Study of optimal pulverized coal concentration in a four-wall tangentially fired furnace

The effect of fuel lean/rich conditions (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6) on the furnace core temperatures, carbon in fly ash and slag and NO_x emissions was investigated in a 1 MW four-wall tangentially horizontal bias fired furnace for Yibin anthracite and Shenmu bituminous, respectively. Results shown that furnace core temperatures increased at first and then decreased along the height of the furnace when anthracite burned. The furnace core temperature at the height of primary air nozzles was the highest when the bituminous lean/rich varied from 1:1 to 1:3, and its trend was similar to the anthracite when the bituminous lean/rich was changed from 1:4 to 1:6. The ignition of anthracite required a heating stage, while bituminous could timely ignite due to high volatile. However, when the bituminous lean/rich was too low resulting in the relative lack of oxygen, it still needed a heating stage. With increased coal concentration, the furnace core temperatures in the primary air section went up firstly and then down, but the carbon in fly ash and slag showed adverse behavior. This was due to the high coal concentration corresponding to high volatile concentration leading to the timely ignition and burnout, causing higher furnace core temperature in the primary air section and decreased carbon in fly ash and slag. Corresponding to the highest furnace core temperature in the primary air section and the lowest carbon in fly ash and slag, the optimal pulverized coal concentration of anthracite and bituminous was 0.796–0.810 kg coal/kg air and 0.586–0.607 kg coal/kg air, respectively. In addition, with increased pulverized coal concentration, the NO_x emissions reduced quickly with a slight decrease in the range of the optimal pulverized coal concentration.     

Thermal and emission characteristics in a tangentially fired boiler model furnace

Tangentially fired furnaces are vortex‐combustion units and are intended for use as low NO formation furnaces. NO characteristics inside these furnaces depend on many parameters. The present study investigates numerically the problem of pollution in a real furnace of a 1699 MW tangentially fired boiler having 32 burners. NO formation contour maps in a tangentially fired furnace are presented. The study covered different combustion air temperature values, different fuel–air ratios and different cases of tripped burners. Available experimental measurements were used for validating the calculation procedure. The details of the temperature and NO fields were obtained from the solution of the conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy and transport equations for scalar variables in addition to the equations of the turbulence model. The equations governing the NO formation were solved to calculate the NO distribution. The simulation provided more insight on the correlation between the total NO concentration and the maximum furnace temperature and furnace average temperature. The results have shown that the furnace average temperature and NO concentration decrease as the excess air factor increases for a given air mass flow rate. As the combustion air temperature increases, furnace temperature increases and the thermal NO concentration increases sharply. The results show that the temperature distributions are significantly distorted by tripping any of the burners. The results show that tripping one or two burners either adjacent or opposite or tripping four results in regions of high temperature gases close to the walls. Heat absorptions in super‐heater and economizer are greatly influenced by combustion air temperature and excess air factor and are slightly influenced by burner tripping. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤粉炉冷态数值试验模拟研究

针对某热电厂燃煤锅炉,建立其物理模型及冷态流场数学模型,以模拟冷态性能试验中的炉内空气动力场.并将试验数据直接与模拟结果进行分析、对比,以达到验证物理、数学模型正确性的目的.     

Three dimensional modeling of pulverized coal combustion in a 600 MW corner fired boiler

IntroductionThe developments relative to coal combustion havebeen performed into a general purpose 3D code namedESTET under quality assurance, and used to modelcomplex turbulent reactive flows. In the case ofindustrial boilers we can assume a no-slip conditionbetween gas and particles which is the case for the mostpart of the furnace, except possibly in the near field ofthe burners. With such an assumption, the equations for apafticle-gas fixture with a mean density can be written.The combu…     

我国电站燃煤锅炉节油点火技术的分析及现状

针对现阶段我国电站燃煤锅炉运行状况,分析微油点火技术和等离子点火技术的工作原理、系统组成及应用,从技术和经济的角度指出其各自的特点,并对节油及运行中出现的问题提出改进措施。     

对一台75t／h煤粉锅炉改造设计

文章介绍了75t/h煤粉炉锅炉改造燃用油页岩的高低差速床锅炉燃烧技术、措施及运行效果.     

420t/h煤粉炉超温分析及改进

对某火电厂420 t/h煤粉炉的主蒸汽温度偏差、对流过热器左右侧烟温偏差、对流受热面右侧严重磨损等情况进行了详细的分析和探讨,提出了改进方案,并对改进效果进行了对比。     

PDA research on a novel pulverized coal combustion technology for a large utility boiler

In this paper, a new technology for a tangential firing pulverized coal boiler, high efficiency and low NO_x combustion technology with multiple air-staged and a large-angle counter flow fuel-rich jet (ACCT for short) is proposed. To verify the characteristics of this technology, experiments of two combustion technologies, ACCT and CFS-1 (Concentric Firing System-1), are carried out under a cold model of a 1025 t/h tangential firing boiler with a PDA (particle dynamics anemometer). The distributions of velocity, particle concentration, particle diameters and the particle volume flux of primary air and secondary air are obtained. The results show that the fuel-rich primary air of ACCT can go deeper into the furnace and mix with the main flow better, which means that the counter flow of fuel-rich jets in ACCT can realize stable combustion, low NO_x emission and slagging prevention.     

Modeling of thermal characteristics for a furnace of a 500 MW boiler fired with high-ash coal

An advanced zonal computational method has been used to determine the temperature and heat flux profiles and other thermal characteristics for a furnace of the 500 MW boiler fired with high-ash, medium-volatile Ekibastuz coal. The predicted temperature profiles for a 100% boiler load and different methods of fuel distribution through the burner tiers were compared with respective data obtained in experimental tests. The effects of the fuel dust fineness and excess air on the furnace temperature pattern were studied. The cases associated with the reduced boiler loads were considered as well. The lower limit for the boiler load has been established, based on the predicted results.     

煤粉锅炉SCR工艺参数优化

SCR是燃煤电站成熟有效的烟气脱硝技术,以某电厂燃煤机组660MW锅炉为研究对象,主要对NO_x的脱除机理及方法进行简要介绍,并结合该660MW锅炉SCR脱硝设备的实际运行数据,探讨影响燃煤电站脱硝效率的相关因素,提出SCR脱硝系统操作运行的着重方向以及优化运行的要领。研究结果可为燃煤电站的优化设计和运行提供理论和技术支撑,对已运行电厂脱硝系统优化改造提供思路。     

Control of ash related problems in a large scale tangentially fired boiler using CFD modelling

The objective of this study is to develop a three-dimensional combustor model for predicting the performance of full-scale tangential fired (TF) boiler and to determine the flow patterns of the gas and coal particles, with an emphasis on formation mechanism of gas flow deviations and uneven temperature on the super-heaters, re-heaters and divisional super-heater sections of the furnace. The importance of these simulations is to identify the locations of optimum additive injection ports to achieve maximum impact of additives in the combustion process to minimize the temperature deviation and reduce ash-related issues. This study is a classic example of numerical investigation into the problem of turbulent reacting flows in large scale furnaces employed in thermal power plants for the remediation of ash deposition problems. Present work also provides an investigation of the influence of number of tripped burners on the characteristics of the flow and thermal fields. Excellent agreement between the simulation results and key boiler design values and available site operation records following full-scale trials indicate that the calculations are reliable. The results obtained from the present work are directly relevant to coal-fired utilities for not only demonstrating the effectiveness of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based tools in combating operational issues but also provides an alternative to conventional remediation strategies.     

煤粉锅炉翻新改造中分离器的设计型式分析

文章阐述了煤粉锅炉改造中分离器的选型与设计是否恰当,直接关系到煤粉锅炉翻新改造的成败。     

Mathematical modeling of MILD combustion of pulverized coal

MILD (flameless) combustion is a new rapidly developing technology. The IFRF trials have demonstrated high potential of this technology also for N-containing fuels. In this work the IFRF experiments are analyzed using the CFD-based mathematical model. Both the Chemical Percolation Devolatilization (CPD) model and the char combustion intrinsic reactivity model have been adapted to Guasare coal combusted. The flow-field as well as the temperature and the oxygen fields have been accurately predicted by the CFD-based model. The predicted temperature and gas composition fields have been uniform demonstrating that slow combustion occurs in the entire furnace volume. The CFD-based predictions have highlighted the NO_x reduction potential of MILD combustion through the following mechanism. Before the coal devolatilization proceeds, the coal jet entrains a substantial amount of flue gas so that its oxygen content is typically not higher than 3-5%. The volatiles are given off in a highly sub-stoichiometric environment and their N-containing species are preferentially converted to molecular nitrogen rather than to NO. Furthermore, there exists a strong NO-reburning mechanism within the fuel jet and in the air jet downstream of the position where these two jets merge. In other words, less NO is formed from combustion of volatiles and stronger NO-reburning mechanisms exist in the MILD combustion if compared to conventional coal combustion technology.     

Modeling and optimization of the NOx emission characteristics of a tangentially fired boiler with artificial neural networks

The present work introduces an approach to predict the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission characteristics of a large capacity pulverized coal fired boiler with artificial neural networks (ANN). The NOx emission and carbon burnout characteristics were investigated through parametric field experiments. The effects of over-fire-air (OFA) flow rates, coal properties, boiler load, air distribution scheme and nozzle tilt were studied. On the basis of the experimental results, an ANN was used to model the NOx emission characteristics and the carbon burnout characteristics. Compared with the other modeling techniques, such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach, the ANN approach is more convenient and direct, and can achieve good prediction effects under various operating conditions. A modified genetic algorithm (GA) using the micro-GA technique was employed to perform a search to determine the optimum solution of the ANN model, determining the optimal setpoints for the current operating conditions, which can suggest operators’ correct actions to decrease NOx emission.     

Numerical modeling of the gasification based biomass co-firing in a 600 MW pulverized coal boiler

Gasification based biomass co-firing was an attractive technology for biomass utilization. Compared to directly co-firing of biomass and coal, it might: (1) avoid feeding biomass into boiler, (2) reduce boiler fouling and corrosion problem, and (3) avoid altering ash characteristics. In this paper, CFD modeling of product gas (from biomass gasification) and coal co-firing in a 600 MW tangential PC boiler was carried out. The results showed that NO_x emission was reduced about 50–70% when the product gas was injected through the lowest layer burner. The fouling problem can be reduced with furnace temperature decreasing for co-firing case. The convection heat transfer area should be increased or the co-firing ratio of product gas should be decreased to keep boiler rated capacity.     

燃天然气浮法玻璃窑炉的三维数值模拟

建立了具有实用意义的浮法玻璃熔窑三维数学模型,将火焰空间燃烧模型、配合料熔化模型、玻璃液流动模型进行耦合计算,求解出玻璃熔窑火焰空间、玻璃液流的温度场、速度场分布及配合料堆的长度分布。以日产400t的燃天然气浮法玻璃熔窑为对象研究了其火焰空间内气体、窑池内玻璃液的流动情况及各自的温度场分布。从模拟结果可以看出,该三维耦合数学模型能够比较客观地反应燃天然气浮法玻璃熔窑的速度场和温度场的分布规律,对燃天然气浮法玻璃熔窑的设计和运行具有一定的实用价值。     

Field measurements on the generation and emission characteristics of PM2.5 generated by utility pulverized coal boiler

In this work, the concentrations, size distributions, the morphology characteristics, and the elemental composition of PM_2.5 from eighteen utility pulverized coal boilers are determined experimentally before and after the dust collectors, and after the wet flue gas desulfurizations (WFGDs). In situ monitoring and sampling concentrations and particle size distributions of PM_2.5 were carried out with an electrical low pressure impactor. The morphological characteristics and elemental composition were analyzed by scanning electron microscope and X-Ray Fluorescence, respectively. The results indicate that before and after the dust collectors, the number concentration distributions of PM_2.5 display obvious bimodal distributions, with the peaks near 0.12 μm and 0.76 μm, respectively. In addition, the peaks value of fine mode particles tend to be an order of magnitude higher than those of the central mode particles. The mass concentration distributions of PM_2.5 at boilers outlet appear a peak value at near 0.2 μm. The number concentration of PM_2.5 is dominated by the PM_0.38, which are mainly formed by gasification-condensation; the mass concentration of PM_2.5 is dominated by the PM_0.38–2.5, which are formed by the char fragmentation and coalescence of ash particles on the char surface. For total number and mass removal efficiency of PM_2.5, the hybrid electrostatic filter precipitators (EFPs) are superior to the fabric filters (FFs), the FFs are superior to the electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). The WFGDs can capture PM_0.38–2.5 effectively, but the WFGDs have relatively weak faculty to capture PM_0.38 and even tend to increase the number of PM_0.38. The PM_2.5 generated by pulverized coal boiler are mainly rough-surfaced spherical. The mass percentages of Si and Al in PM_2.5 decrease after the dust collectors and the WFGDs, but S increase; the mass percentages of Na, K, Fe in PM_2.5 before and after the dust collectors and the WFGDs are nearly the same; the mass percentages of Ca are nearly the same before and after the dust collectors, but decrease after the WFGDs.     

燃用劣质煤锅炉的设计与选配经验

分析了高灰分、低热值劣质烟煤的燃烧特点,介绍了燃劣质烟煤的层燃燃烧方式的选取、锅炉整体布置、辅机选取、运行调整等。     

Pilot-scale air toxics R&D assessment of creosote-treated and PCP-treated wood cofiring for pulverized coal utility boiler applications

This paper presents air toxics emissions test results from a pilot-scale cofiring study of pentachlorophenol- (PCP) and creosote-treated woods to provide data for pre-permitting requirements for utilities interested in biomass cofiring as a means of increasing renewable energy while reducing greenhouse gases and other emissions for pulverized coal-fired utility boilers. These PCP/creosote-treated wood cofiring tests included a comprehensive assessment of air toxics, including dioxins, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals (Hg, Sb, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Pb, Ni and Se), formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds, HCl, and particulates. This pilot-scale testing measured ‘uncontrolled’ emissions from the combustor (upstream of flue gas cleanup devices) and showed that PCP/creosote-treated wood could be successfully cofired at 10% heat input without increases in air toxic emissions as compared to a baseline eastern bituminous coal. Air toxics emissions were typically very low, and often near or below detection limits, largely as a result of the good air/fuel mixing and high furnace temperatures associated with pulverized coal combustion. One expected result was an increase in uncontrolled HCl emissions as a result of the higher chlorine content in the treated woods, although even at 10% cofiring levels, HCl emissions were within the range of other US coals. This paper is presented to provide independent data that industry, environmental groups, and regulators may consider in evaluating the opportunities for treated wood cofiring test burns and commercialization in full-scale coal-fired boilers in an environmentally acceptable manner.