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1.
Zearalenone, a secondary metabolite with estrogenic properties, is produced by severalFusarium species that colonize cereal grains in the field and in storage. Recently, there have been reports of zearalenone contamination in corn, oats, barley, wheat, and grain sorghum. Corn and grain sorghum were examined for contamination due to obvious mold damage. Wheat, corn, and sorghum have been examined to determine the incidence of zearalenone in grains moving through commercial channels and stored on farms and at country elevators. Other grains such as oats and barley were analyzed because of associated estrogenic disturbances in farm animals. Stepsin procedures for the determination of zearalenone are extraction of a representative sample, partial purification of the extract by column chromatography, alkali treatment, or liquid-liquid partitioning, and subsequent measurement of the isolated toxin. Zearalenone is measured in partially purified extracts by thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas liquid chromatography (GLC), and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Confirmation of zearalenone contamination can be accomplished by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Multitoxin screening procedures have been deveoped for zearalenone in combination with one or more of the following mycotoxins: aflatoxin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, patulin, ochratoxin, penicillic acid, citrinin, penitrem A, and sterigmatocystin. 相似文献
2.
F. S. Chu 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1981,58(12):A1006-A1008
A method for the isolation of milligram quantities of 3 minorAlternaria mycotoxins, altenuisol (AS), altertoxin I (AT-I) and altertoxin II (AT-II) was developed. Crude toxin preparation was first
subjected to a preparative high pressure liquid Chromatograph step using PrepLC/System 500 and a silica gel column. The 3
minor toxins were eluted from the column with 25% ethyl acetate. Further purification of these toxins was achieved by passing
the partially purified toxins through a Sephadex LH-20 column (2.5 X 25 cm) twice. In a solvent system of hexane/methylehe
chloride/methanol (1:1:1, v/v/v), AT-I was eluted from the Sephadex column first, followed by AT-II and AS. The distribution
of variousAlternaria mycotoxins in different fractions obtained from the Sephadex step and some of the physicochemical properties of AT-I and
AT-II are described. 相似文献
3.
G. A. Bennett R. E. Peterson R. D. Plattner O. L. Shotwell 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1981,58(12):A1002-A1005
Deoxynivalenol (3,7,15-trihydroxy-12,l3-epoxytrichothec-9-ene-8-one) was extracted from corn with methanol/water (80:20, v/v)
and purified by liquid:liquid partitioning and by preparative high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). This procedure was
used to prepare mg quantities of toxin from field-inoculated corn for reference standards. Analysis of the isolated deoxynivalenol
by analytical HPLC, gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and gas liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GLC/MS) indicated the
presence of a second compound similar to deoxynivalenol. This compound comigrates with deoxynivalenol on thin layer chromatography
plates in chloroform/methanol (90:10, v/v), but can be separated by HPLC on a reverse-phase C8 column with methanol/water (10:90, v/v). GC/MS of the compound and the trimethylsilyl ether derivative gave parent ions of
m/e 280 and 424, respectively. These data and NMR data indicate that the compound is 3,15-dihydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene-8-one,
a previously unreported trichothecene. 相似文献
4.
A technique for separating 4 nonionic, 7 anionic and 4 amphoteric surfactants with n-dodecyl groups was studied by high performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) and applied to the determination of these surfactants in commercial shampoos and household detergents.
Conditions used for the separation were: column packing and size, TSK-LS 410 (5μ) and 6 mm i.d. × 500 mm (2 connected, 250
mm columns); mobile phase, water/methanol (25/75, v/v) containing 0.25 M sodium perchlorate adjusted to pH 2.5 with phosphoric
acid; column temp., 50 C; detector, RI. Surfactants in shampoos and detergents were clearly distinguished from each other
and determined without column chromatographic pretreatment, e.g., ion-exchange chromatography. 相似文献
5.
M. R. Sahasrabudhe 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1979,56(2):80-84
Compositions of lipids extracted from a sample of Hinoat oat by seven solvent systems and that extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1 v/v) from six selected cultivars representing high and low lipid contents are reported. Lipid components (steryl esters, triglycerides, partial glycerides, free fatty acids, glycolipids and phospholipids) were separated by silicic acid column chromatography and thin layer chromatography and quantitated by GLC analysis of fatty acids and phosphorus determinations. Twelve oat cultivars were examined for the fatty acid composition of lipid extracted with n-hexane. Lipids extracted from Hinoat by different solvent systems ranged from 5.6 to 8.8%. Quantitative distribution of lipid components extracted with chloroform/methanol from six cultivars containing 4.6 to 11.6% lipid showed a significant correlation (γ=0.99) between the total lipid and the neutral lipid content. Phospholipid content was similar in all cultivars, but glycolipids showed a two-fold increase in high lipid oats. Triglycerides contained less palmitic and more oleic acid than the glycolipids or phospholipids. Nine glycolipids and 11 phospholipids have been identified, and the polar lipid composition of Hinoat oat is presented. 相似文献
6.
Lipids of seven cereal grains 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Grain samples of representative varieties of barley, corn, oats, rye, sorghum, triticale, and wheat grown commercially in the north central US were analyzed. Chemical constituents of the varieties studied are presented to provide an overview of their characteristics. Lipids of the milled grain samples were solvent extracted, classified by silicic acid column chromatography, and separated by thin layer chromatography. Fatty acid composition of the total lipid was determined by gas liquid chromatography and the fatty acid content was determined by saponification and extraction. Total lipid content of the grains ranged from 2.3% for ‘Polk’ wheat to 6.6% for ‘Chief’ oats. Lipid composition varied considerably. The row crops, corn and sorghum, have a high neutral lipid and low glycolipid content. The small grain varieties have a more balanced distribution among neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids. Fatty acid composition of the total lipid was similar for all grains. Minor qualitative differences were noted among the lipid classes of the 7 cereals. 相似文献
7.
Homoharringtonine was purified from Cephalotaxus koreana by a combination of extraction, synthetic adsorbent treatment, low-pressure chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC). A crude extract was obtained by methanol extraction of biomass, followed by liquid-liquid extraction using chloroform.
The waxy compounds were efficiently removed by adsorbent (active clay P-1) treatment. The extract was purified to greater
than 52% with an 86.4% step yield by silica gel low-pressure chromatography. High performance liquid chromatography steps,
which were composed of an HPLC step with silica column and an HPLC step with ODS column, were applied to give 98% purity with
high yield. Amorphous homoharringtonine, with a fine particle size, was simply made by dissolving homoharringtonine in methylene
chloride/methanol (98/2, v/v), followed by spray drying. Residual solvents, methylene chloride and methanol, could be reduced
to 250 ppm and 1,160 ppm by spray drying and successive drying in a vacuum oven. 相似文献
8.
Highly purified cellulose preparations were obtained by pretreatment of dewaxed barley straw, oil palm frond fiber, poplar wood, maize stems, wheat straw, rice straw, and rye straw with 2.0% H2O2 at 45°C and pH 11.6 for 16 h, and sequential purification with 80% acetic acid–70% nitric acid (10/1, v/v) at 120°C for 15 min. The purified cellulose obtained was relatively free of bound hemicelluloses (2.3–3.2%) and lignin (0.4–0.6%) and had a yield of 35.5% from barley straw, 39.6% from oil palm frond fiber, 40.8% from poplar wood, 36.0% from maize stems, 34.1% from wheat straw, 23.4% from rice straw, and 35.8% from rye straw. The weight‐average molecular weights of the purified cellulose ranged from 39,030 to 48,380 g/mol. The thermal stability of the purified cellulose was higher than that of the corresponding crude cellulose. In comparison, the isolated crude and purified cellulose samples were also studied by Fourier transform IR and cross‐polarization/magic‐angle spinning 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 322–335, 2005 相似文献
9.
W. V. Dashek T. Eadie G. C. Llewellyn S. A. Olenchock G. H. Wirtz 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1983,60(3):563-566
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is interested in assessing the hazards to grain workers associated with respirable grain dusts of all types. One of these hazards could involve the occurrence of mycotoxin producing fungi either upon or within grains. Aflatoxins, types of mycotoxins produced by bothAspergillus flavus andA. parasiticus, are hepatocarcinogens, mutagens, teratogens and toxins. Here, we report an attempt to determine whether settled and/or airborne dusts from barley, corn, flax, oats and Durum as well as spring wheats contain aflatoxins. These dusts were collected at port grain terminals in the Superior-Duluth regions of the United States. The dusts were extracted with and chromatographed upon thin layer plates in a variety of solvents which have been approved for the separation of aflatoxins. Two acceptable aflatoxin B1 confirmatory tests were employed to verify suspected aflatoxin B1 within the extracts. Each dust contained a chloroform-soluble, blue fluorescent compound(s) which possessed an Rf similar to that of aflatoxin B1 upon chromatography of chloroform extracts in chloroform/95% methanol. Methylene chloride/H2O) extracted a blue fluorescent compound(s) from each dust, and the compound(s) possessed Rf intermediate between those of aflatoxin B1 and B2 upon chromatography in acetone/methylene chloride. The methylene chloride/H2O extracted compounds failed to turn yellow upon spraying with 25% sulphuric acid in methanol and subsequent viewing with an ultraviolet source. Our results confirm those of Sorenson et al., who reported that aflatoxins were absent from airborne grain dusts collected from the Superior-Duluth areas of the United States in the fall of 1977. In conclusion, we stress the need for extracting, detecting, and identifying aflatoxins by a variety of analytical procedures including thin layer and high performance liquid chromatography and “approved” confirmatory tests. 相似文献
10.
Basavalingappa Rekha Belur Rangaswamy Lokesh Ambale Gundappa Gopala Krishna 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2014,91(10):1665-1676
Compared to other vegetable oils, rice bran oil (RBO) has a characteristic dark color which further deepens upon heating or frying of foods in the oil. Darkening of the oil during heating has been studied. The dark color‐causing material in crude, chemically refined and physically refined rice bran oils was separated using a silica gel column for a hexane‐eluted oil fraction and a methanol eluted fraction. The methanol eluted fraction for all the above three types of RBO produced a dark color upon heating, hence the physically refined RBO methanol fraction was investigated further and contained monoglycerides (23.4 %) and diglycerides (67.4 %) of linoleic + linolenic acids in its methanol fraction as analyzed by column chromatography and HPLC which decreased in concentration after heating. The linoleic acid level of 37.7 % in the methanol fraction was reduced significantly to 18 % after heating (52.3 % reduction). The IR and NMR spectra were similar to those of a monoglyceride/diglyceride with NMR spectra indicating a lower amount of olefinic protons for the heated sample. These results showed that the darkening of RBO was due to the oxidation and polymerization of monoglycerides/diglycerides containing linoleic acid/linolenic acid. 相似文献
11.
A simple method for the isolation of hematoside NeuNG1-Lac-Cer from horse erythrocytes is described. An aliquot of the crude
ganglioside fraction was labeled by tritiated sodium borohydride after mild periodate oxidation. The compounds obtained were
used as radioactive tracers in column chromatography. Gangliosides were applied onto a silicic acid column and eluted stepwise
by solvents of steadily increasing polarity. The major ganglioside, NeuNG1-Lac-Cer, was eluted in a high yield by the solvent
mixture chloroform/methanol/water (60∶35∶8, v/v/v). 相似文献
12.
Sinapic acid present in the waste stream of yellow mustard protein isolation was purified by strong base Dowex (1 × 8, Cl?) ion exchange chromatography. The ratio of loading volume to resin bed volume was 19:1. Approximately 80 % of sinapic acid was adsorbed. The column was washed with two bed volumes of water to remove remaining undesirable components. Approximately 75 % of sinapic acid adsorbed by the resins in the column was eluted by ten bed volumes of a solution containing 0.9 M acetic acid and methanol (4:6, v/v). Up to 15 adsorption and regeneration cycles resulted in only a slight, 3–5 %, reduction in ion exchange capacity, indicating that this is a viable approach to the recovery and purification of sinapic acid. The recovery of this valuable nutraceutical ingredient improves the economic viability of an integrated extraction process for this Canadian oilseed crop. 相似文献
13.
Thelma S. Vicente Edward H. Waysek Winifred M. Cort 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1985,62(4):745-747
An HPLC method for the determination of ascorbyl palmitate in vegetable oil and lard has been developed. Chromatographic conditions consist of a diamine column, a mobile phase of 70:30 (v/v) methanol:0.02M monobasic potassium phosphate buffer, pH 3.5, and UV detection. Samples were extracted with methanol. An overall average recovery value of 96.7% was obtained for ascorbyl palmitate in five representative vegetable oils and lard. 相似文献
14.
A method is described for the direct quantitative analysis of the lipid classes of mammalian tissue lipids using high performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a flame ionization detector (FID). The lipid is extracted from the tissue with chloroform/methanol
after deactivation of hydrolytic enzymes and removal of nonlipid substances by extraction with hot dilute acetic acid (0.05N).
Separation of the lipid classes is performed with a column (45 cm × 0.2 cm id) of 8 μm silica (Spherisorb, Phase Sep, Hauppague,
NY) treated with concentrated ammonium hydroxide at a solvent flow rate of 0.5 ml/min, which requires a pressure of ca. 900
psi. Cholesteryl esters (CE) and triglycerides (TG) are eluted first with Skellysolve B/methylene chloride (1∶1, v/v); cholesterol
(CH) is eluted with chloroform/methylene chloride (1∶2, v/v) and the phospholipids with methanol containing 6% ammonium hydroxide
added to the latter solvent in a linear gradient. The neutral lipids are eluted in ca. 12 min and the phospholipids in an
additional 30 min. The relative amount of each lipid class was determined from standard curves of the peak areas obtained
according to response factors using erucyl alcohol as an internal standard. The method was applied to samples of kidney, liver
and serum of rats. Duplicate analyses were generally within ca. 1.0% and good agreement was obtained in the analysis of the
lipid classes of Azolectin and liver mitochondria lipid compared to thin layer chromatography (TLC) via photodensitometry
of charred spots or phosphorus analysis of recovered phospholipids. 相似文献
15.
Titus Kyrklund 《Lipids》1987,22(4):274-277
Two procedures were developed using prepacked, reversed-phase columns (Bond Elut) for the separation of lipids from water-soluble
contaminants. A crude lipid extract from brain tissue, was diluted stepwise with a methanol/water (method 1) or a methanol/saline
(method 2) mixture and, with each step, was passed through the column. As the polarity of the solvent was increased, all lipids
became bound to the column, while the water-soluble compounds remained in the eluate. After three subsequent dilutions and
column elutions, the eluate containing the more polar contaminants was discarded. The bound lipids were then eluted with a
small volume of chloroform/methanol (1∶2, v/v). Alternatively two fractions were eluted, the first fraction eluted with methanol/water
(12∶1, v/v), contained gangliosides, phosphatidyl-serine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid and sulfatides. The second
fraction, eluted with chloroform/methanol (1∶2, v/v), contained all remaining phospholipids, cerebrosides and cholesterol.
For both methods a quantitative recovery of cholesterol and phospholipids was obtained. In method 2, when water was replaced
by saline in the dilution solvent mixture, gangliosides were also bound and quantitatively recovered. 相似文献
16.
Separation of saturated and unsaturated acids from rice bran oil 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
17.
18.
19.
Extraction and Demulsification of Oil From Wheat Germ,Barley Germ,and Rice Bran Using an Aqueous Enzymatic Method 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
An aqueous enzymatic method was developed to extract oil from wheat germ. Wheat germ pretreatment, effect of various industrial enzymes, pH, wheat germ to water ratio, reaction time and effect of various methods of demulsification, were investigated. Pretreatment at 180 °C in a conventional oven for 4 min reduced the moisture 12.8–2.2 % and significantly increased the oil yield. Adding a combination of protease (Fermgen) and cellulase (Spezyme CP) resulted in a 72 % yield of emulsified oil from wheat germ (both commercial and laboratory milled wheat germ). Using the same oil extraction conditions optimized for wheat germ, yields of 51 and 39 % emulsified oil were obtained from barley germ (laboratory milled), and rice bran, respectively. Three physical demulsification methods (heating, freeze-thawing, and pH adjustment) and enzymatic methods (Protex 6L, Protex 7L, Alcalase, Fermgen, Lysomax and G-zyme 999) were compared. After demulsification with Protex 6L, free oil yields of 63.8 and 59.5 % were obtained with commercial wheat germ and with laboratory milled wheat germ, respectively. Using the same demulsification conditions optimized for wheat germ, yields of 45.7 % emulsified oil and 35 % free oil were obtained for barley germ and rice bran, respectively. 相似文献
20.
Column chromatographic procedures have been developed for separating binary mixtures of commercial sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate
(DDBS) with the hydrotropes sodiumm-xylenesulfonate (SXS) and 8-[5(6)-carboxy-4-hexyl-cyclohex-2-enyl] octanoic acid (DAC) and ternary mixtures of these three
materials. The materials are separated on a specially purified silica gel column. The C21 dicarboxylic acid (DAC) is eluted with 2:3 (v/v) chloroform/acetone in the presence of SXS, with 3:2 (v/v) chloroform/acetone
in its absence. The DDBS is eluted with 1:9 (v/v) isopropyl alcohol/acetone in the presence of SXS, with methanol in its absence.
The SXS is eluted with methanol in the presence of DAC, with 8:2 (v/v) isopropyl alcohol/acetone in its absence. The presence
of SXS in mixtures with DDBS in greater than equimolar amounts interferes with the Hyamine 1622, mixed indicator titration
for DDBS.
Visiting Scholar from Xinjiang Chemical Institute, Scientific Academy of the People’s Republic of China. 相似文献