乳酸的制备及其性能

将实验室自制的三嗪大分子成炭发泡剂(CFA)、聚磷酸铵(APP)及硅树脂复配成膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)添加到聚乳酸(PLA)材料中制备阻燃PLA(IFR-PLA)材料,通过极限氧指数(LOI)和垂直燃烧(UL-94)测试研究了材料的阻燃性能。通过热重分析(TGA)测试研究了材料的热降解行为和成炭性能,通过锥形量热(CONE)测试研究了材料的燃烧行为,并对其燃烧后残炭的形貌进行研究。结果表明:当APP与CFA的质量比为5∶1,IFR的添加量为15%时,IFR-PLA材料通过UL-94 V-0级,LOI值达33.5%。IFR的加入促进了PLA材料的降解和成炭,从而提高了材料的阻燃性能。     

磷酸硼协效膨胀型阻燃剂对聚丙烯阻燃性能的研究

在膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）中添加不同比例的协效剂磷酸硼（BP）制备复合阻燃剂,将复合阻燃剂加入聚丙烯（PP）中,制备阻燃PP复合材料。通过垂直燃烧、极限氧指数测试、锥形量热测试、热重分析和力学性能测试对PP复合材料进行表征。结果表明：BP对IFR具有显著的协同阻燃效果。当添加2%BP和13%IFR时,PP/IFR/BP复合材料（样品4#）阻燃性能最佳,燃烧等级达到V-0,极限氧指数达到30.8%。样品4#的热释放速率峰值、平均热释放速率、总产烟量和总释放热与加入15%IFR的阻燃PP相比,分别降低19.51%、4.40%、34.00%和6.87%,700℃时样品4#的质量保留率增加50%。燃烧过程中,PP/IFR/BP复合材料的硼元素在凝聚相中催化IFR交联成炭,较未添加BP的复合材料,PP/IFR/BP炭层膨胀程度更高且更致密。BP协效剂的添加降低了阻燃剂的添加量,明显提升复合材料的力学性能。     

磷钨酸在膨胀阻燃聚乳酸中的协效作用研究

利用磷钨酸(PWA)与膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)复配得到复合阻燃剂,并与聚乳酸(PLA)熔融共混制备阻燃复合材料PLA/IFR/PWA。通过氧指数测试(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL-94)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、锥形量热测试(CONE)和热失重分析(TGA)对该复合材料的阻燃性能和热稳定性能进行研究。结果表明:PLA/IFR/PWA复合材料表现出优异的阻燃效果和明显的抑烟作用。当添加总质量分数为20%(IFR为18%,PWA为2%)时,复合材料的LOI达到41.7%,UL-94等级为V-0等级,高温残炭量显著提高,燃烧过程中烟释放量明显降低。     

IFR/SiO2和IFR/MgSiO3协效阻燃TPU材料的性能比较

以三嗪成炭发泡剂（CFA）及聚磷酸铵（APP）复配成膨胀阻燃剂(IFR),以二氧化硅(SiO2)及硅酸镁(MgSiO3)为协效剂制备阻燃TPU材料,对比研究了2种热塑性聚氨酯弹性体（TPU）材料的阻燃性能、力学性能、热降解行为、炭层的表面形貌及表面元素组成。结果表明,当IFR总添加量为30 %（质量分数,下同）,SiO2占IFR的5 %时,1.6 mm样条在燃烧时产生大量熔滴,材料通过UL 94 V-2级,极限氧指数（LOI）为39.5 %,而当阻燃剂总添加量为26 %,MgSiO3占IFR的5 %时,1.6 mm样条在燃烧时无滴落,材料通过UL 94 V-0级,LOI为35.7 %,表明MgSiO3在该阻燃体系中具有很好的抑制熔滴的作用;与添加SiO2相比,MgSiO3的加入对材料拉伸性能的影响更小;MgSiO3的加入使得炭层中磷元素含量明显增加;MgSiO3的加入使得阻燃TPU材料在燃烧时产生了更加连续、致密且具有良好强度的炭层,对内部材料起到了更好的保护作用,从而提高了材料的阻燃性能。     

硼酸锌膨胀型防火涂料阻燃抑烟性能的研究

以纯丙乳液为基体,以聚磷酸铵、季戊四醇和三聚氰胺为膨胀阻燃体系,钛白粉为高温填料,硼酸锌为阻燃抑烟协效剂,制备了钢结构膨胀型防火涂料。通过大板燃烧法与热质量损失分析测试了其热性能,通过建材烟密度箱测试了其烟密度值,用数码照片和扫描电镜观察了炭层的宏观与微观结构。结果表明,硼酸锌的加入提高了钢结构防火涂料的抑烟性能和阻燃性能。当添加18.75份硼酸锌时,烟密度等级仅为10.3,耐燃t为126.3min。     

EVA阻燃材料的制备与性能研究

通过极限氧指数、垂直燃烧、烟密度、锥形量热、扫描电子显微镜等表征方法,研究了不同用量自制哌嗪类膨胀阻燃剂（IFR）对乙烯醋酸乙烯共聚物（EVA）的阻燃作用。结果表明,添加30 %（质量分数,下同）IFR的EVA材料极限氧指数能达到37 %,UL 94垂直燃烧达到V-0级,有焰、无焰烟密度均很低,热释放速率峰值降至156 kW/m2,仅仅只有纯EVA的21.8 %,燃烧后形成了致密的膨胀炭层;该阻燃材料具有很低的吸湿率,力学性能保持较好,且能满足RoHS环保要求。     

膨胀阻燃碱木质素聚氨酯泡沫的制备及性能

将精制后的碱木质素代替部分聚醚多元醇,通过一步发泡法与聚合MDI混合制备了碱木质素聚氨酯泡沫,同时采用季戊四醇(PER)和聚磷酸铵(APP)复配组成膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)制备了碱木质素阻燃聚氨酯泡沫,通过极限氧指数(LOI)测试分析了碱木质素阻燃聚氨酯泡沫的阻燃性能。通过热重分析(TGA)、锥形量热测试(CONE)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试,分别研究了所制试样的热降解行为和成炭性能、燃烧行为和残炭的形貌。分析结果表明:当碱木质素的添加量为聚醚多元醇的5%,APP与PER的质量比为3∶1,IFR的添加量为30%时,碱木质素基聚氨酯泡沫的LOI达到了24.8%,IFR的加入促进了碱木质素聚氨酯泡沫的降解和成炭,从而提高了材料的阻燃性能。     

新型环保高效膨胀型阻燃剂阻燃聚丙烯

对2个复合体系聚丙烯/膨胀型阻燃剂(PP/IFR)及聚丙烯/聚烯烃弹性体/纳米碳酸钙/膨胀型阻燃剂(PP/POE/nano-CaCO3/IFR)的阻燃性进行研究,通过测试氧指数、水平燃烧速率、烟密度以及燃烧测试后试样的形貌观察,分析了复合体系的阻燃效果及机理。结果表明,PP/IFR复合体系可达到优异的阻燃性能,IFR用量为30份时氧指数达到34.4%,并且可明显改善PP的熔滴现象。而添加POE破坏了阻燃炭层的形成,降低了氧指数,并伴随严重的熔滴,却能明显降低释烟量。     

三嗪成炭剂对EVA阻燃性能的影响

三嗪成炭剂(CNCH-DA)与多聚磷酸铵(APP)复配成膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)应用于EVA的阻燃改性,采用氧指数测定仪(LOI)、垂直燃烧测定仪(UL-94)分析了EVA/IFR复合材料的阻燃性能,采用微型量热仪(MCC)分析了其燃烧行为,并采用热重分析仪(TGA)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了其阻燃机理。结果表明,当APP与CNCH-DA的质量比为2∶1时,EVA/IFR复合材料的LOI值达到27. 7%,并且通过了UL-94 V-0级测试; MCC分析结果表明,添加了IFR后,EVA的燃烧性能下降; TGA分析结果表明,当添加IFR后,EVA/IFR复合材料的热降解推迟,残炭量增加;SEM分析表明,EVA/IFR在燃烧后能形成致密且蓬松的炭层,起到良好的阻燃效果,而EVA/CNCH-DA燃烧后,形成众多不致密的微球。     

阻燃增塑剂溴化及溴氯化石蜡的合成工艺

综述了阻燃增塑剂溴化及溴氯化石蜡的各种合成工艺路线，讨论了相应的合成反应机理．包括反应历程和有关化学热力学计算，简要介绍了安徽省化工研究院已工业化的溴化及溴氯化石蜡合成工艺的特点。     

苯基次膦酸锌阻燃改性聚乳酸材料

采用共沉淀法合成了苯基次膦酸锌(ZnP)并对其进行表征,在此基础上通过熔融共混技术制备了一系列聚乳酸/苯基次膦酸锌(PLA/ZnP)复合材料,采用热重分析,极限氧指数测试（LOI）,UL 94垂直燃烧测试、微型量热(MCC)研究ZnP对复合材料热稳定性、阻燃性能以及燃烧性能的影响。研究表明,ZnP可以提高复合材料的热分解温度和成炭性,30 %（质量分数,下同）ZnP使得复合材料的分解温度相对于纯PLA上升8 ℃,750 ℃成炭率达到18.5 %;此外,ZnP可以提高复合材料阻燃性能,PLA/ZnP30的极限氧指数达到24.0 %,并通过UL 94 V-2级别,热释放速率峰值相对于PLA降低了24.9 %,有效提高了复合材料火灾安全性。     

水性聚氨酯接枝聚合物中空微球消光树脂的制备与性能

以二羟甲基丙酸 （DMPA） 为亲水扩链剂,聚己二酸1,4-丁二醇酯多元醇 （PBA） 为软段,甲苯二异氰酸酯 （TDI） 为硬段,制备了亲水性聚氨酯预聚体;将亲水性聚氨酯预聚体用碱中和后,加入到氨基改性中空微球分散体中,高速剪切分散,亲水聚氨酯预聚体与改性中空微球发生接枝反应,获得水性聚氨酯接枝改性的中空微球 （WPU-g-HM） 乳液。将WPU-g-HM乳液涂敷在PVC基材上成膜,测试其消光性能。结果表明：WPU-g-HM乳液稳定性好,具有良好的成膜性能;胶膜表面光滑,外观柔和,富弹性触感,耐热性提高。WPU-g-HM乳液涂覆的PVC基材的光泽（60°）小于2°,属于平光范围,具有优异的自消光性能,还可用作遮盖性颜料和手感改性剂等应用于涂料、造纸、皮革等行业。     

Flame retardant cotton

The water‐soluble organophosphorus compound, namely, hexahydroxymethylamidocyclotriphosphatriazatriene (HHMAPT) was synthesized by reacting phosphonitrile chloride with liquid ammonia followed by reaction with formaldehyde. It is rich in phosphorus and nitrogen and as a polyfunctional compound it can undergo several reactions with itself forming an in situ polymer or with cotton cellulose similar to conventional N‐methylol finishing agents. It was successfully used as a flame retarding agent in the absence and presence of etherified methylolated melamine (EMM). Investigations into the different factors that affect these reactions and the effect of these on the properties of the finished fabrics give rise to the following points; (1) P%, N% and crease recovery increase by increasing the curing time and temperature; (2) the most effective catalyst is NH₄Cl; P% and N% increase by increasing the concentration of NH₄Cl from 5 to 12.5 g/l (3) an increase in EMM and HHMAPT concentrations is accompanied by enhancement in P%, N% and crease recovery; (4) the fabric samples exhibit durable flame retardancy at temperatures higher than 120°C in the absence of EMM while in the presence of EMM, all samples exhibit durable flame retardancy properties, regardless of the temperature of curing; (5) the durable flame retardancy is achieved at concentrations higher than 60 g/l HHMAPT and 7.5 g/NH₄Cl. All samples exhibit loss in tensile properties but within an acceptable range (20%), crease recovery is improved in all samples. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2005～2009年安徽省生态足迹和承载力变化分析

区域可持续发展的定量评价是当前可持续发展的一个研究热点。以2006~2010年安徽省统计年鉴为依据,用生态足迹理论对安徽省2005~2009年间的生态足迹和生态承载力进行测算和分析。计算结果显示：研究时段内,安徽省人均生态足迹由2005年的1.7203 hm2上升到2009年的2.0956 hm2;生态承载能力由2005年的0.4240 hm2下降到2009年的0.4105 hm2,到2009年人均生态赤字已高达1.6851 hm2。这说明我省在可持续发展道路上依然存在问题,为我省的资源利用提出了建设性的意见。     

带侧边微孔射流扰动火焰结构特性

In this paper, an innovative jet lifted flame with side micro-jets has been proposed and its effects on the flame structure have also been investigated. Due to the changes of the initial combustion conditions, mixing and aerodynamics which resulted from the perturbation of the side micro-jets, such a lifted jet flame has different flame structure compared with the common premixed flame. Results demonstrate that use of the micro-jets can control, to a certain extent, the flame structure, including the flame length, lift-off distance and blow-off limit. With the same fuel and air flow rate, the flame length with the side micro-jets will decrease about 5%-40% as the air volume ratio α increases from 58%-76%. Compared with the common diffusion flame, the jet flame with the side micro-jets demonstrates to be easier to be a momentum-dominated flame. The flame length with 2 micro-jets is about 5% less than with 6 micro-jets under the same fuel and air flow rate. With the same α, the fewer number of the controlled jets lead to the flame with relatively shorter length, not easier to be blown off and higher NOx emission. With cer-tain fuel flow rate, the critical air volume ratio is largest for the flame with 3 micro-jets, which is more difficult to be blown off than the cases with 2, 4 or 6 micro-jets.     

Effects of Chinese dolomites on tar cracking in gasification of birch

To minimize tar in the producer gas from birch gasification at 700, 750 and 800 °C, four Chinese dolomites (Zhenjiang, Nanjing, Shanxi, Anhui) and a Swedish dolomite (Sala) used as reference were studied in a laboratory-scale atmospheric fluidized bed gasifier. The gasifier was equipped with a downstream fixed catalyst bed. The results imply that all dolomites but Anhui dolomite effectively decompose tar into gases. Anhui dolomite showed a low catalytic capacity to crack tar produced at 700 and 800 °C. The influence of various ratios of steam to biomass on tar content in the producer gas after passing over dolomite was studied. The tar cracking efficiency of the dolomites did not improve significantly with the ratio of steam to biomass in the region 0.11-0.52.     

Flame Retardant Polyolefinic Materials

Abstract

Flammability and thermal properties of industrial flame retardant polyolefines used for making parts in color televisors have been studied. The influence of thermal ageing on mechanical properties and fire behaviour of polypropylene material has been shown. Thermogravimetric data have been used to evaluate kinetic parameters for thermo-oxidative decomposition of some flame retardant polypropylene materials.     

阻燃LGFPP的阻燃性能研究

将有机蒙脱土(OMMT)和水滑石(LDH)分别与膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)构成阻燃体系,对长玻纤增强聚丙烯(LGFPP)复合材料进行阻燃改性,通过极限氧指数(LOI)和锥形量热仪(CONE)测试,对比研究了两种体系阻燃LGFPP的阻燃性能及阻燃机理。结果表明:当OMMT质量分数为2%时,复合材料的LOI达到最大值24.2%,且垂直燃烧达到了UL-94 V-0级;当LDH质量分数为1%时,LOI达到最大值23.3%,而垂直燃烧等级仍为V-1级。以炭层阻隔的IFR/OMMT体系比以稀释阻燃的IFR/LDH体系更加有效地改善LGFPP的阻燃性能。     

Flame retardant novolac-bisphthalonitrile structural thermosets

Void-free, thermoset networks prepared from phenolic novolacs cured with bisphthalonitrile (BPh) reagents display attractive mechanical, thermal, and fire characteristics. The network properties depend strongly on the novolac-BPh composition. Networks containing 15 wt[percnt] BPh or greater had T_gs above 180 °C and good fracture toughness (K_1c∼0.8 MPa m^1/2). Cone calorimetry results for an 80:20 (wt/wt) novolac/BPh network, at an incident heat flux of 50 kW/m², demonstrated a peak heat release rate of 137 kW/m² and char yields [gt ]50[percnt]. These excellent flame properties are similar to those of phenolic resole networks, which are brittle but known to be flame retardant.The cure reaction between the novolac and BPh was monitored by the disappearance of the nitrile peak at 2200 cm⁻¹ in the FTIR. The nitrile was ≈90[percnt] consumed after 1 h at 200 °C and ∼20 min at 220 °C.The molecular structure of a novolac-BPh crosslink was studied in model reactions using monofunctional phenols. 2-Hydroxydiphenylmethane was reacted with BPh in the melt at 200 °C for 3 h using a 25:1 molar ratio (6.1:1 eq. ratio) of 2-hydroxydiphenylmethane/BPh. FTIR and ¹H NMR suggested that the product generated from the model melt reaction contained a diiminoisoindoline structure.