URANS COMPUTATION OF CAVITATING FLOWS AROUND SKEWED PROPELLERS

Cavitating flows around skewed propellers are investigated numerically by means of the unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Equation method. The standard k-ε turbulence and the modified Z-G-B cavitation models are employed. A measured nominal wake is used for the inlet velocity boundary condition. Predicted cavitating evolution processes and tip cavity patterns are compared with experimental observations. In addition, the influence of the skew angles on the cavitation and unsteadiness performances of propellers operating in a non-uniform wake is also studied. Results show that the modified Z-G-B cavitation model performs better to simulate the cavitating flow cases studied in this paper. Comparisons demonstrate that the skewed propeller with a skew angle of 20 o is the best choice for a given stern wake with a assigned thrust and the minimum force fluctuations.     

大型集装箱船上大侧斜螺旋桨模型脉动压力的比较试验研究

对一艘大型集装箱船，按图谱方法设计了一个常规桨，在相同的设计条件下按升力面方法设计了两个不同侧斜角的大侧斜桨。三个桨模在中国船舶科学研究中心大型空泡水筒中用假船尾加网格模拟的伴流场中进行了脉动压力测量。测量结果表明：大侧斜桨与常规桨比较可以明显地降低螺旋桨对船体诱导的脉动压力，下降幅度达３０％左右。     

高负荷螺旋桨水动力性能试验研究

以某大型集装箱船高负荷螺旋桨为研究对象,分别采用大侧斜、反弯扭叶片和毂帽鳍等技术进行螺旋桨优化设计,以改善螺旋桨的空泡和水动力性能.设计了5型螺旋桨,分别在空泡水筒进行了模拟伴流场中的空泡和激振力试验,并在拖曳水池进行了敞水试验.试验结果表明,采用大侧斜可有效减小螺旋桨诱导船艉激振力;反弯扭叶片螺旋桨空泡性能较好,有较低的螺旋桨诱导船艉激振力水平;桨毂帽鳍可改善毂涡空泡,模型试验状态下可提高推进效率2%左右.     

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF CAVITATION PERFORMANCE OF SHIP PROPELLERS

The cavitation performance of propellers is studied based on viscous multiphase flow theories. With a hybrid grid based on Navier-Stokes (N-S) and bubble dynamics equations, some recent validation results are presented in this paper in the predictions of the thrust, the torque and the vapor volume fraction on the back side of propeller blade for a uniform inflow. The numerical predictions of the hydrodynamic performance and the sheet cavitation under several operating conditions for two propellers agree with the corresponding measured data in general. The thrust and the torque are plotted with respect to the advance rate and the cavitation number. The cavitation performance breakdown is closely related to the strong sheet cavitation around propellers. The models with parameters modified are shown to predict the propeller cavitation well.     

BLADE SECTION DESIGN OF MARINE PROPELLERS WITH MAXIMUM CAVITATION INCEPTION SPEED

Kuiper and Jessup(1993)developed a design method for propellers in a wake based on the Eppler foil design method.The optimized section is transformed into the three-dimensional propeller flow using the approach of the effective blade sections.Effective blade sections are two-dimensional sections in two-dimensional flow which have the same chordwise loading distribution as the three-dimensional blade sections of a propeller.However,the design procedure is laborious in two aspects:finding an optimum blade section using the Eppler program requires much skill of the designer,and transforming the two-dimensional blade section into a propeller blade section in three-dimensional flow is complex.In this work,these two problems were coped with.A blade section design procedure was presented using an optimization technique and an alternative procedure for the effective blade section is developed using a lifting surface design method.To validate the method a benchmark model of a naval ship was used.This benchmark model was extended by new appendices and a reference propeller,and designed using conventional design methods.This reference propeller was optimized using the new design procedure and model tests were carried out.Special attention was given to the data of the model and the reference propeller,to make the configuration suitable for the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)calculations.     

拖式吊舱螺旋桨定常性能理论计算

本文提出拖式吊舱螺旋桨(螺旋桨位于吊舱首部)定常水动力性能的势流理论计算方法。螺旋桨采用升力面理论涡格法、吊舱采用面元法分析计算，二者的相互干扰通过叠代计算来处理。考虑吊舱的影响，修改了尾涡模型。应用本方法，计算了拖式吊舱螺旋桨的定常性能，并与空泡水筒试验结果进行了比较，计算与试验吻合良好。     

非定常螺旋桨水动力升力面预报

本文基于格林定理和薄翼假计,导出一种升力面离散涡分布法来求解螺旋桨非定常水动力。在本方法中,附着涡和面源分布在桨叶拱弧面上,涡格和控制点的弦向分布形式吸收了Lan的准连续法的特点,非定常的尾涡面上布置了具有时间记忆性的泄出涡。本文在考虑了尾涡收缩的同时,还计入了桨叶梢涡分离。采用时域迭代法求解非定常问题得到时域解,利用谐调分析可进一步得到频域解。作者编制了本方法的计算程序,计算结果令人满意。     

斜交塔基局部冲刷规律研究

塔基(桥墩)的局部冲刷问题是跨河工程规划、设计中需考虑的重要课题。受限于地形、地质、经济条件等因素,斜交塔基(桥墩)逐渐用于跨河工程中。然而,目前研究侧重正交塔基(桥墩)的局部冲刷问题,对斜交塔基局部冲刷规律研究较少,因此,以某斜交塔基工程为例,通过概化模型试验研究了斜交塔基的局部冲刷规律。研究结果表明:与正交塔基相比,斜交塔基偏向侧流速增幅大于塔基背向侧流速;冲刷坑最大冲刷深度较大,且最大冲刷位置位于塔基偏向侧;冲刷坑呈不对称的马蹄形,且塔基偏向侧冲刷范围大于背向侧;塔基防护后,以上趋势减弱。研究成果为解决跨江大桥或电缆通道建设中的斜交塔基局部冲刷问题提供了参考借鉴。     

THE NUMERICAL CALCULATION FOR THE STERN FLOW OF THREE DIMENSIONAL SURFACE SHIP WITH MULTI-PRO-PELLERS IN OPERATION

In this paper the complex structure and pattern of ship stern flow driven by multi-propellers is simulated numerically by using RANS equations with K-ε turbulence model and propeller lifting surface theory as essential research tool and coupling the computer code of ship stern flow to the computer code of propeller performance prediction through the medium of body force.A ship model with four propellers is selected as the numerical example.Detailed computational results are presented graphically and the qualitative and quantitative analysis is made. Finally,the comparison between the calculated result and the available experimental data is made.The agreement between them is satisfactory.     

定子斜槽设计对贯流式水轮发电机空载电压的影响研究

为改善空载电压波形、保障发电机与电网运行稳定性,采用定子斜槽设计措施,对1台36 MW的贯流式水轮发电机空载电压波形进行了优化,并利用多层运动电磁场场路耦合时步有限元模型进行了分析与计算.结果表明,定子斜槽措施可以明显削弱齿谐波,进而优化空载电压波形,对提高发电机设计水平及改善其与电网运行稳定性,具有参考价值.     

The design of propeller and propeller boss cap fins (PBCF) by an integrative method

Generally, after a marine propeller design, the propeller boss cap fins (PBCF) design concerns with an optimal selection of model test results, without a due consideration of the interaction between the PBCF and the propeller. In this paper, the PBCF and the propeller are considered as a whole system with their design as an integrative process, in which the concept of the increased loading in the blade root is incorporated. The load distribution on the blade becomes well-proportioned due to the increased loading in the blade root, and it is advantageous to the reduction of the vibratory force and the blade tip vortex. The blade root area is stronger in withstanding forces, and is not easy to be vibrated, therefore, the increased loading there is beneficial to the noise reduction. The disadvantage of the increased loading in the blade root is the generation of the hub vortex behind the boss cap, but the hub vortex can be broken up by the energy saving hydrodynamic mechanism of the PBCF. The integrative design method introduced in this paper can provide a higher efficiency for propellers under the same design conditions. In this paper, an integrative propeller and PBCF design method including the theoretical design and the numerical optimization design is proposed, based on the potential flow theory, the CFD tools, the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm, and the model tests. A propeller with the PBCF is designed based on the method of integrated increased loading in the blade root for a cargo vessel in this paper. The cavitation tunnel model test results show that the propeller and the PBCF thus designed enjoys a higher efficiency, and the design method is effective, reliable and practical.     

ON THE RELATION BETWEEN CAVITATION INCEPTION AND FLOW PATTERN ON PROPELLER BLADES

Oil flow visuallization on the model propellers with and without tripping devices atthe leading edge is revealed in this paper. Roughing leading edge with sand blasting was to simu-late the flow at full-scale condition. The observations of cavitation inception and the detection ofcavitation erosion were made in uniform and non-uniform flow respectively so as to consider theeffects of flow pattern on cavitation inception and to investigate the causes of difference in thelocations of cavitation erosion between model propeller and prototype. In addition, calculationsof the pressure distributions and the behaviour of boundary layer on the propeller blade were alsodone by using theoretical method. It is necessary to gain a better understanding of cavitation in-ception of the propeller.     

NUMERICAL RESEARCHES ON INTERACTION BETWEEN PROPE- LLERS IN UNIFORM FLOW

Numerical simulations of the flow around two bidirectional staggered propellers are conducted in uniform flow. The computed open water performance of the fore-propeller is compared with the corresponding experimental results, and the influence of the fore-propeller on the aft one is carefully investigated. It is found that the inflow around the aft propeller close to the side of the fore is especially affected by the fore one, leading to abnormal circumferential distribution of force on the blade in the shade region. For either forces or velocity distributions, the abnormal changes behave contrarily for cases with the rotating speed larger or smaller than the idle. Moreover, the more the rotating speed of the fore differs from the idle, the larger the abnormal values become.     

水电机组智能复合控制策略研究

水轮发电机组系统是一非线性、时变、高阶系统,传统PID或模糊控制很难达到理想的控制效果,模糊和PID适当结合控制可提高控制效果。对模糊和PID控制相结合形式进行了讨论,并设计了常用的几种模糊和PID控制结合的控制器;又结合具体水电站控制工程,对控制器进行了仿真分析,并分析了模糊和PID如何优势互补达到较好的控制效果。为了说明问题,设计模糊和PID控制器时用遗传算法和神经网络进行了优化。     

基于拓扑优化方法的开挖边坡设计

提出了应用拓扑优化方法设计边坡的方法,并运用基于刚度的拓扑优化方法对一开挖边坡进行优化设计,分析了边坡优化过程中材料密度的变化以及应变能随优化区体积的变化规律,对比分析了边坡拓扑优化设计前后的应变能与水平位移。通过强度折减法计算分析了传统开挖边坡设计与拓扑优化设计边坡的稳定性。边坡拓扑优化设计沿原坡面进行删减单元,未出现空洞现象。优化后的坡体趋于三角形,应变能最大值减小,横向位移分布较为均匀,可以认为使用拓扑优化方法对开挖边坡进行优化是可行的。在坡顶荷载作用下,边坡坡比随高程而变,且上部坡比较小。拓扑优化设计的边坡在开挖区域内以及整个设计土坡的安全系数与在开挖同样体积下传统边坡设计的安全系数相差较小,拓扑优化设计的开挖边坡滑弧较不明显,并且拓扑优化方法在边坡设计时较好地考虑了边坡的土体材料特性及边坡的应变能。     

带扭曲舵船舶自航因子数值预报

为研究扭曲舵的节能效果,以标准船模KVLCC2为对象,设计了合适的扭曲舵,进行基于CFD方法的实船自航因子预报。该文首先以带常规舵的船模为对象进行了船-舵模型阻力试验、螺旋桨模型敞水试验和船-桨-舵模型自航试验数值模拟,通过数值结果与试验结果的对比,验证了数值方法的有效性。然后根据螺旋桨尾部流场设计扭曲舵,进行了带扭曲舵的船-舵模型阻力试验和船-桨-舵模型自航试验数值模拟,基于数值模拟结果,分析得到了实船自航因子,并将其与带普通舵的实船自航因子进行比较;结果表明,所设计的扭曲舵可以较好地提高螺旋桨推进效率,使相同航速下的螺旋桨转速降低,达到期望的节能效果。     

波波娜水电站长引水隧洞施工支洞封堵设计

针对波波娜水电站长引水隧洞6条施工支洞的特点,选择柱形堵头,采用5种常用的堵头长度计算公式计算堵头长度,分析比较其结果,并结合工程实际,综合考虑各种因素确定堵头长度,最后对堵头灌浆进行设计。实施后,6条施工支洞堵头均安全运行。     

LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL VORTICAL STRUCTURES FOR AN IMPINGING TRANSVERSE JET IN THE NEAR REGION

The three-dimensional vortical structures for an impinging transverse jet in the near region were numerically investigated by means of Large-Eddy Simulation (LES). The LES results reproduced the skewed jet shear layer vortices close to the jet nozzle and the scarf vortex in the near-wall zone, in good agreement with the experimental observations. Different vortical modes in the skewed jet shear layer close to the jet nozzle were identified depending upon the velocity ratio between jet and crossflow, namely changing from an approximately axisymmetric mode to a helical one with the velocity ratios varying from 20 to 8. Moreover, the scarf vortex wrapped around the impinging jet in the near-wall zone showed distinct asymmetry with regard to its bilateral spiral legs within the near region. And the entrainment of the ambient crossflow fluids by the scarf vortex in the near-wall zone was appreciably influenced by its asymmetry and in a large part occurred on the surface of the spiral roller structures in the course of spreading downstream.     

海涂冲刷观测工艺实践

海涂冲刷观测在使用声纳测深、测量仪器测量不甚合理的情况下，设计了一套适用于海涂冲刷观测、制作结构简单、使用成本低、具有自沉功能的冲刷观测装置工艺。     

辽宁双岭水利枢纽通用自动抓梁设计

在水电站设计中,电站进口设置移动式启闭机配置抓梁起吊拦污栅及闸门是经常遇到的布置型式,常规设计是根据孔口及门槽尺寸设计不同的抓梁,需要启吊时再拆换抓梁。在双岭水利枢纽工程中设计了一种能够适应不同门槽宽度的抓梁,实现了一套抓梁既可以启吊拦污栅又可以启吊闸门,灵活方便。不但节省投资,降低了劳动强度,而且大大提高了工作效率,而且经过实践检验运行是可靠的。本文对抓梁的结构进行了介绍。