无线传感器网络的时钟同步和校准技术

无线传感器网络得到广泛应用,成为是C4ISRT系统中不可或缺的一部分。时钟同步和校准技术是无线传感器网络中的关键技术。无线传感器网络的数据标记、协同睡眠、时分多址接入和数据融合等都需要时钟同步和校准,文章分析了影响时钟同步的主要因素,并重点介绍了几种同步算法和校准算法,将其进行了比较。     

OTN中ODU_k时钟的抖动性能要求

抖动是影响光通信质量的重要因素.文章首先简单介绍了光传送网(OTN)中的4种光数据单元(ODUk)时钟,然后介绍了ITU-T建议对这4种ODUk时钟的输出抖动、抖动容限以及抖动传递函数的规定,并具体分析了去映射器时钟ODCP的抖动,最后给出了一种异步去映射的实例以及抖动测量结果.     

基于SPCE3200的彩色液晶显示系统设计

介绍一种新型彩色液晶显示系统。该系统以凌阳公司的嵌入式32位多媒体微处理器SPCE3200为主控制器。Sharp公司的LQ057Q3DC02彩色TFTLCD作为图像显示器。SPCE3200通过内置MPEG4,JPEG硬件编解码模块将Flash的图像数据解码后存入显示缓冲区内,LCD控制器产生驱动LCD所需的数据移位时钟、帧同步时钟与行同步时钟。并在时钟触发下将缓冲器内的图像数据传给LCD显示。给出彩色液晶显示系统的软硬件设计。     

接收器中并行数据与字节时钟同步的电路设计

在串并转换接收器中,并行数据在字节时钟的作用下并行输出.如何保证同一时刻输出的并行数据属于同一个字节,即并行数据与字节时钟的同步,是串并转换接受器中的一个关键问题.根据串并转换电路可以使用移位寄存结构,字节时钟可以在串行时钟的基础上使用计数器得到,而计数器又模可变的特点,设计了一种在数据的串并转换中进行并行数据与字节时钟同步的电路,经过理论分析与软件仿真,证明电路性能良好可行.     

一种宽频的数据时钟自恢复电路的设计

介绍了一种加宽数据时钟自恢复电路的可恢复时钟频率带宽的方法，重点提出了时钟锁定的检测电路及时钟输出的选择电路的设计，并进行了分析。     

光传送网中复用映射电路的设计

为了简化光传送网中光数据单元的时钟电路设计、降低成本,提出了一种基于均匀缺口时钟的同步电路。首先,采用异步FIFO实现缺口同步时钟的生成;然后,通过带有缺口的同步时钟设计了一种复用映射电路,处理不同类型的光数据单元,实现信号频偏吸收、时钟数据恢复和前向错误纠错。并通过电路仿真证明,该方案设计的电路可达到与传统方案相同的性能,且设计和实现采用虚拟时钟替代锁相环,使电路更加简单经济。     

利用频域时钟抖动分析加快设计验证过程

随着数据速率的提高,时钟抖动分析的需求也在与日俱增。本文探讨参考了时钟的作用和时钟抖动对数据抖动的影响,并讨论在E5052B信号源分析仪（SSA）上运行的Agilent E5001A精确时钟抖动分析应用软件所配备的全新测量技术。     

基于RISC-V直接访存的SM4加密单元的设计

为适应信息安全对网络加密数据吞吐率日益增长的要求，基于我国自主设计的首个商用加密算法SM4，本文在开源的RISC-V处理器中，设计了一个具有直接访存功能的SM4加脱密单元，并对RISC-V的指令集进行了扩展，扩展的指令可直接调用SM4单元。这种方法不仅通过硬件实现了SM4加脱密算法，同时有效减少了SM4单元在加解密过程中使用取数和存数指令访存的频率，大幅度提高了数据加密的速度。为了解决CPU访存与SM4单元访存的冲突，设计中采用了流水线互锁方案，并使用Modelsim进行了仿真验证。在300MHz的时钟频率下，加解密4kB数据需要10500 个时钟周期，吞吐率达到了914.28Mbit/s。     

基于LVDS的高速数据交换引擎IP核设计

设计了一种基于LVDS的高速数据交换引擎IP核,并详细阐述了在FPGA上的实现原理和关键设计.该IP核能广泛适用于低速、高速FPGA中,测试结果表明,IP核的逻辑功能正确,可适应从spartan3A器件上时钟频率150MHz,300Mb/s数据传输速率(1位模式,4位模式下达到1.2Gb/s),到Virtex6器件上时钟频率500MHz,1Gb/s数据传输速率(1位模式,4位模式下达到4Gb/s).     

时钟抖动对A/D变换器采样性能的影响

时钟抖动时是影响ADC性能指标的重要因素。本文首先给出了时钟抖动和相位噪声的定义,并分析了二者之间的换算关系;然后给出了时钟抖动对A/D变换器的影响;最后结合某工程中的实测数据验证了时钟抖动对A/D变换器性能的影响。     

A baseband processor for impulse ultra-wideband communications

This paper presents a baseband processor architecture for pulsed ultra-wideband signals. It consists of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a clock generation system, and a digital back-end. The clock generation system provides different phases of a 300-MHz clock using four differential inverter stages. The specification of the jitter standard deviation is 100 ps. The Flash interleaved ADC provides four bit samples at 1.2 Gsps. The back-end uses parallelization to process these samples and to reduce the signal acquisition time to 65 /spl mu/s. The entire synchronization algorithm is implemented in the digital domain, without feeding any signals back to the clock control. The baseband processor and ADC were implemented on the same 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS die at 1.8 V as part of a complete baseband transceiver. A wireless data rate of 193 kb/s is demonstrated.     

FPGA时钟设计

在FPGA设计中,为了成功地操作,可靠的时钟是非常关键的。设计不良的时钟在极限的温度、电压下将导致错误的行为。在设计PLD/FPGA时通常采用如下四种类型时钟：全局时钟、门控时钟、多级逻辑时钟和波动式时钟。多时钟系统包括上述四种时钟类型的任意组合。     

Design methodology for synthesizing clock distribution networksexploiting nonzero localized clock skew

An integrated top-down design methodology is presented in this brief for synthesizing high performance clock distribution networks based on application dependent localized clock skew. The methodology is divided into four phases: (1) determining an optimal clock skew schedule composed of a set of nonzero clock skew values and the related minimum clock path delays; (2) designing the topology of the clock distribution network with delays assigned to each branch based on the circuit hierarchy, the aforementioned clock skew schedule, and minimizing process and environmental delay variations; (3) designing circuit structures to emulate the delay values assigned to the individual branches of the clock tree; and (4) designing the physical layout of the clock distribution network. The clock distribution network synthesis methodology is based on CMOS technology. The clock lines are transformed from distributed resistive capacitive interconnect lines into purely capacitive interconnect lines by partitioning the RC interconnect lines with inverting repeaters. Variations in process parameters are considered during the circuit design of the clock distribution network to guarantee a race-free circuit. Nominal errors of less than 2.5% for the delay of the clock paths and 7% for the clock skew between any two registers belonging to the same global data path as compared with SPICE Level-3 are demonstrated     

A CMOS high-speed data recovery circuit using the matched delaysampling technique

This paper presents a scheme and circuitry for demultiplexing and synchronizing high-speed serial data using the matched delay sampling technique. By simultaneously propagating data and clock signals through two different delay taps, the sampler achieves a very fine sampling resolution which is determined by the difference between the data and clock delays. This high resolution sampling capability of the matched delay sampler can be used in the oversampling data recovery circuit. A data recovery circuit using the matched delay sampling technique has been designed and fabricated in 1.2-μm CMOS technology. The chip has been tested at 417 Mb/s [2.4 ns nonreturn to zero (NRZ)] input data and demultiplexes serial input data into four 104 Mb/s (9.6 ns NRZ) output streams with 800 mW power consumption at 4 V power supply. While recovering data, the sampling clock running at 1/4 of the data frequency is phase-tracking with the input data based on information extracted from a digital phase control circuit     

1-GHz fully pipelined 3.7-ns address access time 8 k×1024embedded synchronous DRAM macro

This embedded-DRAM macro is designed as a DRAM cache for a future gigahertz microprocessor system based on a logic-based DRAM technology. The most notable feature of this macro is its ability to run synchronously with a gigahertz CPU clock in a fully pipelined fashion. It is designed to operate with a 1-GHz clock signal at 85°C, nominal process parameters, and a 10% degraded V_DD. The design is fully pipelined and synchronous with 16 independent subarrays. With 1-kb wide I/0 and a 1-GHz clock, the maximum data rate becomes 1 Tb per second. The address access time is 3.7 ns, four cycles with a 1-GHz clock. The subarray cycle time is 12 ns     

A 1.5 Gb/s link interface chipset for computer data transmission

The authors designed a set of four ICs to provide encoding, multiplexing, clock extraction/demultiplexing, and decoding for gigabit-rate serial data transmission. These chips form a high bandwidth data link for point-to-point communication. A new line code is implemented that provides DC balance, efficient encoding, framing, and simple clock extraction. Embedded in the code is a fixed transition used by the phase/frequency locked loop (PLL) for simple clock extraction and frame synchronization. Unlike other links, this PLL requires no trimming for data retiming, either in production or later. An on-chip voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with a tuning range of 1.1-1.6 GHz is available for use with the PLL. With this chip set the authors demonstrated a transmission rate of 16 bits in parallel at 75 MHz or, with encoding overhead, a serial rate of 1.5 Gb/s     

2.5Gb/s单片时钟恢复数据判决与1:4分接集成电路的设计

用0.25μm CMOS工艺实现一个复杂的高集成度的2.5Gb/s单片时钟数据恢复与1:4分接集成电路.对应于2.5Gb/s的PRBS数据(231-1),恢复并分频后的625MHz时钟的相位噪声为-106.26dBc/Hz@100kHz,同时2.5Gb/s的PRBS数据分接出4路625Mb/s数据.芯片面积仅为0.97mm×0.97mm,电源电压3.3V时核心功耗为550mW.     

2.5-Gb/s low-jitter low-power monolithically integrated optical receiver

A high-scale integrated optical receiver including a preamplifier, a limiting amplifier, a clock and data recovery (CDR) block, and a 1:4 demultiplexer (DEMUX) has been realized in a 0.25???m CMOS technology. Using the loop parameter optimization method and the low-jitter circuit design technique, the rms and peak-to-peak jitter of the recovered 625-MHz clock are 9.4 and 46.3?ps, respectively, which meet the jitter specifications stipulated in ITU-T recommendation G.958. The recovered and frequency divided 625?MHz clock has a phase noise of ?83.8 dBc/Hz at 20?kHz offset in response to 2.5?Gb/s PRBS input data (2²³?C1), and the 2.5?Gb/s PRBS data has been demultiplexed into four 625?Mb/s data. The power dissipation is only 0.3?W under a single 3.3 V supply (excluding output buffers).     

SoC中跨时钟域的信号同步设计

多时钟域的处理是系统级芯片（SoC）设计中的一个重要环节。如果对其中出现的特殊问题估计不足,将对设计造成灾难性后果。数据跨时钟域传输时如何保持系统的稳定,顺利完成数据的传输是每个设计者都需要关注的问题。在此讨论了在多时钟域中异步信号带来的亚稳态及对整个电路性能和功能的影。针对单一信号的异步传输,在已有的双触发器构成的同步器的基础上提出了4种同步单元：脉冲到脉冲的同步、脉冲到电平的同步、电平到电平的同步,电平到脉冲的同步。值得强调的是这4种同步器都对异步时钟频率没有大小关系的限制。并且给出了4种同步器的电路结构图并进行了实现,使得数据传输更加稳定可靠。     

Improving Line-Based QCA Memory Cell Design Through Dual Phase Clocking

This paper describes a line-based, quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) memory cell design that is synchronized by a dual-phase clocking scheme. In line-based QCA memory cells, data bits are stored oscillating along QCA lines. The best known line-based memory cell implementation requires three new clocking zones in addition to the four clocking zones defined by the conventional QCA clocking scheme and utilizes three parallel clocking zones per cell. The proposed memory cell requires only two new clocking zones and utilizes two parallel clock zones per memory cell; permitting less CMOS circuity for clock design and denser QCA system implementations. Furthermore, read throughput is improved to one operation per clock cycle (from one read per two clock cycles). Simulations with the $hbox{tt QCADesigner}$ simulator are performed to verify the functionality of the proposed QCA memory cell.