国内可再生能源文献信息

GN030201世界能源开发利用现状和格局[J].周庆凡.中国能源,2002(6):4～8从储量、产量和消费量三个方面,介绍了世界各大区和主要国家的能量储量、产量和消费量,分析了世界主要能源(油气、煤炭、核能、水电)开发利用现状和格局,并指出了中国能源在世界的地位。GN030202利用沼气技术治理大中型畜禽场污染[J].宋彦勤,胡润青,李俊峰,等.中国能源,2002(6):16～18利用厌氧消化技术处理禽畜场有机废物是对废弃物进行减量化、资源化和无害化处理的一项重要措施。沼气工程的环境效益体现在输入部分和输出部分两个方面,在输入部分,通过对畜禽粪便进…     

超声波促进污泥厌氧消化的研究

介绍了超声波的作用机理，指出在污泥厌氧消化过程中，污泥水解是限速步骤，在厌氧消化前，对污泥进行超声波破解预处理，促使细胞壁破裂，细胞内含物溶出，可以加速污泥的水解过程，从而达到缩短消化时间，减少消化池容积，提高沼气产量的目的。     

承接大中型沼气工程

农业部沼气科学研究所主要从事生物质能资源开发及综合利用技术研究，厌氧微生物应用基础理论和应用技术研究，工业有机废水、城镇生活污水、大型畜禽养殖场废弃物的厌氧消化处理及达标排放研究。该所曾承接了养猪场、养牛场、养鸡场、屠宰场、酒厂及柠檬酸等有机废水处理的大中型沼气工程和城镇生活污水净化沼气池。     

利用甜菜渣制取沼气

厌氧微生物消化是处理工、农业废弃物的有效方法之一。近年来,由于对能源需求量的迅速增长、发展代用能源已变得日益重要。从工农业生产的有机残渣及废水中经厌氧消化生产沼气,在技术上是可行的。我国北方地区制糖工中废甜菜渣资源极其丰富,但由于没有得到合理利用,经过自然腐败产生大量有毒气体,这不仅污染了环境,而且还占据了大量场地。为了变废为宝,开发新的能源资源,从1983年至1985年,我们在辽宁省建平县第一糖厂利用6.5m~3卧式厌氧发酵装置进行了甜菜废渣生产沼气的实验,其产气率高达4.0m~3/m~3·日左右。     

浅谈沼气发酵

一前言沼气发酵又称厌氧消化,是在厌氧环境中微生物分解有机物最终生成沼气的过程,其产品是沼气和发酵残留物(高效的有机肥)。沼气发酵是生物质能转化最重要的技术之一,它不仅能有效处理有机废物,降低化学需氧量(COD),还有杀灭致病菌,减少蚊蝇孳生的功能。此外,沼气发酵作为废物处理的手段,不仅能耗省,还能产生优质的燃料沼气和肥料。     

沼气精制技术的发展与应用

随着厌氧技术广泛应用于工业高浓度有机废水处理、城市污泥消化、农业废弃物和生物质垃圾处理以及垃圾填埋等领域,我国沼气行业获得长足发展,沼气产量也不断增加。然而沼气成分复杂,热值较低,目前依然以低效的传统利用方式为主。尤其是大中型沼气工程由于选址偏远,一般远离终端用户,也促成了我国目前沼气整体利用效率偏低的现状。沼气精制技术以提高沼气中甲烷含量为目标,沼气经过精制处理后获得的高品质生物天然气(Bio-Natural Gas,BNG)可以作为天然气替代品使用。作为实现沼气高值高效利用的解决方法,沼气精制技术已经在欧洲得到快速发展和广泛应用。     

管道厌氧消化工艺

应用厌氧消化工艺处理有机废物,既可有效地去除污染,又可节省处理能耗并回收废物中的生物质能源.其综合效益显著,业已受到人们的重视. 近年来,我国在办农村沼气的基础上,对厌氧消化工艺进行了比较深入的研究,发展了一批高效的第二代厌氧消化工艺,并在     

猪粪厌氧消化预处理技术研究进展

利用猪粪进行厌氧消化产沼气既能有效解决猪粪处理问题,又能产生代替化石能源的甲烷。猪粪中富含大量木质纤维素,限制了猪粪的水解和厌氧消化,需要在厌氧消化前对猪粪进行一定的预处理。介绍了物理法、化学法、生物法和联合预处理方法,为开发更加优化高效的预处理工艺提供理论和技术基础,以期实现猪粪高效厌氧消化产能。     

屠宰废水常温厌氧消化处理中间试验

近一,二十年以来,随着厌氧消化工艺技术的不断改进,在有机污水的生物处理中,通过采用厌氧消化或厌氧消化与好氧生物方法联合的处理工艺,促进了产能污水处理工艺和低能耗污水处理工艺的进展。前者是指通过采用厌氧消化工艺,使污水中的生物质能源转化为沼气能加以利用,而实现整个污水处理过程净产能的要求;后者则主要指以厌氧消化技术处理低浓度污水时,即使可以回收利用的沼气能的量很低,然而其工艺本身的动力能耗要比好氧生物处理者低得多,这     

沼气发电站厌氧罐的热平衡与调节

沼气发电站厌氧消化池的热平衡决定了产生沼气的速率及产量,厌氧消化系统的稳定与高效对沼气发电有着重要作用,通过对厌氧消化罐的加热系统建立传热模型,计算一次进料周期内系统的得热量和散热量,判断系统的最终稳定温度是否处于最优消化温度范围,为厌氧消化罐的加热系统提供调节措施,并为沼气发电站前期设计计算提供可行方法。     

Assessment of energy performance in the life-cycle of biogas production

Energy balances are analysed from a life-cycle perspective for biogas systems based on 8 different raw materials. The analysis is based on published data and relates to Swedish conditions. The results show that the energy input into biogas systems (i.e. large-scale biogas plants) overall corresponds to 20–40% (on average approximately 30%) of the energy content in the biogas produced. The net energy output turns negative when transport distances exceed approximately 200 km (manure), or up to 700 km (slaughterhouse waste). Large variations exist in energy efficiency among the biogas systems studied. These variations depend both on the properties of the raw materials studied and on the system design and allocation methods chosen. The net energy output from biogas systems based on raw materials that have high water content and low biogas yield (e.g. manure) is relatively low. When energy-demanding handling of the raw materials is required, the energy input increases significantly. For instance, in a ley crop-based biogas system, the ley cropping alone corresponds to approximately 40% of the energy input. Overall, operation of the biogas plant is the most energy-demanding process, corresponding to 40–80% of the energy input into the systems. Thus, the results are substantially affected by the assumptions made about the allocation of a plant's entire energy demand among raw materials, e.g. regarding biogas yield or need of additional water for dilution.     

Evaluation of methods for estimating energy performance of biogas production

This study focused on identifying various system boundaries and evaluating methods of estimating energy performance of biogas production. First, the output–input ratio method used for evaluating energy performance from the system boundaries was reviewed. Secondly, ways to assess the efficiency of biogas use and parasitic energy demand were investigated. Thirdly, an approach for comparing biogas production to other energy production methods was evaluated. Data from an existing biogas plant, located in Finland, was used for the evaluation of the methods. The results indicate that calculating and comparing the output–input ratios (R_pr1, R_pr2, R_ut, R_pl and R_sy) can be used in evaluating the performance of biogas production system. In addition, the parasitic energy demand calculations (w) and the efficiency of utilizing produced biogas (η) provide detailed information on energy performance of the biogas plant. Furthermore, R_f and energy output in relation to total solid mass of feedstock (F_O/TS) are useful in comparing biogas production with other energy recovery technologies. As a conclusion it is essential for the comparability of biogas plants that their energy performance would be calculated in a more consistent manner in the future.     

Investigation of performance and emission characteristics of a biogas fuelled electric generator integrated with solar concentrated photovoltaic system

Integration of renewable energy systems with the appropriate technology plays a pivotal role in resolving the problem of sustainable energy supply. This paper is aimed to describe the concept of integration of biomass and solar concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) energy system. The present study focused particularly on the investigation of performance and emission from a 1.4 kVA Spark Ignition, constant speed generator using raw biogas integrated in hybrid energy system. The experiments are conducted at different fuel flow rates under varying electric loading conditions. Comparing with LPG as fuel, the power deterioration is observed to be 32% on raw biogas, due to its low calorific value. The maximum power output and brake thermal efficiency using biogas is witnessed to be 812 W and 19.50% respectively. The exhaust emission analysis of generator using biogas displays considerably reduced carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons whereas there is no significant difference in nitrogen oxides concentration levels while comparing with LPG, ascertaining it to be an eco-friendly fuel. The biogas fuelled electric generator integration with CPV system can attain sustainable rural energy supply.     

Evaluating livestock manures for biogas production: a GIS based method

The Animals (data)Base for Energy Potential Estimation (ABEPE), presented in this paper, is a GIS based biomass resource assessment application using a relational database management system to estimate biogas production from livestock manures. Energy and biogas potential of livestock residues of all major groups of stock-raising animals (cattle, pigs, sheep/goats, poultry, etc.) were evaluated. The calculations were based on geographical and time-depending data of Greece. Typical input data included population of animal groupings, by-product factors, availability factors, energy factors, etc. for the period 1970–1998. Output included manure production, available energy and biogas quantities. Furthermore, ‘ABEPE’ can perform time-depending prediction of all types of output, based on past and present trends. As a case example, the prediction results for the year 2010 are herein presented. The possibility of biogas upgrading in order to be distributed through the national natural gas network is also discussed.     

Which is the preferable biogas utilisation technology for anaerobic digestion of agricultural crops in Ireland: Biogas to CHP or biomethane as a transport fuel?

The utilisation of anaerobic digestion to produce biogas as an energy source is a mature technology in many European countries but is yet to be developed in Ireland. In 2009, the EU issued the Renewable Energy Source Directive 2009/28/EC which requires a 20% share of renewable energy sources (heat and electricity) in final energy consumption for all member states, respectively, including a 10% share of biofuels in the transport sector by 2020. The introduction of biogas to produce power and electricity in the form of CHP technology and biomethane as a transport fuel can help Ireland achieve the mandatory targets set by the directive. The key focus of the paper is to determine the optimum small to medium scale biogas technology and the impact the introduction of that technology infrastructure will have on renewable energy targets for Ireland. In terms of feedstock, agricultural sources such as energy crops and slurry offer a sustainable input to the anaerobic digestion process. The crop rotations under consideration consist of different arrangements of grass silage, maize silage and barley. Grass silage is found to be the most suitable crop for biogas energy production while biogas upgrading to biomethane as a transport fuel has the optimum technology potential in Ireland. To fuel a car operating on biomethane, 0.22 ha of grass land is required annually. Full scale national development of 5% of the area under grass in Ireland will contribute 11.4% of renewable energy to the total final transport energy demand by 2020, surpassing the target set by the Renewable Energy Source Directive 2009/28/EC.     

Evaluation of energy efficiency of various biogas production and utilization pathways

The energy efficiency of different biogas systems, including single and co-digestion of multiple feedstock, different biogas utilization pathways, and waste-stream management strategies was evaluated. The input data were derived from assessment of existing biogas systems, present knowledge on anaerobic digestion process management and technologies for biogas system operating conditions in Germany. The energy balance was evaluated as Primary Energy Input to Output (PEIO) ratio, to assess the process energy efficiency, hence, the potential sustainability. Results indicate that the PEIO correspond to 10.5–64.0% and 34.1–55.0% for single feedstock digestion and feedstock co-digestion, respectively. Energy balance was assessed to be negative for feedstock transportation distances in excess of 22 km and 425 km for cattle manure and for Municipal Solid Waste, respectively, which defines the operational limits for respective feedstock transportation. Energy input was highly influenced by the characteristics of feedstock used. For example, agricultural waste, in most part, did not require pre-treatment. Energy crop feedstock required the respect cultivation energy inputs, and processing of industrial waste streams included energy-demanding pre-treatment processes to meet stipulated hygiene standards. Energy balance depended on biogas yield, the utilization efficiency, and energy value of intended fossil fuel substitution. For example, obtained results suggests that, whereas the upgrading of biogas to biomethane for injection into natural gas network potentially increased the primary energy input for biogas utilization by up to 100%; the energy efficiency of the biogas system improved by up to 65% when natural gas was substituted instead of electricity. It was also found that, system energy efficiency could be further enhanced by 5.1–6.1% through recovery of residual biogas from enclosed digestate storage units. Overall, this study provides bases for more detailed assessment of environmental compatibility of energy efficiency pathways in biogas production and utilization, including management of spent digestate.     

Improvement potential for net energy balance of biodiesel derived from palm oil: A case study from Indonesian practice

Biodiesel derived from palm oil has been recognized as a high-productivity oil crop among the first generation of biofuels. This study evaluated and discussed the net energy balance for biodiesel in Indonesia by calculating the net energy ratio (NER) and net energy production (NEP) form the total energy input and output. The results of the calculation of energy input for the default scenario demonstrated that the primary energy inputs in the biodiesel production lifecycle were the methanol feedstock, energy input during the biodiesel production process, and urea production. These three items amounted to 85% of the total energy input. Next, we considered and evaluated ways to potentially improve the energy balance by utilizing by-products and biogas from wastewater treatment in the palm oil mill. This result emphasized the importance of utilizing the biomass residue and by-products. Finally, we discussed the need to be aware of energy balance issues between countries when biofuels are transported internationally.     

Energy and environmental balance of biogas for dual-fuel mobile applications

Considerable research is currently being devoted to seeking alternative fuels to comply with transportation needs while reducing the environmental impact of this sector. Within the transport activity sector, on road vehicles and agricultural machinery require around 2 Mtoe energy in France. The anaerobic digestion of farm waste could roughly cover these needs. This paper aims to study the environmental and energy interest of this short power supply path. An ideal biogas production system has been built up from the average characteristics of current rural biogas plants in France. Pollutant emissions, energy demands and production are assessed for various scenarios in order to produce methane for dual fuel engines. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to evaluate the environmental impact of dual fuel agricultural machines, compared to diesel engines. The energy balance is always in disfavour of biogas fuel, whereas LCA energy indicators indicate a benefit for biogas production. This gap is related to the way in which the input of biomass energy is handled: in conventional biofuel LCA, this energy is not taken into account. A carbon balance is then presented to discuss the impact of biogas on climate change. Dual fuel engines were found to be interesting for their small impact. We also show, however, how the biogenic carbon assumption and the choice of allocation for the avoided methane emissions of anaerobic digestion are crucial in quantifying CO₂ savings. Other environmental issues of biogas fuel were examined. Results indicate that are management and green electricity are the key points for a sustainable biogas fuel. It is concluded that biofuel environmental damage is reduced if energy needs during biofuel production are covered by the production process itself. As agricultural equipment is used during the biofuel production process, this implies that a high substitution rate should be used for this equipment.     

Greenhouse gas and energyassessment of the biogas from co-digestion injected into the natural gas grid: A Swedish case-study including effects on soil properties

In this study, a large, farm-based, co-digestion plant in southern Sweden, using manure and various food industry wastes is investigated concerning its use of energy and its emissions of greenhouse gases from a life cycle perspective based on measured, site-specific data. The biogas is upgraded and utilized as a vehicle fuel, distributed via the natural gas grid. The case-study also includes a novel approach in which potential changes in soil compaction and soil carbon levels are assessed, based on farm-specific conditions, when digestate replaces mineral fertilizer. An additional objective is to identify potential technical improvements leading to further GHG reductions, and the cost of such measures. According to this case-study, biogas produced from food industry waste and manure in a modern co-digestion plant could reduce GHG emissions by approximately 90% compared to conventional fossil fuels. The corresponding energy input:output ratio is calculated to be about 25%, where the use of electricity in the biogas process, upgrading and pressurisation is the dominating energy input. Finally, several possible technical improvements to further reduce GHG emissions were identified. The economic prerequisites of the specific improvements varied, from profitable from a business perspective to unprofitable from a socio-economic point-of-view.     

基于等电量置换的光伏制氢一体化应用理论分析

提出等电量置换概念,即在稳定制氢的基础上,光伏出力较高时将富余电力上网,光伏出力不足时,将上网的富余电力用于制氢,从而降低水电解制氢设备装机量,并提高水电解制氢设备的有效利用时间和光伏发电制氢的有效比例,降低水电解制氢设备的固定投资。最后,给出光伏实际出力曲线,阐述等电量置换在光伏制氢一体化工程项目设计中的重要意义。