Introducing total water cycle management in Sydney: a Kogarah Council initiative

Away from traditional supply option of building dams, we need to adopt new supply options that can be incorporated into urban development and at household-level technology, including rainwater harvesting and wastewater reclamation. While technological advancements have made them possible, economic arguments and to larger extent a lack of political leadership have been keeping these options at pilot stage. The Kogarah Council is amongst a few NSW municipalities who have embarked on a comprehensive review of its water management practices. This journey has resulted in changing the Council's focus from traditional drainage pits and pipes to a much broader approach to water cycle management. In 2003 the Kogarah Council became the first one in Sydney to adopt TWCM principles into its Sustainability Management Plan. “Reduction in per capita water demand in Kogarah” was identified as a key sustainability indicator in the plan. At the same time, the Council recognised that while it had a statutory responsibility for managing stormwater, a successful partnership with the Sydney Water Corporation (responsible for water and wastewater) was vital to bringing together data, resources, and knowledge to develop and implement TWCM projects. The project developed a TWCM strategy for the Beverley Park catchment to identify priority projects in the catchment that produce the most cost-effective water savings. The Council has since endorsed the strategy and is committed to three priority projects identified for implementation in 2004/05: participation in Sydney Waters “Every Drop Counts” Business Program, the Beverley Park Water Reclamation Project, and the Rainwater Tanks in Schools Project. The first project will enhance the on-going water efficiency roll-outs from the Sydney Water Corporation, and the other two projects focus on creating new water sources. By 2005/06, the implementation of these projects will save up to 150 ML of drinking water every year in Kogarah. This paper presents an insight into this innovative project and provides the current status of the three priority projects.     

Ozone Application for Arsenic and Manganese Treatment at the City of White Rock,BC, Canada

The City of White Rock purchased the water utility on October 30, 2015, from EPCOR Utilities Inc. The City of White Rock‘s water utility provides safe and clean drinking water to its residents. The drinking water is obtained from the Sunnyside Uplands Aquifer. To ensure water supplied is of the highest quality, the City collaborated with the RES‘EAU-WaterNET, to conduct research to evaluate and identify technologies that are capable of providing a significant reduction of arsenic and manganese, to improve water quality. The City submitted a grant application to the Clean Water and Wastewater Fund (CWWF) for the construction of a water treatment plant to reduce arsenic and manganese in drinking water. The Government of Canada and the Province of British Columbia provided funding from the Clean Water and Wastewater Fund (CWWF) to the City of White Rock for the “Arsenic and Manganese Water Treatment Project. The City awarded a contract for the Design Build for a Water Treatment Plant to provide a major reduction in arsenic and manganese in drinking water. The Design Build project utilized the scientific findings from the research conducted. The construction of the plant started in March 2018, and the project is expected to be completed by March 2019.     

我国水资源治理转型驱动机制及对煤化工企业的启示

以水权交易为代表的水资源市场化配置方式,是破解煤化工产业缺水问题的"开源"之策,也是我国水资源治理转型的主要方向。本文借助SEM模型和SPSS22.0、AMOS22.0软件,构建水资源治理转型的驱动机制模型,分析各驱动因素对水资源治理转型的影响路径与影响强度,研究表明,问题驱动力、网络驱动力和条件驱动力共同构成了转型的驱动网络,问题驱动力通过网络驱动力影响条件驱动力,进而驱动水资源治理向市场化转型。政府在驱动网络中居于关键主体地位,企业、民众等市场主体通过影响政府决策推动转型进程,因此,煤化工企业要争取实现地方政府政策环境优势最大化,从加强参与、差异化布局和信息平台建设等方面进行水权交易的有益探索。     

蒸汽管网建设项目环境影响评价中工程分析的案例实践

蒸汽管线建设项目属于管网建设范畴,在环境评价工作的工程分析中,需要在工艺流程及其污染工序分析的基础上,从施工期、运营期、环境风险三个角度进行污染源强分析。通过对某蒸汽管网建设项目环境影响评价工作中工程分析的案例实践,表明本项目施工期污染源强分析需要主要为施工废水、施工废气、施工废渣、施工噪声和施工期生态因素;运营期不产生废气、废水,不存在固体废物产生及排放,且不新增污染物排放总量;存在蒸汽泄漏风险。     

Surface pattern in thin poly(styrene–maleic anhydride) films

Monodispersed poly(styrene–maleic anhydride) alternating copolymer (SMA) is synthesized through radical polymerization, and characterized by GPC, DSC, FT-IR and ¹H NMR spectra. The mole fraction, χ, of styrene in the copolymer is 0.51, determined from integrated ¹H NMR spectrum, this value is consistent with the alternating structure. FT-IR spectra show that maleic anhydride moieties on the backbone chains hydrolyze in a THF solution containing water, and HCl can accelerate the hydrolysis process. Atomic force microscopy reveals that well-arrayed and uniform-sized holes formed in thin SMA films on single crystal silicon wafer substrates spin-cast from the THF solutions containing HCl. HCl can also influence hydrogen bonding between the carboxylic acid groups in the THF solution, which is crucial for the formation of holes in the thin films. The volatilization process in the spin-casting is divided into two stages, THF and water volatilization. The formation of holes is interpreted as the trace of water droplets emulsified by the hydrolyzed SMA in the second stage, i.e. water volatilization. Results also indicate that there are both mobile and bound water populations in the solution, and that the bound water is responsible for the hole or valley pattern of these thin films.     

Reducing the Long-Term Hazard of Reactor Waste Through Actinide Removal and Destruction in Nuclear Reactors

Abstract

Public opposition to nuclear power has focused on the long-term risks from reactor waste. In the Purex process used in Europe, this waste is a concentrated nitric acid solution containing all nonvolatile fission products and the actinides Np, Am, and Cm, plus smaller amounts of U and Pu.

Techniques have recently been described which guarantee an absolutely safe containment of this high-active waste (HAW) for about 1000 years. At longer times, the risk to the biosphere is dominated by the actinides. If these actinides are isolated from the rest of the HAW and destroyed through nuclear incineration, the long-term risks of the HAW will be dramatically reduced.

This paper presents a detailed scheme for removing the actinides from the Purex-HAW solution. In principle, the process consists of three different solvent extraction cycles, using HDEHP and TBP in three successive steps. The scheme has been tested on a synthetic HAW solution containing all fission products and actinides (except Z ≥96, Cm) using laboratory-scale mixer-settler batteries. Results from runs on old Purex waste are also presented.

If applied to fresh Purex waste, the process will encounter problems due to radiation damage to the reagents. In practice, this difficulty can be circumvented by using short contact times in the solvent extraction process. Extremely rapid multistage solvent extraction separations can be carried out by the SISAK technique (i.e., batteries of static mixers and special centrifugal separators). This technique is also described.     

南昌市节水型社会试点研究

在综合分析南昌市供用水及社会经济发展的基础上,对南昌市水资源供需平衡及节水潜力进行了分析。针对南昌市各水平年节水型社会的总体目标和主要任务,提出了节水型社会建设的保障措施;建立了综合节水评价、工业节水评价、农业节水评价、生活节水评价、经济发展评价和水生态与环境评价六个方面的指标体系。     

通大污水处理工程项目工艺设计

通大污水处理工程位于湖北省咸宁市通山县,工程设计规模为1.0万m^3/d,采用多模式AAO、高效沉淀池、纤维滤布滤池等处理工艺,尾水采用紫外线消毒,设计出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准。文中介绍了污水厂的设计概况、工艺流程及主要工艺单元的设计参数等,可供相关工程参考。     

Postcasting Contraction: Improving the Density of Gelcast Nanoparticle Green Bodies with Heated Liquid Desiccants

To achieve high‐density green bodies, a novel route without needing high solids loading suspensions, that is postcontraction process has been developed. In this process, the wet green body is immersed in heated liquid desiccants (polyethylene glycol [PEG] aqueous solution), which is prepared by gelcasting with thermoresponsive gel system. The density of green bodies is improved through releasing water quickly and shrinking rapidly. It is attributed to the cooperative action of the interior aggregation forces stemming from the shrinkage of network‐structured polymer and the exterior osmotic pressure from PEG aqueous solution. Alumina nanoparticle green bodies with different solids loadings were prepared by gelcasting with PNIPAM Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) gel system. The postcontraction process was almost completed in 30 min in liquid at 50°C, and meanwhile the bodies were almost dried. The relative densities of all green bodies and sintered parts are in accordance with each other, around 43% and 94%, respectively.     

正渗透膜分离的研究进展

正渗透是浓度驱动的膜技术,是指水通过选择性渗透膜从高水化学势区域向低水化学势区域的传递过程。本文介绍了正渗透的基本构成（驱动力、汲取液和正渗透膜材料）,指出膜两侧的浓差极化是水通量性能的最大障碍,采用通量模型说明了膜在两种放置方向下存在的内浓差极化和外浓差极化,内浓差极化对驱动力的减小起着重要的作用;论述了膜材料、原料液浓度、汲取液浓度对正渗透和压力延迟渗透水通量的影响;此外,评述了正渗透过程的膜污染和能耗。     

Enhanced heavy oil recovery through interfacial instability: A study of chemical flooding for Brintnell heavy oil

This study is aimed at developing an alkaline/surfactant-enhanced oil recovery process for heavy oil reservoirs with oil viscosities ranging from 1000 to 10,000 mPa s, through the mechanism of interfacial instability. Instead of the oil viscosity being reduced, as in thermal and solvent/gas injection processes, oil is dispersed into and transported through the water phase to production wells.Extensive emulsification tests and oil/water interfacial tension measurements were conducted to screen alkali and surfactant for the oil and the brine samples collected from Brintnell reservoir. The heavy oil/water interfacial tension could be reduced to about 7 × 10⁻² dyn/cm with the addition of a mixture of Na₂CO₃ and NaOH in the formation brine without evident dynamic effect. The oil/water interfacial tension could be further reduced to 1 × 10⁻² dyn/cm when a very low surfactant concentration (0.005-0.03 wt%) was applied to the above alkaline solution. Emulsification tests showed that in situ self-dispersion of the heavy oil into the water phase occurred when a carefully designed chemical solution was applied.A series of 21 flood tests were conducted in sandpacks to evaluate the chemical formulas obtained from screening tests for the oil. Tertiary oil recoveries of about 22-23% IOIP (32-35% ROIP) were obtained for the tests using 0.6 wt% alkaline (weight ratio of Na₂CO₃ to NaOH = 2:1) and 0.045 wt% surfactant solution in the formation brine. The sandpack flood results obtained in this project showed that a synergistic enhancement among the chemicals did occur in the tertiary recovery process through the interfacial instability mechanism.     

温度对正向渗透的影响机制与数值模拟

正向渗透(FO)是一种以溶液自身渗透压作为推动力的膜分离技术。温度对溶液、膜的性质以及溶液与膜之间的相互作用有很大影响,进而影响FO的水通量。利用数值模拟与试验研究了温度对FO性能的影响。结果表明,当膜两侧等温时,FO水通量随着温度的升高而增大;当膜两侧不等温时,原液(FS)一侧温度的影响比提取液(DS)一侧更大,主要是因为温度升高降低了溶液黏度,强化了过膜扩散过程,而温度对DS渗透压的影响不明显。在不同温度条件下,FO水通量和热通量随流量的增大而增大,主要是由于流速的增大压缩膜表面的流体边界层,强化了传质和传热过程。     

固原市100 t/d垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工程设计

详细介绍了固原市100 t/d垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工程的设计内容。本工程选用MVC(机械蒸发浓缩)+DI(去离子)主体工艺处理垃圾渗滤液,运行期间处理效果良好,出水水质达到了《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)的要求。本工艺对小规模以及分期建设的卫生填埋场垃圾渗滤液处理具有良好的推广价值。     

An agent-based simulation with NetLogo platform to evaluate forward osmosis process (PRO Mode)

Forward osmosis (FO), as an emerging technology, is influenced by different factors such as operating conditions, module characteristics, and membrane properties. The general aim of this study was to develop a suitable (flexible, comprehensive, and convenient to use) computational tool which is able to simulate osmosis through an asymmetric membrane oriented in pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) mode in a wide variety of scenarios. For this purpose, an agent-based model was created in NetLogo platform, which is an easy-to-use application environment with graphical visualization abilities and well suited for modeling a complex system evolving over time. The simulation results were validated with empirical data obtained from literature and a great agreement was observed. The effect of various parameters on process performance was investigated in terms of temperature, cross-flow velocity, length of the module, pure water permeability coefficient, and structural parameter of the membrane. Results demonstrated that the increase in all parameters, except structural parameter of the membrane and the length of module led to the increase of average water flux. Moreover, nine different draw solutes were selected in order to assess the influence of net bulk osmotic pressure difference between the draw solution (DS) and feed solution (FS) (known as the driving force of FO process) on water flux. Based on the findings of this paper, the performance of FO process (PRO mode) can be efficiently evaluated using the NetLogo platform.     

Die Elektrodialyse — ein Membranverfahren mit vielen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten

Electrodialysis – a membrane process with considerable scope. Electrodialysis is a process by which electrically charged membranes are used to separate ions from an aqueous solution by the driving force of an electrical potential difference. Electrodialysis is used today mainly for desalination of seawater and brackish water. Other applications, such as the recovery of water and valuable metal ions from industrial effluents, the removal of salts and acids from pharmaceutical solutions and in food processing have only recently generated a broader interest. In this paper the principle of electrodialysis is described and the various parameters determining the technical feasibility and the economies of the process are discussed in more detail. Examples are given for the use of electrodialysis in the food and drug industry and in advanced waste water treatment. Finally, recent developments and future prospects of electrodialysis and related processes are discussed.     

A/O工艺在福清市某施工临建区污水处理站的应用

福建福清市某施工临建区日排水量1500 m3/d,污水处理站设计规模为1500 m3/d,深度处理水量290 m3/d。污水处理站二级处理采用A/O工艺,深度处理采用混凝沉淀——砂滤工艺。本文介绍了工程的特点、设计思路、设计参数及调试运行情况。一年的实际运行表明,污水处理站出水水质良好,达到设计要求。     

新型准对称无机膜的正渗透去除Cd2+的效能

正向渗透(forward osmosis, FO)是一种以溶液渗透压差为驱动力的新型膜技术。课题组在先前研究中使用微界面溶胶凝胶法制备了一种全新的准对称结构无机薄膜(QSTFI膜), 与传统的有机聚合FO膜相比具有更大的优势。本文考察了QSTFI膜分离去除水中重金属Cd²⁺的效能, 讨论了Cd²⁺浓度、提取液浓度以及膜表面带电性对Cd²⁺去除的影响机制。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征了QSTFI膜的微观形貌, 使用能量色散光谱(EDS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表征了膜的化学组成, 并使用原子力显微镜(AFM)表征膜表面带电特性。结果表明, QSTFI膜表面带负电荷, 能够与液相主体中的Cd²⁺通过静电引力形成双电层结构, 双电层的Debye厚度越大越有利于膜对Cd²⁺的截留。FO实验测试中原液Cd²⁺浓度为10 mg·L^-1的条件下, QSTFI膜对Cd²⁺截留率超过99%, 水通量最大值可达到69 L·m^-2·h^-1(提取液为2.0 mol·L^-1 NaCl)。本研究为拓展FO技术在含重金属废水处理的潜在应用前景提供了理论依据和指导。     

Water reclamation and reuse: implementation and management issues

In the framework of the international project “Integrated Concepts for Water Reuse” (Aquarec), an independent task-force composed by water and wastewater utilities professionals, consultants and researchers was assigned the task and produced a manual of management practices for water reuse schemes. This paper aims to give an overview of water reuse activities around the world and to outline the specific characteristics of every sectoral use. The paper shows that consolidated experience exists with technology and management practices and that effective and practicable management practices should include a combination of structural, non-structural and managerial techniques. Finally, some critical factors that influence to a large extent the project’s potential sustainability are delineated.     

Optimal design of hybrid RO/MSF desalination plants Part II: Results and discussion

This paper presents the results of an optimization study, based on minimum water cost, to explore the feasibility of the hybridization of RO and MSF processes. The study explores the possible improvement of MSF process economics. Nine different scenarios for the production of the same capacity of desalted water are presented and compared from the standpoint of minimum water cost, specific capital cost and water recovery. The process and cost models, formulation of the optimization problem and solution outlines were previously presented in the first part of this study. In this work, results show that RO technology is recommended when building new desalination plants. RO technology becomes preferable at low feed concentrations and for brackish water desalination. Although they come in second position after the RO process, some hybrid plants economically exceed by far the MSF process. Computations gave a water cost of 1.1 $/m³ for the brine recycle MSF process against 0.75 $/m³ for the two-stage RO process. Water cost of the MSF process can be reduced by 17 to 24% through hybridization with RO technology.     

Environmentally Friendly Recycling of Hexal in Medium Caliber Ammunition in Industrial Scale

The major task in the recycling of Hexal used in air defense ammunition is the secure, environmentally friendly and cost‐saving removal of the Hexal from the case. For this purpose a production plant was constructed, by which the Hexal can be extracted in one minute from four 35 mm grenades by means of drilling and application of high pressure water. The water treatment turned out to be the key step of this process. Increasingly severe environmental regulations force the industry to clean and reuse the water in the process. The diversity of the cleaning methods available is strongly limited by the explosive as material to be separated, by the broad particle size distribution, the high water throughput and the high purity request of the high‐pressure pump. The implemented separation process consists of a sedimentation and a filter part. This offers the advantage that there are no moving parts in the system and therefore the maintenance is relatively simple.