应用SXR-CT技术研究闭孔泡沫铝微结构演化及变形分析

借助同步辐射硬X射线高强度、高能量、高准直、宽频谱以及可选能量等特点,对材料试件进行投影成像,并应用滤波反投影重建算法实现三维图像重建(Synchrotron X-Ray Computed Tomography).研究了闭孔泡沫铝在压缩过程中内部微结构的演化,得到了不同压缩状态下内部微结构图像,分析了闭孔泡沫铝在压缩过程中的变形及孔隙率变化.这些研究结果为泡沫铝制备工艺的改进和材料与结构的优化设计提供了有益的参考,并为泡沫铝压缩破坏机理的构建提供科学依据.     

铝基复合材料半固态压缩变形组织演化同步辐射原位CT研究

利用原位快速同步辐射计算机断层扫描技术,研究纳米颗粒增强Al-10%(质量分数)Cu复合材料的半固态压缩过程,并利用三维图像定量化分析其半固态压缩变形过程中微观组织结构,特别是微孔的演变过程。结果表明:纳米颗粒增强铝基复合材料在半固态压缩过程中的微孔演变可分为3个主要阶段,即微孔闭合阶段,微孔潜伏阶段和微孔的迅速长大阶段。通过对不同变形阶段微孔分布的定量化数据分析和组织观察,进一步分析纳米陶瓷颗粒增强铝基复材的半固态压缩变形机制。借助同步辐射原位成像技术开展铝基复材受载下的四维(三维+时间)研究,可为探究铝基复合材料的半固态变形行为提供参考。     

Strain rate dependent compression response of Ni-foam investigated by experimental and FEM simulation methods

Metal foams can be used as structural materials for impact energy absorption applications, due to the extended plateau stress they exert under compressive loads. The compressive behaviour of Ni-foams was studied by experimental and computational methods at various strain rates. The geometry of the porous material was reconstructed based on X-ray computed tomography measurements and used in a FEM simulation software package, facilitating large unconstrained plastic deformation, to determine its response under variable strain rates. SEM in situ compression tests were employed to measure the load-displacement response of the foam, while allowing the acquisition of images illustrating the deformed metal foam struts. The results of the study indicated that the introduced FEM model provides reliable insight with regard to the response of metal foams under various compressive strain rates. Additionally, the FEM model facilitates a holistic overview of the deformation phenomena occurring within the porous structure on both macro- and micro-scales.     

Cyclic compression behavior and energy dissipation of aluminum foam–polyurethane interpenetrating phase composites

This paper presents a study of the mechanical behavior of aluminum foam–polyurethane interpenetrating phase composites (AF–PU composites) with different corresponding porosity and pore size under cyclic compressions. The dissipated energy of AF–PU composite is described by the area of the compression cycle. Cyclic frequency, strain amplitude, temperature aging and cycle numbers were taken as reacting influence parameters to evaluate the damping capacity of AF–PU composites with different corresponding porosity and pore size. These cyclic tests demonstrate that AF–PU composites can make up the disadvantage of pure aluminum foams (AF) that are not suffered by the recoverable deformation in the stage of plastic plateau, and AF–PU composites with high porosity and large pore size have a good potential applied in hysteretic damping devices for seismic resistant structures under the condition of large strain level and preloading several cycles.     

石膏型渗流制备泡沫铝填充圆管压缩行为研究

采用石膏型渗流制备开孔泡沫铝并填充到薄壁圆管,制成泡沫铝夹心管.通过准静态压缩试验研究了泡沫铝夹心管的压缩行为.结果表明:采用石膏型渗流法制备的泡沫铝孔隙率在85％左右,其压缩变形阶段可分为弹性段、塑性平台段和致密化段;空心圆管的压缩行为与其本身的结构参数有关;泡沫铝夹心管的力学性能与吸能能力比空心圆管和泡沫铝有了一定...     

碳化硼固相烧结微观结构演化的同步辐射CT观测

利用同步辐射CT (SR-CT) 技术,在碳化硼陶瓷样品烧结过程中对其进行实时投影成像,并应用滤波反投影算法和数字图像处理技术,得到了样品在整个烧结过程中内部微结构演化的二维和三维重建图像,实现了对陶瓷固相烧结过程实时、无损的观测.通过重建图像清晰观测到了陶瓷样品在烧结三个阶段中颗粒接触、烧结颈形成、晶粒和气孔长大、气孔球化并收缩等烧结现象;统计了样品在不同烧结时刻的孔隙率,得到了孔隙率随烧结时间和烧结时间对数的变化曲线,并根据曲线分析了样品在不同烧结时刻致密化速率的变化,得到了烧结中期孔隙率和时间对数的线性关系.实验结果和现有烧结理论相吻合,并为进一步完善烧结理论以及建立扩散和本构模型提供了有效的实验数据.     

Production of aluminum foam by spherical carbamide space holder technique-processing parameters

Spherical carbamide has been employed to produce aluminum foams by space holder technique via powder metallurgy route. The effect of different processing parameters such as applied pressure, dissolving time of spacer, sintering temperature and time, metallic additives, on compression properties of the resultant foams has been evaluated. Aluminum foam samples with 40–85 vol.% porosity were successfully produced. Addition of 1 wt.% Sn and Mg to aluminum powder increased strength of the sintered foams. The results indicate that the appropriate compressive properties of foams are achieved under 330 MPa compacting pressure, sintering temperature and time of 640 °C and 2 h, respectively.     

Experimental Investigation on Steel Foams Fabricated by Sintering-Dissolution Process

This article describes a new process to manufacture open-cell steel foams. Calcium chloride anhydrous is used as a space holder. By changing the values of the main manufacturing parameters such as volume percentage, and the size and shape of the space holder, we produce different steel foam samples which cover a wide range of solid fraction, pore size, and shape. The effects of space-holder content and sintering condition such as temperature and time on the porosity of steel foam samples are discussed. The microstructure and composition of steel foam samples are observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. The compressive curves of steel foams are measured by a universal testing machine. The experiment results show the compressive strength of steel foam samples with porosities between 65% and 85% is in the range of 66.4 ～ 12.9 MPa. The compressive strength depends mainly on the porosity and pore shape. The absorbed energy per unit volume (W) of steel foams with porosities between 85% and 65% is in range of 6.8 ～ 31.2 MJ/m³. Under the condition of identical porosity, the absorbed energy per unit volume (W) of steel foam is about three times of aluminum foam. In compression, steel foam specimens show heterogeneous macroscopic deformation.     

Aluminum–ceramic cenospheres syntactic foams produced by powder metallurgy route

Aluminum–cenospheres syntactic foams of different compositions and varying relative densities were fabricated by powder metallurgy using a low compaction load (ranging from 200 MPa to 300 MPa). The produced composites were examined in terms of density, porosity, macro- and micro-structural characteristics. Mechanical properties of the sintered samples, like compressive strength and deformation mechanisms, quasi-elastic modulus and absorbed energy were also investigated. A novel theoretical model reflecting the compressive strength of aluminum–cenospheres syntactic foams was developed with respect to the production conditions (compact pressure) of the “green body”. Finally, the influence of the powder metallurgy route on the deformation mechanisms and fracture strength of the metal matrix syntactic foams was elicited, providing refined insight to optimum production parameters. The yielded results stipulate that characteristic properties like porosity inhomogeneity or insufficient bonding between matrix particles have a direct impact on the final properties of metal syntactic foams. As the compact pressure and the volume fraction of the cenospheres increases, composites exhibit a mechanical response typical of metal matrix syntactic foams.     

Fabrication and investigation of influence of CaCO3 as foaming agent on Al-SiCp foam

Closed cell aluminum foams have been used in various disciplines of engineering. Aluminum foams provide high strength with the advantage of low weight. In the current research, CaCO₃ is used as a foaming agent for producing closed-cell aluminum foams. For the fabrication of homogenous foam, optimization of process parameters was done. The effect of SiC as a thickening agent on structural property of foams viz. density and porosity have been inspected. Foams with density 0.40–0.86 g/cm³ were produced. The produced foams were studied under axial compression tests for evaluating mechanical properties. It can be inferred from the results that by adding 3 wt.% CaCO₃, the uniform viscosity of melt was achieved and a homogeneous foam structure is achieved with optimum porosity. Also, 5 wt.% addition of CaCO₃ in melt and stirring speed at 1400 rpm tend to increase porosity and decrease cell wall thickness. The optimum values for thickening agent SiC, foaming agent CaCO₃ at stirring speed 1400 rpm were found out to be 15 wt.%, 3 wt.%. The effect of relative density, the addition of thickening and foaming agent is studied.     

闭孔泡沫铝压缩性能研究

闭孔泡沫铝作为一种新型多孔金属材料,被应用于各个领域,但其压缩力学性能受到孔隙率、孔洞结构参数、相对密度及材料基本力学性能等的影响,因此针对某闭孔泡沫铝企业研究出的一款新型产品,在确定其相关参数后进行10组试样的压缩力学试验,确定其应力-应变曲线,分析各段曲线意义和产生机理,并针对其特有的压缩力学性能,研究在外力作用下...     

基于SR-CT技术的泡沫铝力学性能

基于同步辐射计算机断层技术（简称SR-CT技术）,对泡沫铝材料试件进行三维无损重建,获取泡沫铝材料试件的内部体结构。在此基础上,建立泡沫铝试件的三维仿真模型,并对该模型进行模拟计算,以研究泡沫铝材料在压缩过程中的变形情况、米塞斯应力分布情况及其弹塑性区域的分布。研究结果表明,基于同步辐射计算机断层技术重建结果建立的三维...     

工业闭孔泡沫铝压缩力学性能及变形机理

泡沫铝是一种新型的结构和功能材料,因特殊的能量吸收特性而在工程领域具有很好的应用前景。为了研究基体材料对泡沫铝力学性能和变形失效机理的影响,同时为工业泡沫铝材料提供更具参考价值的性能指标,对工业上最常见的两种不同基体(纯铝基体和7050铝合金基体)的泡沫铝材料进行了准静态压缩力学性能的试验,并对其变形机理进行了分析。试验结果表明,相同规格的7050基体泡沫铝的压缩力学性能高于纯铝基体泡沫铝,能量吸收能力也远大于纯铝基体泡沫铝。纯铝基体泡沫铝在压缩载荷下呈现逐层坍塌、连续性破坏的模式,试件在完全压实后呈碎渣;7050基体泡沫铝表现出逐层坍塌、间断式破坏的模式,试件在完全压实后呈完整的块状。7050基体泡沫铝的泡孔结构比纯铝基体泡沫铝均匀,力学性能更加稳定。     

Strain-rate effects in Ni/Al composite metal foams from quasi-static to low-velocity impact behaviour

Metal foams are used as absorbers for kinetic energy but predominantly, they have only been investigated under quasi-static load-conditions. Coating of open-cell metal foams improves the mechanical properties by forming of Ni/Al hybrid foam composites. The properties are governed by the microstructure, the strut material and geometry. In this study, the strain-rate effects in open-cell aluminium foams and new Ni/Al composite foams are investigated by quasi-static compression tests and low-velocity impact. For the first time, drop weight tests are reported on open-cell metal foams, especially Ni/Al composite foams. Furthermore, size-effects were evaluated. The microstructural deformation mechanism was analysed using a high-speed camera and digital image correlation. Whereas pure aluminium foams are only strain-rate sensitive in the plastic collapse stress, Ni/Al foams show a general strain-rate sensitivity based on microinertia effects and the rate-sensitive nano-nickel coating. Ni/Al foams are superior to aluminium foams and to artificial aluminium foams with equal density.     

高温处理后闭孔泡沫铝压缩性能及变形机理

目的 探究温度和孔隙率对闭孔泡沫铝材料压缩力学性能和变形机理的影响。方法 将孔隙率为84.3%～87.3%的泡沫铝试件在温度25～700 ℃内进行加热处理,对处理后的试样开展准静态压缩实验。结果 在准静态压缩条件下,闭孔泡沫铝材料在不同温度加热处理后的压缩应力–应变曲线均经历了3个阶段:弹性阶段、塑性平台阶段和密实阶段。孔隙率从87.3%减小到84.3%时,其弹性模量增大了44.4 MPa,屈服强度增大了0.39 MPa,平台应力增大了0.94 MPa。孔隙率为84.3%的泡沫铝,在25 ℃时,其弹性模量为141.4 MPa、屈服强度为4.25 MPa、平台应力为4.75 MPa;当加热温度为500 ℃时,弹性模量减小到了128.0 MPa、屈服强度减小到了4.22 MPa、平台应力减小到了4.51 MPa。结论 泡沫铝的弹性模量、抗压屈服强度和平台应力均随孔隙率的增加而减小;加热温度低于500 ℃以下时,泡沫铝材料力学性能变化很小,但屈服强度和弹性模量均小幅度降低;在压缩载荷下,泡沫铝的变形破坏模式呈现出先从试件铝基体较薄弱部分产生孔壁塑性变形、孔洞坍塌,并逐渐出现断裂压缩带,直至泡沫铝孔洞完全坍塌密实。     

Global and Local Thresholding Methods Applied to X-ray Microtomographic Analysis of Metallic Foams

X-ray based computed microtomography is a non-destructive, well established tool for a three-dimensional characterization of open-cell metallic foams. Macroscopic physical and chemical properties of these materials stay in close relation to their micro-structure parameters. The purpose of the paper is to present two types of thresholding methods so-called global and local thresholding for evaluating the structural parameters of open-cell metal foams based on X-ray microtomography data. Two different methods were chosen: automatic Otsu thresholding (global) and adaptive (mean of minimal and maximal grey values of grayscales within a selected radius). The key parameters of aluminum and nickel-chromium foams fine structure calculated using Otsu and locally thresholded images were significantly different. The proper image segmentation is the key point in metallic foam morphometry. The influence of a radius of the image processing region on the results obtained is discussed for the local thresholding method. Examples of the images artifacts generated by local thresholding method to demonstrate possible results misinterpretation are also given. The optimization of local thresholding parameter (radius of the image processing region) was presented.     

Investigation on the influence of cell shape anisotropy on the mechanical performance of closed cell aluminium foams using micro-computed tomography

The mechanical behaviour of closed-cell aluminium foams made by both powder metallurgy (LKR) and liquid state (Hydro) processes is investigated. Hydro foams exhibit a significant anisotropy in their mechanical behaviour. The transverse direction stands out as the most favourable one in terms of strength. In contrast, LKR foams show an almost isotropic compressive behaviour. Both foams perform at a level far below the theoretical predictions. The reduced values are a result of imperfections and defects in the cellular microstructure. X-ray microfocus computed tomography (μCT) is therefore used for internal investigation of the foam cell structure. 2D and 3D quantitative image analyses have been performed on μCT images to characterise the morphometric parameters of the foams. The main parameters of interest are cell size, cell size distribution and cell features information. A preferred cell orientation in Hydro foams is observed along the normal and the transverse directions of the specimen. This cell shape anisotropy is quantified using the dimensions of the three axes of the equivalent ellipsoids. The orientation of the cells is well characterised by pole figures of the three axes of equivalent ellipsoids. The influence of this geometrical anisotropy on the mechanical behaviour of the foam is discussed.     

单轴压缩载荷下闭孔泡沫铝的变形机制

基于X射线计算机断层扫描技术,重构了能够反映闭孔泡沫铝真实细观结构的三维有限元模型。采用数值模拟与试验测试相结合的方法,研究了泡沫铝在准静态单轴压缩载荷作用下的力学响应及其变形机制,重点关注了平台阶段及致密化阶段的变形模式。结果表明:试件中变形带的出现是压缩过程进入平台阶段的一个标志,此时棱杆和孔壁的变形以塑性弯曲为主;平台阶段,棱杆及孔壁的变形逐渐向塑性起皱与塑性屈曲转变;伴随致密化阶段的发生,变形带内部的胞孔严重坍塌,呈‘双凹圆盘’状。闭孔泡沫铝细观结构变形模式的数值模拟与试验结果相符,验证了该模型的有效性,为进一步研究各相关物理量(相对密度、加载速率等)及变形机制对其宏观吸能性能的影响奠定了基础。