秦岭特长公路隧道火灾温度场的数值模拟

近年来世界各国的隧道火灾事故引发人们对隧道安全问题进行了广泛的探讨,尤其是对长大公路隧道的安全问题越发关注。由于隧道结构的特殊性,使得隧道内发生火灾时的状况格外复杂,其中烟流和温度扩散对隧道安全构成严重威胁,因此对隧道火灾温度场的深入研究将有利于隧道火灾预防及救援工作的展开。为了向秦岭特长公路隧道的防灾预案提供可靠依据,采用计算流体力学方法,利用商业CFD软件STAR-CD对秦岭特长公路隧道火灾温度场进行数值模拟,研究其纵、横断面的温度分布情况,数值模拟提供了较详细的数据和变化特征,为秦岭特长公路隧道的防灾救援提供了技术依据,也对认识其他长大公路隧道火灾灾变机理也有一定的参考作用。     

高海拔隧道火灾烟气及温度场数值模拟研究

采用FDS建立典型双车道公路隧道,对海拔高度为500、4000 m的公路隧道发生火灾时的烟气蔓延特征及温度分布规律进行数值模拟分析,以得到低压、低温、低氧含量等高海拔环境对公路隧道火灾发展的影响规律.结果表明:相比较平原地区隧道,高海拔地区公路隧道火灾烟气最高温度更低,火焰高度更高,且近火源区的拱顶最高温度升温速度明显...     

小半径曲线隧道火灾通风数值模拟研究

以四川雅安至西昌高速公路干海子曲线公路隧道为工程背景,结合小半径曲线隧道特殊的边界条件,建立三维数值模型,开展小半径曲线公路隧道火灾烟气蔓延规律的数值模拟研究。研究小半径曲线隧道内发生火灾时不同通风风速条件下烟流温度、速度和浓度的分布特征及变化规律,给出了曲线隧道火灾事故紧急通风情况下的最小纵向通风风速。模拟结果表明,小半径曲率隧道的火灾烟气蔓延及温度分布与直线隧道存在明显差异,干海子曲线隧道抑制火灾烟气回流的最小纵向通风风速为4m/s。     

公路隧道火灾成因与处置对策

根据近年来高速公路隧道通车里程增加,各类灾害事故高发的实际,从高速公路隧道火灾的的特点、高速公路隧道火灾的扑救对策及注意事项等方面简要阐述了高速公路隧道火灾的扑救。文章通过对隧道火灾成因、危险性进行分析,提出了如何处置公路隧道火灾事故及应当注意的问题。     

公路隧道火灾紧急应变及救援策略模式之研究

公路隧道因其密闭、空间局限等特性,使其在发生火灾事故时,常具温度高、疏散困难、救灾急迫、抢救不易之特性,除阻碍初期应变、救灾外,更可能因隧道之封闭整修,造成经济及国家形象之重大损失.以雪山隧道为例,探讨公路隧道大规模火灾紧急应变及救援策略模式与消防安全设计趋势.将综览美国、澳洲、欧盟、日本等国隧道消防安全设施及策略及研究计划成果,并以FDS模拟雪山隧道发生大客车火灾事故时固定式水系统灭火设备之动作效能.另假设雪山隧道若发生堵车延烧及大客车事故,探讨其于应变、避难、救援等方面可能衍生之问题,以进一步检视长公路隧道之潜在危机.     

公路隧道火灾危险性分析及其防护

近年来,我国公路隧道规模扩大的同时,其火灾风险也相应增加,且引发了不少严重的火灾事故。通过回顾各国发生的公路隧道火灾事故,分析总结了公路隧道火灾发生的原因以及特性,提出了公路隧道火灾的防护措施及建议,以期对我国公路交通隧道的消防安全设计、研究及其发展有所裨益。     

隧道消防系统简析

对隧道事故中危害较大的火灾事故进行分析,并结合实际隧道工程中消防系统的应用实例,简单分析火灾检测、消防报警系统、隧道内装结构、排烟与通风系统、消防给水及灭火系统、安全疏散以及综合监控系统的构成及在隧道发生火灾时所起的作用。     

公路隧道火灾事故的特性及危害

研究了公路隧道火灾事故的特点,并分析了其分布情况及事故类型,从人身安全、社会经济两方面对公路隧道火灾事故的危害性进行了论述,指出应在全民安全教育上投入人力、物力和财力,以提高全民安全意识。     

公路隧道火灾事故预防

随着我国公路建设的快速发展,在山区,公路隧道的数量、里程逐年快速增加,随之带来的交通事故、火灾事故不断呈现上升趋势。尤其是近几年,公路隧道火灾事故频发,死亡人数多,财产损失大,社会影响面广。本文从公路隧道的自身结构特点,火灾形成原因、火灾事故特点分析入手,对公路隧道火灾事故的预防从预警机制、应急机制、保障机制及隧道防火设计、安全设施设计等方面提出预防对策。从而达到以预防为主,减少火灾事故的发生及发生火灾事故后能够快速反应,有序救援,最大程度减轻死亡人员和财产损失的目的。不断满足人民群众安全出行的需求。     

新能源汽车火灾特点与事故调查分析

为了给新能源汽车火灾防控提供一些参考,利用案例分析法,以一起电动汽车火灾为例,分析新能源汽车火灾特征,探究新能源汽车火灾事故调查过程,并提出了几点新能源汽车火灾事故预防建议,得出新能源汽车火灾具有危险系统多、原因表现多样、机理高度复杂等特征,事故危害较大等结论。因此,为避免动力电池热失控引发的整车烧损事故,应进一步加强新能源汽车灭火技术标准化管理,改进新能源汽车电池,降低新能源汽车火灾发生率及危害程度。     

长大公路隧道火灾事故专项应急预案编制

针对国内公路隧道应急预案可操作性差、实用性不强的问题,在总结国内外公路隧道安全管理经验的基础上,以广东增从高速公路凤凰山特长隧道为例,提出长大公路隧道火灾事故专项应急预案的编制流程、核心要素和主要内容,介绍火灾事故及化学危险品泄漏事故现场控制处置措施。预案的制定应充分做好准备工作,并在事故应急处置或消防演练后修改完善。     

State of the road tunnel safety technology in Japan

As more and more tunnels have been constructed to develop new road network, through mountainous ranges or to avoid environmental problems in urban areas, safety in road tunnels has been becoming a major issue. Establishment of tunnel safety measures is the most important task for all those who are engaged in road tunnel design, construction, operation or safety. Based on the past experiences of serious accidents involving fires, efforts to improve safety in road tunnels have been made by establishing technical standards with technological progress and improving emergency facilities in Japan. This paper describes the state of the road tunnel safety technology in Japan.     

现代公路隧道安全管理初探

我国公路建设迅速发展,公路隧道不断增加。由于处于封闭的环境中,隧道中一旦发生事故,特别是火灾,往往导致严重的人员伤亡和财产损失。因此隧道安全管理问题是面临的一个重要课题。在调查国内外相关研究资料的基础上,对公路隧道的安全管理方法进行了归纳总结,以便为我国公路建设和维护管理提供参考。     

公路隧道结构安全性分析及病害整治

为了提高公路隧道结构稳定质量,主要从隧道病害种类与危害、隧道病害整治措施两个方面展了论述,以确保公路隧道结构安全,对公路隧道结构病害事故起到预防作用。     

Findings of the International Road Tunnel Fire Detection Research Project

Fire detection systems are essential fire protection elements for road tunnels to detect fires, activate safety systems and direct evacuation and firefighting. However, information on the performance of these systems is limited and guidelines for application of tunnel fire detection systems are not fully developed. The National Research Council of Canada and the Fire Protection Research Foundation, with support of government organizations, industries and private sector organizations, have completed a research project to investigate current fire detection technologies for road tunnel protection. The project included studies on the detection performance of current fire detection technologies with both laboratory and field fire tests combined with computer modelling studies. This paper provides an overview of the findings of the project. Fire detectors, fire scenarios and test protocols used in the test program are described. A summary of the research results of the series of full-scale fire tests conducted in a laboratory tunnel facility and in an operating road tunnel as well as of the computer modelling activities will be reported.     

A Comparison of a Statistical and Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach to Estimate Heat Release Rate in Road Tunnel Fires

Computational tools such as one-dimensional models or Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) have been used for the fire safety design of road tunnels. However, most of these analyses are performed using a specified fire source where the heat release rate (HRR) in the tunnel is fixed by the user and the influences of ventilation conditions and tunnel geometry are not considered. For a more realistic estimate, models need to incorporate these factors in their input. This paper discusses the use of a statistical approach previously developed by other researchers (Carvel and Beard, The handbook of tunnel fire safety. Thomas Telford Publishing, pp 184–197, 2005) and the use of a CFD approach to estimate the HRR in a road tunnel fire. As an application example, fire scenarios in which a light goods vehicle carrying wooden pallets are used to compare the estimation of the HRR using these two methods.     

城市长大公路隧道火灾纵向排烟分析研究

隧道火灾是公路交通安全的重大隐患。本文以某长大城市公路隧道作为工程研究对象,针对其不同规模和风速的火灾工况,以能见度为评价指标,使用CFD数值模拟手段对其隧道火场逃生环境进行安全分析与评价。该隧道盾构段长3390m,外径14.5m,特殊火灾工况下采用完全纵向通风。研究表明,当隧道发生火灾时,纵向排烟模式能够控制烟气蔓延,大断面隧道的上部空间维持稳定的烟气层,隧道下部环境有利于疏散逃生和消防救援。     

The international FORUM of fire research directors: A position paper on future actions for improving road tunnel fire safety

Fire safety in tunnels has come in focus owing to numerous catastrophic fires and extensive monitoring in media. Casualties can be counted in hundreds and the economic damages have been enormous not only for tunnel owners but also for users and bordering communities. The recent increase in serious road tunnel fires is closely associated with the increase in the traffic volume as well as in the large number of tunnels being built in recent years. In particular, volumes transported on heavy goods vehicles have increased by 40–80% over a decade in many European countries. Today, about 75% of all goods traffic is by road, and is expected to increase by 40–60% over the next 10 years [Thamm B. The new EU directive on road tunnel safety. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on catastrophic tunnel fires (CTF), SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, SP Report 2004:05. p. 19–30].This FORUM position paper discusses some aspects on how to improve the design of road tunnels in order to obtain a higher level of fire safety. It discusses briefly design principles of tunnels as well as of fire safety of vehicles, use of forced ventilation systems and of active fire suppression.     

关注隧道消防构筑和谐工程--关于公路隧道消防安全工作的探讨与思考

从介绍云南公路隧道的情况入手，引用国内外公路隧道火灾的典型案例，通过纵横比较和分析，探讨研究了公路隧道消防安全工作面临的形势和问题，并提出了防范措施与处置对策。     

高层建筑消防安全管理对策分析

指出高层建筑火灾蔓延速度快、人员疏散困难、灭火救援困难,极易造成较大的生命和财产损失,该类建筑的消防安全问题应被高度关注,认真分析了高层建筑的火灾特点和当前该类建筑的消防安全现状,并对此提出了相应的管理对策,以确保高层建筑消防安全,营造平安和谐的社会环境。