燃煤可吸入颗粒物在磁场中聚并脱除机理

提出了燃煤可吸入颗粒物在均匀磁场中的二元碰撞聚并模型,应用该模型计算了大同烟煤飞灰粒子的聚并系数,在此基础上通过求解聚并动力学方程计算了粒子的聚并脱除效率,并与实验结果进行了对比。数值模拟结果表明,燃煤可吸入颗粒物聚并系数随粒径的增大而增大,粒径差异越大,重力对聚并的加强作用越大;粒径越大,布朗力对聚并的影响越弱;同聚并系数对外磁场强度的变化规律一样,粒子的聚并脱除效率随外磁场的增强而增大,在粒子饱和磁化后,聚并脱除效率达到最大值;延长粒子在磁场中的停留时间以及增大其质量浓度,都可以提高粒子的聚并脱除效率,在质量浓度和停留时间分别为40 g·m-3和1. 2 s时,粒子聚并脱除效率可达44%;数值模拟结果与实验结果相一致。     

Aggregation experiments on fine fly ash particles in uniform magnetic field

Aggregation experiments on three fly ash samples in the size range of 0.023-9.314 μm were conducted in a uniform magnetic field. The fly ash particles were produced from combustion of three different bituminous coals. The coals were originated Dongshen, Datong and Xuzhou of China, respectively. A fluidized bed aerosol generator was used to disperse the fly ash particles to generate a constant aerosol. The aerosol particles aggregated when passing through the magnetic field. The variation of particle number concentration caused by particle aggregation was measured in real time by an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI). The effects of several parameters, such as particle size, magnetic flux density, particle residence time in the magnetic field, total particle mass concentration and average gas velocity, on particle aggregation were examined. Experimental results indicated that removal efficiencies are the highest for particles with sizes in the middle of the size ranges tested. Increasing magnetic flux density, total particle mass concentration, particle residence time in the magnetic field or by reducing average gas velocity can increase removal efficiencies of single-sized and total fly ash particles. When fly ash particle magnetization reached saturation state, further increase of the magnetic flux density will have no effect on particle aggregation. The single-sized and total particle removal efficiencies of the three fly ashes are different under the same operating conditions. The removal efficiency is the highest for fly ash generated from Dongshen coal, followed by fly ash from Datong coal, and then fly ash from Xuzhou coal. Particle number median diameters decreases with the increase in the total particle removal efficiencies. The model prediction of particle aggregation under high total particle mass concentrations conditions indicated that the single-sized and total particle removal efficiencies will increase greatly with the increase in total particle mass concentration. The model predicted total removal efficiencies of the three fly ash particles are 53%, 43% and 14%, for Dongshen, Datong and Xuzhou coals respectively when total particle mass concentration is 40 g/m³.     

燃煤细颗粒在过饱和氛围下声波团聚脱除的实验研究

在不同过饱和氛围下,建立了燃煤细颗粒在声波场中团聚长大脱除的实验装置,对细颗粒物在声波场和不同过饱和氛围下的团聚长大脱除特性进行了实验研究。结果表明：细颗粒在声波场中的夹带系数随过饱和度的增大而增加,相应的脱除效率也有所提高;在过饱和度低于1.0时,细颗粒的总脱除效率很低（约为10%）,且几乎不随过饱和度的增大而增加,而当过饱和度大于1.0后,细颗粒的脱除效率随过饱和度的增大而迅速提高,过饱和度从1.0增大到1.5,相应的脱除效率提高了近50%。细颗粒的脱除效率随声压级的增大而提高,在过饱和度为0.3时,细颗粒无法发生凝结长大,总脱除效率很低,低于20%。但当过饱和度达到1.2,细颗粒的脱除效率得到了大幅提升,声压级在130dB时,细颗粒的脱除效率达到了70％左右,表明在低声压级的情况下,利用蒸汽相变可有效提高细颗粒在声波场中的团聚脱除效率。     

Aggregation Experiments on Fine Fly Ash Particles in a Gradient Magnetic Field

Aggregation experiments were conducted on two kinds of fly ash particles in the size range of 0.023–9.314 μm in a gradient magnetic field produced by permanent magnetic rings. The two types of fly ash particles were obtained from Dongsheng and Datong coal combustion. The effect of particle size, total particle mass concentration, particle residence time in the magnetic field and gas velocity were examined. Experimental results showed that the removal efficiencies in a gradient magnetic field are much higher than those in a uniform magnetic field. The total and single‐sized particle removal efficiencies can be improved by increasing the total particle mass concentrations and the particle residence time in the magnetic field or reducing the gas velocity. Mid‐sized particle removal efficiencies are higher than those of the larger and smaller ones. With the increase in total particle removal efficiencies, the particle size corresponding to the maximum values of single‐sized particle removal efficiencies and the particle number median diameters both decrease. Both the single‐sized and total removal efficiencies for the particles from the Dongsheng coal combustion are higher than those from the Datong coal combustion.     

交变磁场诱导自蔓延法制备Mn-Zn铁氧体及其磁性能(英文)

采用交变磁场诱导溶胶凝胶自蔓延法制备Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4型纳米粉体,利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和超导量子干涉仪对不同磁感应强度下制备粉体的物相、形貌和磁性能进行了表征。结果表明:交变磁场可以促进自蔓延反应的燃烧过程,但并不改变燃烧产物的相结构。随磁感应强度增加,Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4粉体的粒径和矫顽力逐渐减小,饱和磁化强度逐渐增加。当磁感应强度为0.25T时,相比未加入交变磁场制备的粉体,Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4粉体的矫顽力下降96%,达到278.6A/m,饱和磁化强度提高了500%,达到49.4A·m/kg。     

A dynamic buildup growth model for magnetic particle accumulation on single wires in high‐gradient magnetic separation

Magnetic fluids containing nano or submicron magnetic particles and their applications to food, biological, and pharmaceutical systems have recently attracted considerable attention. Magnetic particles can be collected efficiently in magnetizable matrices (e.g., iron wires) in high‐gradient magnetic separation processes. However, capture efficiencies based on results for clean, particle‐free, wires may be seriously in error because the particle accumulation on the wire distorts the flow and the magnetic fields, and thus influences the capture efficiency. A model is developed here in which the dynamic growth process is treated as a moving boundary problem, with the growing front tracked explicitly by marker points distributed evenly over its surface. The flow field and magnetic field are calculated using a finite element method, and a particle trajectory model is used to calculate the deposition flux on the surface. The marker point distribution and the buildup shape are updated at each simulation step. Simulation results show that, for weakly magnetic particles, the accumulation exhibits a smoothly growing front, whereas for strongly magnetic particles, an instability occurs, leading to dendritic growth. The capture efficiency decreases dramatically as particle accumulation increases; and this trend is more prominent for the transverse configuration than it is for the longitudinal configuration. The simulation results show good agreement with experimental results from the literature. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

汽-液-固循环流化床蒸发器热效率的实验研究

为对多管循环流化床蒸发器中的热效率进行研究,构建了汽-液-固透明多管循环流化床蒸发系统。研究了液体循环流量、热通量、颗粒加入量、颗粒性质等参数对蒸发器热效率的影响。结果表明:随着液体循环流量、颗粒加入量和热通量的增加,热效率均增大;且随着热通量的增加,热效率增大的幅度较大,说明在较高热通量时,热量的利用率较高。完全流化时,颗粒的密度和导热系数越大,热效率越高。操作为强制循环,循环泵消耗功率随颗粒加入量的增加而增长的幅度不大。     

Prediction for particle removal efficiency of a reverse jet scrubber

Numerical computation was conducted to predict the collection performance of a reverse jet scrubber for polydisperse particles. The particle size distribution of polydisperse particles was represented by a lognormal function, and the continuous evolution of the particle size distribution in a reverse jet scrubber is taken into account with the first three moment equations. Numerical results were compared with the analytic results using average relative velocity in all zones and experimental results.

In a reverse jet scrubber, the impaction is the main particle collection mechanism because of high relative velocity and short collection time. The particle collection by impaction increases with an increase in particle size, and geometric mean diameter and geometric standard deviation decrease as time goes on. High droplet velocity and gas velocity increase the particle collection efficiency, and the small droplet size also increases the collection efficiency because smaller droplet size provides broader surface area. The packing density is a factor affecting particle collection efficiency in a scrubbing process. The dense packing density also provides large surface area and leads to high collection efficiency.     

Magnetic effects in particle adhesion. Part II. The influence of particle composition and size on deposition in a magnetic field

The effects of a magnetic field on the deposition of particles of various compositions, sizes, shapes (spherical and rod-like) on steel beads of different kinds and sizes in an aqueous environment are described. In the systems studied, the particles and the collector bear a negative charge. If both interacting bodies have a sufficiently high magnetic moment, the magnetic force causes an enhancement in the particle attachment. The process is very sensitive to the size of the depositing solids; larger particles adhere much faster. Interpretation of the results is based on the shape of the total interaction energy function consisting of electrostatic, dispersion, and magnetic contributions. The major influence of the magnetic field is in the formation of a deep secondary minimum in which the particles, moving toward the surface, are accumulated. The magnetic force enhances the flux of these particles and deepens the minimum, causing an increase in the retention efficiency.     

气固流化床中颗粒的夹带和扬析特性

在内径0.5 m、总高6 m的流化床中对玻璃珠和白刚玉颗粒的夹带和扬析现象进行了实验研究,两种颗粒通过筛分配比得到不同粒径分布的实验物料,以0.25~0.76 m/s的速度分批进行流态化试验,考察了表观气速、床层物料粒径分布以及颗粒粒径对颗粒夹带和扬析速率的影响,得到了颗粒的扬析速率常数(Ki*)。实验结果表明,夹带量和扬析速率常数随着表观气速呈指数增加;扬析速率常数随着颗粒粒径减小先增加,达到一个临界粒径(dcrit)后,扬析速率常数会随着粒径减小趋于平缓或降低。提出了一组经验关联式,分别用于预测临界粒径两侧颗粒的扬析速率常数,关联式能很好地预测本工作实验条件下的数据,误差在30%以内,并且关联式能够对文献中的实验数据进行较好的预测,可以用于流化床装置的放大。     

PARTICLE TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY THROUGH THE NOZZLE OF THE API AEROSIZERTM

This study has investigated the particle transmission efficiency through the nozzle of the API Aerosizer^TM numerically. Two-dimensional flow field in the nozzle was first simulated. Particle trajectories for both liquid and solid particles were then calculated to obtain the particle transmission efficiency under various conditions. This study shows that particle aerodynamic diameter, particle materials, particle density and laser beam diameter influence the transmission efficiency. The transmission efficiency is found to increase with increasing particle diameter when the particle aerodynamic diameter is less than several micrometers. The efficiency for liquid particles drops significantly when particle aerodynamic diameter increases from several micrometers because of particle impaction loss in the nozzle. For solid particles, the relationship of the efficiency with particle diameter is found to be more complicated. For particles less than several micrometers in aerodynamic diameter, solid particles behave similarly to the liquid particles. However, as particles are greater than several micrometers, the effect of solid particle bounce is to increase the transmission efficiency with increasing aerodynamic diameter until particles become large enough so that plastic deformation occurs in the particles. Then the transmission efficiency will decrease with increasing particle aerodynamic diameter.     

输气站场多管旋风分离器流场分析

为了系统评价输气站场用多管导叶式旋风分离器的分离性能,模拟计算了入口速度7~27 m/s、颗粒密度1000~5000 kg/m3、颗粒浓度2.5~2500 g/m3、操作压力1~5 MPa条件下21管旋风分离器的分离效率和压降. 结果表明,多管旋风分离器的压降主要来自单管压降,约占整个压降的80%~90%,旋风子单独使用和并联使用时其流场分布规律相同,沿轴向对称分布,中心涡核处压力最低;分离效率和压降均随入口速度增大而增加,粒径为1~10 mm的固体颗粒分离效率从30.57%增加到63.86%,压降从9053 Pa增加到116864 Pa,在入口速度7~27 m/s范围内基本能除尽粒径大于6 mm的颗粒;随颗粒密度增加,分离效率增大,压降几乎不变;操作压力增大分离效率降低,而压降略增加. 各单管间进气量波动均不超过5%.     

气氛与湿度对燃煤飞灰颗粒声波团聚的影响

在空气、CO2以及CO2和N2混合气3种气氛下,团聚室中引入声波以强化燃煤飞灰可吸入颗粒团聚.实验结果显示,不同气氛下声波对同种颗粒具有不同的夹带效果,颗粒的团聚效果也不同.空气气氛下的颗粒质量清除效率最高,为37%.随着气体流速加快,颗粒清除效率逐渐提高,在10 m·s-1时最佳;高于这一气速,清除效率变化不大.气体...     

团聚液雾化气泡粒径分布特性的可视化研究

泡沫团聚法是有效脱除细颗粒物PM_2.5的方法。本文对团聚液的雾化粒径进行了研究,筛选出适于团聚PM_2.5的气泡粒径的溶液及喷雾条件。文中首先对气泡粒径与团聚颗粒物的能力进行估算,进而通过CCD拍摄精细雾化喷嘴喷出的团聚液泡沫的流动过程,利用MATLAB处理图片,得出雾化气泡粒径和密度大小。实验结果表明,发泡剂会使团聚液的雾化液滴形成气泡,增大雾化颗粒直径;PAM团聚液形成的气泡粒径偏小,且雾化颗粒密度大,粒径主要分布在小于200μm范围;XTG团聚液气泡粒径偏大,CMC团聚液气泡粒径介于两者之间;0.2% CMC团聚液气泡粒径均匀,颗粒数量大;在距喷口轴向20cm处,气泡破碎和聚合趋于稳定;喷口直径0.5mm时,气泡雾化粒径大多分布在100~300μm粒径范围内,符合团聚脱除PM_2.5的气泡条件;随着温度的升高,直径在0~300μm内的气泡颗粒数量增大明显。     

剪切稀化流体中微粒子聚集行为研究

在化工过程、生物工程等领域中,实现颗粒分离至关重要。通过整合微流控技术、高速显微图像采集技术和数字图像处理技术,探究微粒尺寸、通道流量和液相流变特性对微粒聚集的影响规律。结果表明,在剪切稀化流体羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)水溶液中,随着通道流量和颗粒粒径增大,微颗粒聚集位置逐渐向剪切速率较高的一侧偏移;随着CMC质量分数增加,聚集位置不断向剪切速率较低的一侧偏移。利用求解的幂律型剪切稀化流体速度和剪切速率方程,结合对微颗粒的受力分析,证明稠度系数越大,聚集位置越偏向剪切速率较低处;剪切稀化特性越强,聚集位置越偏向剪切速率较高处,说明在幂律型剪切稀化流体中的黏度变化是微颗粒发生特殊迁移聚集行为的一个重要原因。     

KINETICS OF HETEROGENEOUS MAGNETIC FLOCCULATION USING A BIVARIATE POPULATION-BALANCE EQUATION

The discrete bivariate population-balance equation is formulated and solved to describe the kinetics of heterogeneous magnetic flocculation of colloidal paramagnetic particles in a uniform magnetic field. The particles are allowed to have various sizes and values of magnetic susceptibility. Computations show the importance of particle size and magnetic susceptibility on the flocculation rate and the transient bivariate (size/magnetic susceptibility) density function. The particle size distribution of certain magnetic-susceptibility particles and the magnetic-susceptibility distribution of certain size particles are calculated as functions of time and initial and operatingconditions. The composition of a floe at any time depends on magnetic, van der Waals, double layer, and hydrodynamic forces among pairs of particles. The magnetic force is a function of the particle size, magnetic susceptibility, and strength of the magnetic field. Results are presented for various initial conditions of particles after ten minutes of flocculation. The results are of significance in understanding the forces among the particles and designing efficient magnetic separation processes.     

Effect of Pore Size and Particle Size Distribution on Granular Bed Filtration and Microfiltration

Abstract

The paper reviews the effect of particle size distribution and pore size distribution on granular bed filter and crossflow microfiltration performance. The experimental results of the granular bed filter with pollen particles in suspension showed that the presence of large particles improved the filter efficiency of smaller particles in suspension. Microfiltration results with bi and tri‐modal latex suspensions showed that the permeate flux and the quality were significantly affected by the particle size and its distribution, especially when the particle size was smaller than the pore size of the membrane. The mathematical model simulation results of granular bed filtration show that media pore size distribution is an important parameter of filtration for the particle removal and pressure drop across the filter.     

气液逆喷洗涤器除尘性能的实验研究

在冷模实验装置上考察了气液逆喷洗涤器的除尘效率,研究了液气体积比、洗涤液喷头入口压力及进口粉尘质量浓度对除尘效率的影响。结果表明,除尘效率随液气体积比、洗涤液入口压力和进口粉尘质量浓度的增加而增大;在液气体积比大于6 L/m3时,气液逆喷洗涤器的除尘效率便可达99%以上;对于1—5μm的可吸入颗粒,其粒级效率大于97.5%;对5μm以上粒子,粒级效率则为100%。对洗涤器粒级除尘效率的理论计算显示,计算值与实验测量值吻合较好。文中的计算可用于气液逆喷洗涤器的性能预估。     

Influence of the magnetic field on the alignment degree of the anisotropic strontium ferrites for elastomer bonded magnets

In this work, the influence of the magnetic field on the alignment degree of the magnetic particles and on the magnetic energy flux of elastomer bonded magnets are investigated. For the investigations, a strontium ferrite filled nitrile butadiene rubber is used. The change of magnetic flux density in the injection molding tool cavity was realized by changing the current at the rectifier. The alignment degree of the magnetic particles increases with increasing magnetic field in the injection molding tool cavity. Above a certain current strength, a saturation behavior of the alignment degree of the magnetic particles and the magnetic energy flux is reached. The change of the cavity magnetic field leads to an improvement of the pole angle error up to a current of 10 A. An increase of the current above 10 A leads to hardly any improvement of the pole angle error, since a saturation in the alignment of the magnetic particles has already been reached.     

磁性纤维直径对捕集Fe基细颗粒影响数值模拟

为了实现对钢铁行业微细颗粒的超低排放,提出磁性纤维提高对Fe基细颗粒物的捕集.基于计算流体力学-离散相模型CFD-DPM对比研究了传统纤维、磁性纤维直径对Fe基细颗粒捕集效率以及过滤阻力的影响.结果表明:当风速为0.10 m/s时,对于直径为35～45μm范围的纤维,直径的增大能够明显增加过滤阻力.对于粒径小于2.5 ...