单相整流负荷谐波功率需求建模分析

单相整流负荷作为典型的谐波源会对电网产生谐波污染,引起附加的谐波功率损耗。基于单相整流负荷工作原理,分析其各次谐波有功和无功功率流向特点,分别建立单相不控和相控整流负荷的功率需求模型。该模型计及整流器端电压和电流各次谐波分量之间的耦合关系,实现了整流负荷谐波功率的精确计算。利用仿真分析验证了该模型推导的正确性,并进一步定义了谐波有功和无功功率导纳矩阵。通过分析矩阵元素物理意义和幅值变化规律,确定单相整流负荷端电压各谐波分量对谐波功率的贡献程度。     

Predicting the net harmonic currents produced by large numbers ofdistributed single-phase computer loads

In this paper we use the results of simulations to predict the net harmonic currents produced by large numbers of single-phase desktop computers in a facility, such as a commercial office building. We take into account attenuation due to system impedance and voltage distortion, as well as diversity in harmonic current phase angles due to variations in power and circuit parameters. Using experimental and published data we establish ranges of circuit parameters for an equivalent 120 V, 100 W “base computer unit” and branch circuit, update our computer modeling code (described in previous papers) to iteratively handle the interaction between current and voltage harmonics, and use the code to predict the net harmonic injection currents at the point of common coupling (PCC) represented by a shared transformer connected to a stiff power system. The key contributions of this paper are: providing estimates of the net harmonic current injection due to distributed single-phase computer loads in Amps/kW, as well as in percent of fundamental current, for a wide range of system loading and voltage distortion conditions; and illustrating that the reduction in harmonic currents due to phase angle diversity (expressed in Amps/kW) is relatively independent of system loading, whereas the reduction due to attenuation increases significantly with system loading     

基于自适应陷波滤波器的基波与谐波有功功率分别计量

非线性负荷的广泛应用使电网遭受严重的谐波污染,如何准确、合理计量谐波条件下的功率和电能已成为电气测量技术及仪器仪表领域急需解决的问题。电能计量的关键是有功功率的准确计量,文中在单相瞬时功率理论的基础上,提出了基于自适应陷波滤波器的谐波条件下单相基波和各次谐波有功功率分别计量新方法。采用自适应陷波滤波器分别提取出单相电压...     

一种基于改进型ip-iq方法的有源滤波器

在瞬时无功功率理论的基础上,提出一种基于改进型ip-iq谐波电流检测方法的有源滤波器。改进型检测方法用简单的积分、延时加增益环节来代替传统ip-iq方法中的低通滤波器,将检测延时减少到1/6个电源周期。同时这种检测方法还可以推广到单相、三相4线电路和三相不平衡负载的场合中。电流跟踪控制采用滞环比较方式,实际补偿电流能够实时精确跟踪谐波指令电流。采用能量平衡原理实现了逆变器直流侧电压的控制。仿真结果表明,这种有源滤波器能够实时、有效地补偿系统的谐波和无功电流。     

有源电力滤波器控制策略方法的仿真研究

为提高有源电力滤波器的控制策略水平,针对一般稳定性负载的电网谐波的重复周期性特点,应用基于PI型学习律的重复学习控制策略以增强系统的鲁棒性,同时提高系统的跟踪精度。在某厂谐波治理系统的设计中利用PSIM设计系统整体方案、控制策略以及进行仿真,同时与采用传统滞环控制的跟踪控制效果比较,仿真实验验证了该算法的有效性。     

一种新型混合有源滤波器及其复合控制策略设计

混合有源滤波器是一种有效的谐波抑制方式。电力系统中谐波源负载种类繁多,特性各异,针对目前应用最为广泛的三相整流桥负载,在以往混合滤波器研究的基础上,提出了一种新型单调谐混合滤波器,对其无源滤波部分依据有源部分容量最小的原则进行了设计,并对其工作原理进行了详细的分析研究。针对所设计的混合滤波器的特有结构,设计了其复合控制策略。该复合控制策略在不影响系统稳定性的基础上,提高了系统的滤波性能,保证了有源滤波器小容量下良好的运行性能。对所设计的复合控制器在频域和时域内进行了稳定性分析。仿真和实验结果验证了所提出的拓扑结构和复合控制策略的有效性。     

Grid Voltage Sensorless Single-Phase Half-Bridge Active Filter and DC Bus Voltage Regulation

In this paper, a method is presented for the control of grid voltage sensorless single-phase half-bridge shunt active power filter to reduce the grid current harmonics of low-power single-phase non-linear loads. The proposed system forces the grid current to be sinusoidal without sensing and processing the grid voltage on the line. For this reason, instead of grid voltage the load current is processed by using self-tuning filter to generate reference grid current to eliminate current harmonic distortions. In order to design a low-cost system, a half-bridge voltage source converter is used to reduce driver circuits. In addition, the switching losses are also reduced by employing half-bridge voltage source converter, where only two switches are used. The imbalance voltages are also successfully eliminated on the DC-side capacitors. The performance of the proposed system is verified by using a real-time platform, and experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system in this study.     

Impact of cycloconverter harmonics

Findings from a study on the harmonics generated by a 15 MVA three-phase 13.2 kV 60 Hz to single-phase 24/12 kV 25 Hz static frequency converter (SFC) or cycloconverter are summarized. At light loads, some of the characteristic harmonics (e.g. 10 Hz, 110 Hz) have magnitudes that exceed the fundamental frequency. Since the three-phase components at these frequencies do not necessarily nullify each other, many frequency components, in addition to zero-sequence components, can be measured in the neutral (residual) current. Because of low system impedance at harmonic frequencies, the voltage at the 13.2 kV substation supplying the SFC is not severely affected. A worst-case scenario for the voltage spectrum is presented. The corresponding distortion factor is calculated to be 4.12%. The power factor of an assumed parallel load is calculated using this scenario, and the effect of the SFC harmonics on the power factor is found to be insignificant. However, depending on the system impedances, the shunt capacitors for power factor compensation at the assumed load may be ineffective due to harmonic resonance     

基于开关函数的LCC-HVDC输电系统谐波计算方法

电网中电力电子设备的增加所产生的谐波及其危害逐渐显现,并得到越来越多的重视,而换流器作为直流输电系统主要的谐波源,进一步对其进行谐波分析显得尤为重要.本文以电网换相换流器型直流输电(line commutated converter high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)系统为研究对...     

A simple fuzzy logic based robust active power filter for harmonics minimization under random load variation

Widespread applications of power electronic-based loads continue to increase concerns over harmonic distortion. However, it is desired to draw purely sinusoidal current from the distribution network, but this is no longer the case with new generation loads, consisting of power electronic converters. The current harmonics produced by these non-linear loads further result in voltage distortion and leads to various power quality problems. This paper, therefore, deals with a simple fuzzy logic based robust active power filter to minimize the harmonics for wide range of variations of load current under stochastic conditions. The proposed control scheme is very simple and it is also capable of maintaining the compensated line currents balanced, irrespective of the unbalance in the load currents. The proposed methodology is extensively tested for wide range of variable load current under stochastic conditions and results are found to be quite satisfactory to mitigate harmonics and reactive power components from the utility current. The results presented in this paper clearly reflect the effectiveness of the proposed APF to meet the IEEE-519 standard recommendations on harmonic levels.     

含多电源的送端电网谐波综合特性研究

大规模高压直流输电的飞速发展、分布式电源和电动汽车的高渗透接入,使得送端电网中谐波污染日益严重。送端电网的谐波由过去的低次谐波为主、特定次谐波含量较多的特点向宽频次转化。对以新疆电网为例的送端电网中火电、水电、风电及光伏发电等电源进行机理分析,确定了火电和水电可当作理想电源,而风电及光伏发电为谐波源。并分析了送端电网中的各类负荷,得到其谐波特性。继而,分析了谐波在各电压等级间的传递特性、多谐波源叠加机理以及不同电压等级间谐波相互作用机理。最后,利用ETAP软件对新疆电网中的谐波特性进行了仿真分析,验证了所归纳的送端电网谐波特性的正确性。     

单相电路两种谐波检测方法的研究

针对单相电路的谐波电流检测,研究了两种检测方法,基于快速傅里叶变换FFT（Fast Fourier Transform）的谐波电流检测法和基于瞬时无功功率理论的谐波检测法。理论分析和仿真结果证明,两种方法都能精确地实时地检测出单相电路中的瞬时谐波电流。FFT可以精确地检测任意次谐波的幅值和相位,幅值和相位信息是分离的,但实时性较差。基于瞬时无功功率理论的检测法能够瞬时检测到谐波分量,具有很好的实时性,但是检测结果包括幅值和相位信息,二者不能分离开,同时需要选择适当的截止频率,以兼顾检测精度和动态响应速度。综合考虑检测精度和实时性,基于瞬时无功功率理论的检测方法更有优越性。     

Compensation characteristics of shunt active and series active power filters

Active power filters have been used in practice to suppress the harmonic interference in power systems. To compensate for harmonic currents of loads, active power filters usually are connected to power systems in parallel with the loads. These filters, which are called shunt active filters here, are very effective for loads that can be considered as current sources, such as thyristor rectifiers with large dc reactances. Many papers have covered the shunt active filters applied to these current-source loads, however, none has discussed characteristics of the shunt active filters when they are applied to voltage-source loads. On the other hand, since more and more diode rectifiers with capacitive dc filters have recently been used, harmonics generated by them have become an issue. The diode rectifier with capacitive dc filters behaves as a voltage source rather than a current source. When a shunt active filter is applied to such a diode rectifier, the current injected from the shunt active filter may flow into the diode rectifier. As a result, harmonics of the source current cannot be reduced effectively, and harmonic current flowing into the diode rectifier increases greatly. This paper presents the aforementioned problem of shunt active filters analytically and experimentally. Then a series active filter is proposed to suppress the harmonic current of the diode rectifiers. The features, operating conditions, and considerations of shunt active filters and series active filters are described analytically and demonstrated experimentally. Taking a diode rectifier with capacitive dc filter as a typical voltage-source load, compensation characteristics of shunt active filters and series active filters are discussed by experiment and simulation. The validity of the series active filters is illustrated experimentally.     

居民用户谐波调查及仿真分析

调查了多种低压民用负荷的谐波情况和典型配电网变压器低压侧的中性线电流和相线电流情况。低压民用负荷会产生大量的谐波和畸变功率,且功率因数较低,是影响配电网无功含量和功率因数的主要因素。配电网中性线电流中的三倍次谐波含量很高,相电流中奇次谐波含量很高,而且配电网的谐波网损很大。利用电磁暂态仿真程序ATP建立了两类主要的低压民用负荷模型,模型的仿真结果与实测数据基本吻合。     

Grid synchronization and control of distributed generation unit with flexible load compensation capabilities using multi-output LMS-filter

This paper deals with grid synchronization and control of single-phase voltage source inverter in distributed generation (DG) systems using a multi-output adaptive filter. Besides the active power injection, the proposed control enables the inverter to compensate load harmonic and reactive currents based on the capacity of inverter. The currents to be compensated are obtained using a multi-output adaptive filter structure that operates on the principle of variable step size (VSS) least mean squares (LMS) algorithm. The main objective of VSS-LMS filter is to decompose the load current into harmonic and reactive current components and compute their RMS values. The currents extracted by the VSS-LMS filter are used in developing a flexible compensation based on load compensation factors. The load compensation factors are calculated based on the remaining capacity of the inverter and priority. Harmonic currents compensation is given first priority over the reactive currents. In addition to harmonic currents detection, the same VSS-LMS filter is used in developing a phase locked loop unit for synchronizing the inverter with fundamental point of common coupling (PCC) voltage. Synchronizing the DG inverter with fundamental PCC voltage would make the proposed control algorithm insensitive to grid voltage harmonics and frequency fluctuations. The feasibility and the efficacy of the proposed control algorithm are demonstrated using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) based experiments.     

A static voltage fluctuation compensator for AC electric railway using self-commutated inverters

In this paper, the authors describe the basic configuration of an RPC (Railway Static Power Conditioner), its compensation principles and successful test results (using a small model of RPC). An ac electric railway is placed under a rapidly changing single-phase load. To avoid a voltage fluctuation under single-phase loads, electric power is received from a large source. At a feeding substation, three-phase electric power is transformed into two kinds of directional single-phase feeding electric power. The authors have already proposed a static voltage compensator for the ac electric railway, called “RPC.” The RPC links a pair of feeding circuits, using two self-commutated inverters. At the substation, the RPC accommodates an active power in the directional pair of feeding circuits to balance three-phase power, and possess a reactive power to regulate a three-phase voltage fluctuation. At a sectioning post, it can compensate for voltage drop using reactive power. It can also act as an active filter to compensate for harmonics. The authors have made a small model (220 V, 20 kVA) of the RPC, and report on the test results obtained using this small model under various conditions. The results indicate that the RPC can accommodate single phase loads, such as transformers and thyristors, can handle an exciter rush current from a transformer, can compensate for harmonics, and so on.     

Analysis of even harmonics generation in an isolated electric power system

Harmonics bred from loads are mainly odd order because the current waveforms have half‐wave symmetry. Since the even harmonics are negligibly small, they generally are not measured in electric power systems. However, even harmonics were measured at a 500/275/154 kV substation in Hokuriku Electric Power Company after a transmission line fault was corrected. The even harmonics caused malfunctions of protective digital relays because the relays used 4th harmonics at the input filter as the automatic supervisory signal. This paper describes mechanisms of generation of the even harmonics by comparing the measured waveforms with the ATP‐EMTP simulation results. Analysis of these results has clearly shown that there are three different mechanisms of generation of even harmonics. The first mechanism is the appearance of a magnetizing current in transformers due to flux deviation by the DC component of the fault current. The second mechanism is harmonic conversion of a synchronous machine which generates even harmonics when the DC component or the even harmonic current flow into the machine. The third mechanism is an increase of harmonic impedance due to an isolated power system, thus producing the harmonic voltages. The design of the input filter of protective digital relays should take into account even harmonics generation in an isolated power system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(2): 56–63, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20592     

TORQUES IN MULTI-MACHINE GENERATOR SHAFTS DUE TO HVOC RECTIFIER RIPPLE CURRENTS SUPERIMPOSED ON THE DC CURRENT IN ASYNCHRONOUS LINKS

ABSTRACT

This paper analyses torsional vibrations in steam turbine-generator-exciter shafts of machines in multi-machine power systems in close proximity to the inverter station due to rectifier ripple currents superimposed on the DC current in asynchronous DC links. It extends earlier work to include an in-depth analysis of system scaling factors for modulation product harmonic currents impressed on generators not examined in the literature heretofore by an inverter in an asynchronous link.

Frequency at which shaft torsional vibrations would be excited by modulation product harmonics in 50Hz/50Hz asynchronous links as a function of deviation in system frequency is first reviewed. Amplitude of shaft torque due to steady resonant torque excitation which is a function of initial rate of increase of vibration at adjacent cells where the steady resonant torque excitation is applied, the time constant for decay of the vibration and stiffness between adjacent cells is then discussed. The paper then shows that torque in shafts of machines in multi-machine networks may be estimated by proportioning HVDC Link inverter modulation product harmonic disturbance current appropriately to each machine at risk. A three phase fault studies programme to proportion converter harmonic current to each machine is discussed. System scaling factors are evaluated for different scenarios : (i) neglecting system loads, (ii) using a lumped load at the inverter, and (iii) employing distributed system loads for (a) constant impedance loads and (b) subtransient reactance dynamic loads. The effect of tappings of transformers is also discussed. On the basis of these evaluations, generators are identified which are most at risk. Torques in shafts of the machines in Ireland due to rectifier ripple currents superimposed on the DC current of the proposed North Wales/Ireland Link are then analysed and discussed.     

单相电路谐波及无功电流新型检测方法

为解决单相电路有源电力滤波器对谐波及无功电流实时检测中存在的不足,根据正交函数的正交特性,提出了一种新的单相电路谐波及无功电流的检测方法,它是利用对畸变电流中的基波有功和无功电流分量分别进行分解,通过加法器、乘法器和积分器计算出谐波和无功电流。电网电压发生畸变时该法可通过增加低通滤波器进行修正,并不影响实时检测的结果。其优点是整个运算电路结构简单、成本低,只需要4个乘法器、2个加(减)法器、1个PLL和2个积分器,且所用元器件可用模拟电路实现,无延时;运算方法简单,省去了复杂的矩阵和反矩阵变换运算;既可单独检测出畸变电流中的任何电流分量,又能得出谐波和无功电流之和。理论分析和仿真实验证实了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

不对称三相电压下电压源型换流器谐波分析与抑制策略

不对称三相电压下,电压源型换流器(VSC)将产生低次谐波,给电网造成谐波污染。随着VSC在电力系统中的广泛应用,这类问题必须得到更多的关注,提出有效的解决方法。基于动态相量和序分量,推导出序分量动态相量,并对其特性进行了分析;将含开关函数描述的VSC时域模型转化为动态相量模型;定义交流电流和直流电压的各阶序分量动态相量为状态变量,建立了以状态空间描述的VSC序分量动态相量谐波分析模型,综合考虑了开关函数的详细动态特性和交直流侧谐波的相互作用,从而揭示了VSC产生谐波的机理,实现了VSC谐波的解析求解。在此基础上,提出负序补偿的不对称调制策略,以抑制低次谐波的产生。通过各种不对称情况下的仿真和计算,验证了所提出的谐波分析模型的正确性和谐波抑制策略的有效性。