用不可能差分法分析12轮ESF算法

轻量级分组密码算法ESF是一种具有广义Feistel结构的32轮迭代型分组密码,轮函数具有SPN结构,分组长度为64比特,密钥长度为80比特。为了研究ESF算法抵抗不可能差分攻击的能力,基于一条8轮不可能差分路径,根据轮密钥之间的关系,通过向前增加2轮、向后增加2轮的方式,对12轮ESF算法进行了攻击。计算结果表明,攻击12轮ESF算法所需的数据复杂度为O(2⁵³),时间复杂度为O(260.43),由此说明12轮的ESF算法对不可能差分密码分析是不免疫的。     

ESF算法的相关密钥不可能差分分析

ESF算法是一种具有广义Feistel结构的32轮迭代型轻量级分组密码。为研究ESF算法抵抗不可能差分攻击的能力,首次对ESF算法进行相关密钥不可能差分分析,结合密钥扩展算法的特点和轮函数本身的结构,构造了两条10轮相关密钥不可能差分路径。将一条10轮的相关密钥不可能差分路径向前向后分别扩展1轮和2轮,分析了13轮ESF算法,数据复杂度是260次选择明文对,计算量是223次13轮加密,可恢复18 bit密钥。将另一条10轮的相关密钥不可能差分路径向前向后都扩展2轮,分析了14轮ESF算法,数据复杂度是262选择明文对,计算复杂度是243.95次14轮加密,可恢复37 bit密钥。     

ESF算法的不可能差分密码分析

分析研究了分组密码算法ESF抵抗不可能差分的能力,使用8轮不可能差分路径,给出了相关攻击结果。基于一条8轮的不可能差分路径,根据轮密钥之间的关系,通过改变原有轮数扩展和密钥猜测的顺序,攻击了11轮的ESF,改善了关于11轮的ESF的不可能差分攻击的结果。计算结果表明:攻击11轮的ESF所需要的数据复杂度为O(2⁵³),时间复杂度为O(2³²),同时也说明了11轮的ESF对不可能差分是不免疫的。     

分组密码FBC的差分分析

FBC是一种轻量级分组密码算法,由于结构简单、软硬件实现灵活等优点成为2018年中国密码学会(CACR)举办的全国密码算法设计竞赛中晋级到第2轮的10个算法之一.FBC密码包含3个版本支持128和256两种比特长度的明文分组以及128和256两种比特长度的密钥,本文主要对分组长度128位的两个版本进行分析.我们基于SAT (Boolean satisfiability problem)模型对FBC的差分特征进行自动化搜索,得到了新的14轮差分路线,概率为2^-102.25.基于此路线我们给出了18轮FBC128-128和20轮FBC128-256差分分析,并且在分析过程中给出了复杂度估计.对于18轮FBC128-128差分分析,时间复杂度和存储复杂度分别为2^101.5和2⁵².对于20轮FBC128-256差分分析时间复杂度和存储复杂度分别为2¹⁸⁴和2⁹⁶.     

一种基于Feistel结构和WTS的分组密码

AES为新的数据加密标准,通过研究分组密码算法加密的整体结构和AES加密算法,文中设计了一种基于Feistel结构和WTS策略的分组密码算法FWTS。 FWTS采用Feistel结构,轮函数借鉴AES的WTS策略,分组长度为256 bits,密钥长度为128 bits,192 bits,256 bits。通过依赖性测试表明,FWTS算法4轮充分满足雪崩效应、严格雪崩准则和完备性。通过不可能差分分析,FWTS算法的6轮不可能差分所需的时间复杂度要大于AES算法的6轮不可能差分的时间复杂度。FWTS算法的安全性不低于AES算法。通过效率测试表明FWTS的加密效率要高于AES。     

缩减轮的超轻量级分组密码算法PFP的不可能差分分析

基于Feistel结构的轻量级分组密码算法PFP适用于物联网终端设备等资源极端受限环境。目前对PFP算法不可能差分分析的最好结果是利用7轮不可能差分区分器攻击9轮PFP算法，这样可恢复36 b的种子密钥。为了更准确地评估PFP算法抵抗不可能差分分析的能力，对PFP算法结构进行研究。首先，通过分析轮函数中S盒的差分分布特性，找到了概率为1的两组差分；其次，结合置换层特点，构造出一组包含16条不可能差分的7轮不可能差分区分器；最后，基于构建的7轮不可能差分区分器，对9轮PFP算法进行不可能差分分析以恢复40 b种子密钥，并提出对10轮PFP算法的不可能差分分析方法来恢复52 b种子密钥。结果表明，所提方法在区分器数量、分析轮数、恢复密钥比特数等方面均有较大改善。     

SPECK型算法的积分分析和不可能差分分析

SPECK系列算法是2013年由美国国家安全局提出的一类重要的轻量分组密码算法.算法整体采用变形的Feistel结构,轮函数是由模加,循环移位和异或组成的ARX模块,其中模加运算为算法主要的非线性部件.目前对于SPECK系列算法的研究主要分为两个方面:一是针对原始SPECK算法安全性的分析,主要的攻击方法包括差分分析、线性分析、积分分析和不可能差分分析等;二是对采用不同移位参数的SPECK型算法的分析,主要包含对它们抗差分分析能力的评估.本文在此基础上研究了采用不同移位参数的SPECK型算法的积分性质和不可能差分性质.我们先利用混合整数线性规划方法,基于可分性搜索了SPECK型算法的积分区分器;接着利用中间相错思想,基于模加运算的差分性质,搜索了SPECK型算法的不可能差分特征.结合已有的差分分析的结论,我们给出了不同分组长度下具有更强抵抗多种攻击能力的好的移位参数.特别的,在减轮情形下,当分组长度为32比特时,我们发现采用移位参数(9,2)的SPECK型算法比原始算法具有更强的抵抗差分分析、积分分析和不可能差分分析的能力.     

低轮ARIA的不可能差分

不可能差分是对分组密码的一种有效攻击方法.它是寻找不可能出现的差分关系,并排除满足这种关系的密钥,最终恢复出秘密密钥.分析了韩国新型分组密码算法ARIA的不可能差分.首先分析了ARIA混淆层的特性,构造了ARIA的4轮不可能差分,选择225.5个明文对,使其密文异或具有低64b为零的形式,利用4轮不可能差分特性对5轮的ARIA进行了分析.选择230个明文对对6轮ARIA进行分析.     

AES、3D和TANGRAM分组密码算法的YoyoTricks类型安全分析

AES是目前国际上使用最广泛的分组密码, 3D是在CANS 2008上提出的三维AES型的分组密码, TANGRAM是全国密码算法设计竞赛优胜分组密码算法. Yoyo tricks是基于零差分性质分析分组密码的一种方法,其主要思想是基于原始明文对与其相关派生对在几轮加密后是否保持相同的零差分模式.本文利用yoyo tricks,通过限制密文对6轮AES进行了密钥恢复攻击,在yoyo tricks类型方法下将时间复杂度降低了2^5.6.将yoyo tricks拓展到n元组(n≥3),建立起与相关差分的关联,即任何相关差分可以表示成yoyo tricks的形式,并使用3元yoyo tricks对11轮3D进行了密钥恢复攻击.利用交换攻击,借鉴早中止技术,用2126个选择明文对25轮128比特分组长度的TANGRAM进行了区分攻击,是该算法第一个25轮区分器.     

对低轮SAFER++的差分-非线性密码分析

SAFER 是进入NESSIE第2轮评估的7个分组算法之一．采用差分密码分析和非线性密码分析相结合的方法对4轮、5轮和6轮SAFER 进行分析，结果表明：6轮SAFER 对这种攻击方法不免疫；攻击4轮和5轮SAFER 时，与已有结果相比，攻击复杂度大大减小．攻击对2^250个256比特长度的密钥有效．     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.