齿轮误差三维评定方法

研究了齿轮误差三维评定方法,以消除测量仪器定位误差对齿轮误差评定的影响,提高齿轮测量仪器的测量精度。分析了传统齿轮二维评定方法的弊端,提出将齿轮误差评定从二维评定模式转变为三维评定模式。该评定模式不再要求齿轮各项误差测量点位于特征面内,实现了三维空间内的齿轮误差测量与评定。为提高齿轮三维误差评定算法的效率,通过螺旋降维方法将三维数据降至二维数据,再对二维测量数据进行各项误差的评定。以特大型齿轮激光跟踪在位测量系统作为实验对象,对4级标准齿轮的齿廓误差进行了测量,并与传统的齿轮二维误差评定方法以及德国ZEISS公司InvolutePro软件的评定结果进行了对比。结果表明:传统齿轮二维误差评定方法有较大误差,三维齿廓评定方法与德国ZEISS公司InvolutePro软件评定结果一致,精度达到0.1μm,证明了提出的齿廓误差三维评定方法完全正确,可以消除仪器定位误差对测量结果的影响,提高了测量仪器的测量精度。     

分形插值曲面与表面粗糙度三维评定

分形插值曲面理论简述 ,由于零件表面具有分形特征 ,利用三角域上的分形插值曲面理论对实测数据进行表面粗糙度的三维评定。该方法可以大大减少实测数据量 ,提高三维评定效率。     

金刚石刀具锋锐轮廓几何评定方法研究

金刚石刀具刃口的锋锐轮廓是影响超精密加工的一个重要参数。在对金刚石刀具刃口轮廓三维测量的基础上，提出了精密评定切削刃锋锐轮廓的几种新方法。其中对圆评定方法、椭圆评定方法和抛物线评定方法进行了研究，实验结果表明这些方法不仅具有较高的评定精度，而且还有利于对超精密微切削机理进行分析研究。     

基于白光扫描干涉的振动补偿方法

研制了一种基于白光波长扫描干涉法的表面形貌抗振反馈测量系统,介绍了白光扫描干涉法的相位提取算法和相位去包裹算法,对声光可调滤光器低速率扫频时产生的非线性误差进行了算法修正,设计了用于振动补偿的DSP硬件控制模块,并搭建了抗振反馈测量系统。在不同振动环境下,对研磨12级的标准样块进行了三维表面形貌测量以及粗糙度参数评定。结果表明,施加低频振源后的粗糙度评定参数大小为未施加任何振源的粗糙度评定参数大小的2倍左右,开启系统振动反馈后,粗糙度评定参数接近最大允许值,说明本测量方法能在一定程度上消除振动噪声的影响,保证测量的顺利进行。二维、三维表面评定结果对比表明,三维表面评定能更全面地表现被测表面的形貌特征。     

三维表面功能评定技术发展综述

综合评述了三维表面功能评定的相关理论、评定方法、评定参数及测量仪器 ,分析了该技术的发展趋势与研究方向。     

激光聚变靶丸球度测量与评定

为了解决激光聚变靶丸表面形貌高精度测量与评定的难题,提出一种激光差动共焦靶丸球度测量与评定方法,该方法利用激光差动共焦测量系统的轴向响应曲线的过零点与其物镜焦点位置相对应这一特性实现对靶丸表面的定焦,通过将靶丸在两个正交的方向上分别旋转,测量并获取靶丸表面的数个截面,实现靶丸表面全形貌测量,利用最小区域球度评定算法,建立靶丸球度评定的三维模型,对靶丸表面形貌进行定量评定。搭建实验装置对靶丸表面进行采样测量,评定结果显示,该方法的测量重复性为0.15μm,为靶丸表面形貌测量与评定提供了一种可行方案。     

基于AutoCAD的化工设备三维可视化管理及安全评定系统

文中利用VB技术在AutoCAD平台下开发了化工设备三维可视化管理及安全评定系统，该系统集MIS和GIS等功能于一体，能实现化工设备三维模型的参数化建立、设备三维图形与设备属性数据库的交互、设备图形的定位显示、设备的管理及安全评定等功能，为化工设备管理提供了一个更直观的操作方式。     

尿素合成塔缺陷评定

为确保尿素合成塔安全运行，采用失效评定图对尿素合成塔进行了缺陷评定。鉴于有限元分析技术可以针对尿素合成塔这一特定结构建立精细的分析模型进行参数分析，能够大大地提高结果的准确度，采用有限元方法计算评定参数。建立含裂纹结构的尿素合成塔缺陷三维分析模型，通过节点位移插值计算应力强度因子；基于塑性屈服和裂纹稳态扩展准则求得结构的极限载荷；利用SINTAP中的失效评定曲线进行缺陷评定与1～4年后的安全预评定。结果表明，目前设备处于安全状态，安全裕度为0．2026，1—2年后设备仍安全，第3年临界安全，第4年设备失效。     

基于分形和高斯滤波的维修件粗糙表面重构与基准提取

通过维修件粗糙表面轮廓的功率谱探讨了维修件粗糙表面的分形特征,利用W_M函数建立二维和三维粗糙表面分形模型,对维修件粗糙表面轮廓进行了二维和三维重构。并采用高斯函数,对利用分形模型所重构的粗糙表面进行滤波,分别提取了维修件粗糙表面分形模型的评定基准线和评定基准面。论文把分形理论和高斯滤波相结合,应用于维修件的粗糙表面的重构和评定,最后编写MATLAB程序,进行了实验仿真,为研究维修件表面微观几何形貌对结合面摩擦、密封等装配后的连接性能提供了基础。     

基于功能特性的MEMS表面结构三维测量评定探索

MEMS表面结构质量对其功能特性具有重要的影响,本文专门探索研究了MEMS表面结构三维测量评定,主要分析了其表面结构质量对其功能特性影响,并举例进行了分析;提出了基于功能特性的MEMS表面结构三维测量评定综合参数、测量评定流程方案.     

基于三维形貌重建的镗加工表面粗糙度检测

以计算机显微视觉为检测手段,采用明暗恢复形状方法重建加工表面微观形貌,进而检测加工表面粗糙度.根据微观金属表面反射特性,采用基于Torrance-Sparrow光照模型的明暗恢复形状算法,完成了镗加工表面图像三维形貌重构与表面粗糙度参数检测.     

Study on cutting force and surface micro-topography of hard turning of GCr15 steel

This work investigates the cutting force and surface micro-topography in hard turning of GCr15 bearing steel. A series of experiments on hard turning of GCr15 steel with polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools are performed on a CNC machining center. Experimental measurements of cutting force, 3D surface micro-topography, and surface roughness of the workpiece are performed. The 3D surface micro-topography of the workpiece is discussed, and the formation mechanism of the 3D surface is analyzed. The influence of cutting speed and feed rate on cutting force and surface roughness are discussed. The 2D and 3D surface roughness parameters are compared and discussed. It is found that feed rate has greater influence on cutting force and surface roughness than cutting speed and there exists the most appropriate cutting speed under which the minimum surface roughness can be generated while a relatively small cutting force can be found. Recommendations on selecting cutting parameters of hard turning of GCr15 steel are also proposed.     

Two‐ and three‐dimensional profilometer assessments to determine titanium roughness

In this study, a comparative topography analysis of titanium (Ti) surfaces was performed using two‐ (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) profilometers. Ti samples were either only sandblasted (SB) using Al₂O₃ particles or were SB and received an additional chemical treatment using a solution of 4% HF (SLA). Samples with no treatment were used as a control group (C). Therefore, three different surfaces were evaluated: SB, SLA and C. The Ti surface topographies were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. An Ra roughness measurement was performed on each Ti sample by 2D and 3D profilometers. Surface roughness was also characterized using amplitude, spatial and hybrid 3D parameters. 2D and 3D profilometer analyses produced very close results. Mean Ra values range from 0.19 to 0.25 (C, p<0.05), 0.84 to 0.99 (SLA, p<0.05) and 0.98 to 1 µm (SB, p>0.05). The statistically different Ra values depending on the surface studied may be explained by methodological and technical differences. Also, 3D profilometer seems to be the more appropriate analytical method for measuring the roughness of Ti surfaces because it also describes surface organization. SCANNING 31: 174–179, 2009. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

不同冷却润滑条件下TB6钛合金高速切削表面完整性研究

通过TB6钛合金高速铣削试验,测量观察加工表面粗糙度、表面三维形貌和表层微观组织等表面完整性特征,利用极差法分析切削参数对表面粗糙度影响的显著性,探讨冷却润滑条件对加工表面形貌和表面变质层的影响。研究表明:工艺参数对表面粗糙度影响程度依次为径向切深、切削速度、进给量和轴向切深;相比低温冷风加,微油雾润滑加工时钛合金表面粗糙度低,且表面无明显晶粒变形,表明加工表面塑性变形是影响粗糙度的主要因素。     

Q235钢试样低周疲劳过程中表面三维形貌的参数演化规律

为揭示金属低周疲劳过程中表面三维形貌参数演化规律,选取Q235钢试样开展低周疲劳实验,并使用3D轮廓仪获取在同一加载条件、经历不同循环次数的试样表面高度信息,进而对其表面三维形貌进行描述,获取二维粗糙度Ra及三维粗糙度Sa.Vvc.Sal参数特征。结果表明:疲劳过程中表面二维粗糙度Ra及三维粗糙度参数Sa、Vvc、Sal随着疲劳循环次数的增加而增加,且Ra、Sa和Vvc参数在初始与断裂阶段增加幅度较大,中间过程增速较缓。该研究方法及结论可为后续开展形貌相关疲劳寿命评估研究提供基础支撑。     

三维表面粗糙度的表征和应用

表面粗糙度会直接影响零部件的耐磨性、密封性以及抗腐蚀性等,是评定机械加工和产品质量的重要指标。现代科技水平的不断提高对零件表面性能的要求也日益严苛。传统的二维表面粗糙度的测量和表征已经不再能够满足技术发展的要求,三维表面粗糙度由于能够更加全面、真实地反映工件表面的状态而受到人们的重视,成为研究热点。本文回顾了三维表面粗糙度的发展历史,系统地介绍了三维表面粗糙度参数及标准的发展现状,分析了表面形貌与功能特性的联系,概述了三维粗糙度参数在制造业、生物医疗、摩擦学与材料科学等领域的广泛应用,并进一步指出了三维表面粗糙度表征和应用的发展方向。未来随着相关研究(比如,三维测量的溯源性、重复性、参数表征体系等问题)的深入以及三维表面测量手段的发展,三维表面粗糙度参数也将不断完善和推广,并更多地与实际功能相结合来预测并指导生产,确保工件的表面质量。     

磨削加工表面形貌的分形研究

通过对磨削加工表面的测试与分形研究，得到不同磨削加工表面粗糙度的分形维数Ｄ与Ｒｑ、Ｒｑ、Ｓｍ之间的关系式，为磨削表面形貌的计算机分形模拟建立了基础。     

Roughness variations in cylinder liners induced by honing tools’ wear

The manufacturing and finishing (honing) of cylinder liners for the automotive industry is a constant challenge in order to reduce friction losses and oil consumption. A better knowledge of surfaces generated during plateau honing is then required for optimization of the process. Despite a well-known and controlled honing process, variations in surface roughness appear due to honing tool wear and need to be mapped and analyzed. The following paper proposes to map the variations in roughness by using confocal 3D measuring equipment able to inspect any area of a cylinder liner. Six motor blocks, each with five cylinder liners, were evaluated with 20 topography measurements per liner (giving six hundred 3D measurements in total). In addition to standard 3D roughness parameters, tailor made parameters extracting honing texture information are computed. The results show that only a few parameters (Spk, Ssc and Sk) do correlate with the honing tool wear specific to each cylinder. Tailor made parameters indicate similar results. Indeed, as the honing tool wears down, the cylinder liner surface gets rougher plateau or peaks and sharper asperities indicating that ploughing occurs instead of cutting. In future, experimental models could be built in order to perform production and functional optimizations.     

电火花加工工件表面粗糙度的三维测试方法研究

针对电火花加工工件表面相糙度的特征，提出了一种表面粗糙度的三维测试系统，此系统具有测量精度高，操作简单易行等特点。同时也给出了在取样面积内表面粗糙度评定参数的数学模型和数据的处理方法。     

OPTIMAL MQL AND CUTTING CONDITIONS DETERMINATION FOR DESIRED SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN TURNING OF BRASS USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS

The evolving concept of minimum quantity of lubrication (MQL) in machining is considered as one of the solutions to reduce the amount of lubricant to address the environmental, economical and ecological issues. This paper investigates the influence of cutting speed, feed rate and different amount of MQL on machining performance during turning of brass using K10 cemented carbide tool. The experiments have been planned as per Taguchi's orthogonal array and the second order surface roughness model in terms of machining parameters was developed using response surface methodology (RSM). The parametric analysis has been carried out to analyze the interaction effects of process parameters on surface roughness. The optimization is then carried out with genetic algorithms (GA) using surface roughness model for the selection of optimal MQL and cutting conditions. The GA program gives the minimum values of surface roughness and the corresponding optimal machining parameters.