单轴加载条件下砂岩声发射特性分析

通过单轴加载条件下砂岩破裂过程的声发射试验,采集了砂岩变形各个阶段的声发射信号,得到了应力-时间-累计振铃计数、应力-时间-声发射事件率曲线.结合应力-应变曲线,对整个破坏过程中的声发射信号特征参数进行了分析,同时采用快速傅里叶变换,对其中按时间序列选取的110个声发射信号进行了频谱分析,得到了声发射信号对应的主频,对主频随应力的变化情况进行了分析.结果表明:在峰值强度50%之前,主频随压力随机变化,在峰值强度50%之后主频有降低的趋势,且主频主要集中在140~180 kHz之间.     

含陡倾角软弱结构面的花岗岩力学特性及声发射特征

利用MTS 815.03岩石试验机对试件进行三轴压缩试验,采用DISP声发射测试系统进行声发射数据收集,并对含陡倾角软弱结构面的岩体试件和岩石试件进行试验对比.两种试件随围压的增加强度逐渐增加,破坏由脆性向延性转变;岩体试件总是沿结构面滑移破坏,岩石试件为剪切破坏.随着围压的增加,两种试件的弹性模量、变形模量、峰值应变和峰值强度增加;岩体试件弹性模量、变形模量值和峰值强度低于岩石试件,而峰值应变高于岩石试件.岩体试件内摩擦角小于岩石试件,而黏聚力大于岩石试件.随围压的增加,两种试件在峰值应力阶段声发射事件远高于其他阶段,而岩体试件声发射事件集聚量远远高于岩石试件.研究结果表明软弱结构面的存在降低了岩体的力学性质,因此在高放废物地质处置库选址时结构面发育特征是需要考虑的关键因素.     

岩石尺寸效应对其声发射影响的数值模拟研究

对6种同一高径比、不同尺寸的同性质岩石试样进行数值模拟,研究其对岩石破坏过程声发射的影响。结果表明:试样尺寸小时,大声发射事件在主破裂前后都有显著出现,其分布由当初无序性到峰值后在试样中部集聚成核;残余变形阶段,有相当数量和能量的声发射出现,且有几次出现在数量和能量上均较显著的声发射带。当试样尺寸较大时,在达到峰值前声发射较少,且随机分布在试样中,大声发射事件出现次数较少且仅在峰值应力时出现,其数量和能量均最显著,声发射在两处聚集成核;残余变形阶段,声发射很少发生,其分布又呈无序性。根据声发射时间序列和空间分布的特征关系,对利用声发射特性预测不同尺寸岩石试样破裂来临及其位置有一定的参考意义。     

采空区煤矸石浆体充填技术研究进展与展望

通过开展不同循环次数的循环加卸载转单调加载试验,结合声发射和CT扫描技术,揭示了近疲劳强度循环荷载作用下泥质石英粉砂岩的细观破裂演化规律、裂隙扩展特征与强度变化机制. 结果表明：（1）泥质石英粉砂岩的损伤应力小于疲劳强度,可称损伤应力与疲劳强度之间的应力水平为近疲劳强度. （2）随着循环次数增加,粉砂岩峰值强度先小幅下降后持续增加最终趋于稳定,当一次循环后轴向（体积）变形从压缩（膨胀）转为几乎不变时,可认为粉砂岩的强度从劣化转为强化. （3）单调加载阶段应力接近峰值强度时,粉砂岩中、低频区的声发射信号大幅增加,可将其视为岩石受压破坏的先兆. （4）当循环次数较低时,循环过程中粉砂岩的弱胶结结构断裂,有效承载面积减小,转单调加载后岩石破裂尺度增大、内部裂纹局部集中,发生劣化,呈单斜面剪切破坏. （5）当循环次数较高时,循环过程中粉砂岩胶结强度增加、细观结构更为致密与均匀,有效承载面积增大,岩石内部在泊松效应的影响下持续产生横向拉应力,转单调加载后岩石裂隙尺寸、裂隙密度和破碎程度降低,发生强化,呈张拉–剪切的复合裂隙网络.

     

三轴及孔隙水作用下煤的变形和声发射特性

在MTS815.02岩石力学试验系统上进行了煤的单轴压缩、三轴压缩及孔隙水作用下全应力应变试验及声发射检测.结果表明:煤的三轴强度、残余强度随围压增高而增大,随孔隙水压增高而降低;在低围压试验范围内,煤的弹性模量不随围压变化.煤在不同试验条件下呈现的声发射特征有显著差异性:单轴试验时各个阶段均有声发射事件产生,三轴及孔隙水试验条件下煤样屈服之前声发射事件较少,而屈服之后声发射趋于活跃;单轴试验时煤的声发射能量最大,随孔隙水压增大,煤样变形过程释放的声发射能量逐渐减小.     

全尾砂胶结充填体的强度敏感性及破坏机制

以大冶铁矿全尾砂为原材料,采用水泥为胶结材料制作全尾砂胶结充填体,采用单因素五水平设计试验,研究了全尾砂胶结充填体强度与料浆中固相质量分数、灰砂配比及龄期之间的关系,并对敏感性进行了分析.胶结充填体强度随着料浆中固相质量分数的增加遵循指数函数增长,随灰砂配比的增加呈线性增长,随龄期增加遵循指数函数的增长,其中胶结充填体强度对龄期的敏感性最高,料浆中固相质量分数次之,灰砂配比最弱.胶结充填体抗压破坏试验结果显示,充填体的破坏经历了四个阶段,分别为微裂隙闭合阶段、线弹性阶段、微裂纹扩展阶段及裂纹贯通破坏阶段.

     

钨合金力学行为的计算机数值模拟─—宏观力学性能

在微观力学行为分析的基础上,对90W合金宏观力学性能及其与微观结构因素（粘结相力学参数）之间的关系进行了计算机数值模拟研究.结果表明：钨合金性能与粘结相力学参数密切相关.随着粘结相弹性模量增加,合金的抗拉强度增加,但延伸率降低.当粘结相屈服强度800MPa时,合金抗拉强度随粘结相屈服强度增加而增大,在粘结相屈服度为800MPa时达到最大值.随粘结相抗拉强度增加,合金抗拉强度和延伸率均呈近似线性规律增加.合金延伸率对粘结相应变硬化模量极为敏感.     

不同岩石单轴压缩破裂全过程声发射序列分形特征研究

通过对青砂岩和花岗岩两种岩性岩石的单轴压缩声发射试验,获取岩石破裂全过程的基本力学特征及声发射时域特征参数,观察两种岩石破裂时的破坏情况,着重对比了两种岩石的声发射事件率及能率时域特征,并探讨了声发射事件率及能率的分形特征。试验结果表明:声发射事件率及能率均可很好地描述岩石破裂损伤的整个过程,青砂岩事件率变化特征有明显的"上升期"和"下降期",花岗岩则无明显变化特征,两种岩石能率变化特征均存在两个"活跃期(Ⅰ,Ⅱ)"和一个"缓慢释放期";青砂岩事件率分形特征与花岗岩差异明显,相比较花岗岩而言,青砂岩分形维数D值存在多处转折点;能率分形特征,两种岩石较为相似,分形维数D值均表现为随着加载应力比的增大而波动增加,在试样破裂前又突降至最低值。     

不同加载速率下巷道岩爆声发射特征实验研究

利用双轴伺服试验机开展不同加载速率下巷道岩爆模拟实验,利用美国物理声学PCI-2型声发射系统监测并采集声发射信号,研究加载速率对巷道岩爆的影响。研究结果表明:不同加载速率下巷道声发射事件率随时间变化规律大体一致,声发射事件率出现频度较高的群发性特征;声发射能率和声发射事件率呈此消彼长的趋势,前期阶段:岩样处于储能阶段,事件率较高、能率较低。加载后期:岩样处于能量释放阶段,事件率较低、能率较高;随着加载速率的增加,声发射能率剧增并达到峰值时间提前,表明加载速率越大,越容易发生岩爆;加载后期出现少量大能率事件,此阶段可以作为岩爆发生的前兆信息。     

类岩石材料声发射参数与应力和应变耦合本构关系

利用液压伺服试验系统和声波监测仪开展了岩石和混凝土材料声发射特性试验研究,并在试验基础上研究了损伤变量与声发射参数之间的量化关系.结果表明,损伤变量与声发射参数呈线性关系.采用基于Weibull分布的损伤本构模型及损伤变量与声发射数间的经验公式,推导出应力、应变参量与声发射数参量的耦合模型,该模型参数可以根据应力-应变全曲线及损伤变量与声发射数关系曲线的几何边界条件确定其表达式,方式简单适用.通过与岩石和混凝土试样单轴压缩试验实测结果对比,证实模型可以很好地反映单轴受压状态下岩石和混凝土的应力、应变与声发射数的耦合关系.     

Tensile Strength of Unsaturated Sand

A theory that accurately describes tensile strength of wet sand is presented. A closed form expression for tensile strength unifies tensile strength characteristics in all three water retention regimes: pendular, funicular, and capillary. Tensile strength characteristically increases as soil water content increases in the pendular regime, reaches a peak in the funicular regime, and reduces with a continuing water content increase in the capillary regime. Three parameters are employed in the theory: internal friction angle (at low normal stress) ?t, the inverse value of the air-entry pressure α, and the pore size spectrum parameter n. The magnitude of peak tensile strength is dominantly controlled by the α parameter. The saturation at which peak tensile strength occurs only depends on the pore size spectrum parameter n. The closed form expression accords well with experimental water retention and tensile strength data for different sands.     

分层胶结充填体力学特性及裂纹演化规律

在进行大尺寸采空区嗣后充填过程中,胶结充填体易出现分层等结构现象。为深入分析结构特征对胶结充填体力学特性及裂纹演化规律的影响,首先制作中间层高度比为0.2、0.4、0.6和0.8,灰砂比为1∶4、1∶6、1∶8和1∶10的分层胶结充填体试件,然后利用GAW–2000伺服试验系统开展单轴压缩试验,最后借助二维颗粒流软件（PFC–2D）,分析胶结充填体内部裂纹分布规律。结果表明:（1）分层充填体单轴抗压强度与高度比呈指数函数关系、与灰砂比呈多项式函数关系;弹性模量与高度比及灰砂比均呈多项式函数关系;单轴抗压强度及弹性模量均随高度比的增加而减小、随灰砂比的增大而增大,且两者对灰砂比敏感度更高。（2）充填体内部裂纹演化曲线先缓慢上升,达到单轴抗压强度的80%左右时快速上升,且灰砂比越大、高度比越大,上升速度越快,拐点到来越早,充填体试件越易发生破坏,超过单轴抗压强度后曲线开始迅速下降。（3）分层充填体主要表现为剪切破坏、张拉破坏及共轭剪切破坏,且破坏主要集中于中间软弱层;高度比越大,试件内部裂纹越密集,灰砂比越大,裂纹越易向两端演化。      

Evaluation of Failure Modes of Pure Resin and Single Layer of Adhesively Bonded Lap Joints Using Acoustic Emission Data

The purpose of this present study is to monitor the failure modes of pure resin and single layer of adhesively bonded lap joints using acoustic emission (AE) technique under tensile loading. Parametric analysis is performed using AE count rate, cumulative counts, time, frequency, amplitude and duration on the AE data obtained during the tensile test of adhesively bonded lap joints. After preliminary investigations in the parametric analysis, it was seen that AE amplitude parameter changes with the different AE events, thus failure modes were characterized using frequency analysis. Fast fourier transform (FFT) analysis has been proposed to identify the importance of peak frequency content of each failure mode corresponding to the AE hits using frequency FFT analysis. Short time fast fourier transform resulting frequency is correlated with FFT analysis of AE data, to find the peak frequency ranges for each of the failure modes. Scanning electron microscope as complementary, post-test inspection method is used to find microscopic evidence for the assumed assignment of failure modes.     

时效制度对6013铝合金挤压型材屈强比的影响

以挤压态的6013铝合金为研究对象,通过显微硬度测试、单向拉伸实验和组织分析,研究了自然时效、人工时效和回归再时效处理时合金的力学性能变化规律。结果表明:自然时效峰值状态（16 d）的抗拉强度为286 MPa,屈服强度为158 MPa,屈强比为0.54,适合塑性成形;将自然时效峰值状态下的试样进行回归再时效处理（210 °C回归0.5 h+170 °C峰值时效2 h）,抗拉强度为362 MPa,屈服强度为336 MPa,屈强比达到0.92,抗塑性变形能力显著增强。这是因为回归再时效后析出相的尺寸减小,数密度显著增大,析出强化效果显著增强。而析出强化对屈服强度和抗拉强度的影响程度不同,因此可通过时效热处理来调控屈强比,即通过自然峰值时效提高合金的塑性变形性能以成形零件,而在零件成形后采用回归再时效提高其抗变形能力。      

Determination of fracture initiation in hydride blisters using acoustic emission

An experimental study based on acoustic emission techniques was carried out to determine the conditions that lead to the initiation and growth of cracks in and from zirconium hydride blisters. The stress to initiate, at room temperature, a crack in a blister previously grown on a tensile speci-men could be accurately determined using an acoustic emission (AE) method based on linear event-location techniques. It was found that the applied stress to first form a crack in an unbroken blister decreases with blister depth but also that this value is statistically distributed. This is likely due to a size distribution of microcracks or incipient flaws in the blister. The propagation, by the delayed hy-dride cracking (DHC) mechanism, of a crack from a pregrown blister at 516 K seems to require both a critical applied stress, which decreases with blister depth, and approach of the testing temperature from above. However, DHC initiation was possible at 563 K (approached from below) for blisters grown under stress, provided the applied stress was sufficiently high. The stress intensity factor,K _IB , to initiate DHC ranged from 10.7 to 15.4 MPa √m. This is above the range forK _IH the thresholdK ₁ for DHC obtained in other experiments. The characteristics of AE generated by crack propagation from a blister due to DHC always follows the same pattern. It has a low event rate both at the beginning and at the end of DHC and a maximum value in between. The DHC initiation stage has a high proportion of high amplitude events. The peak in the distribution of events with peak am-plitude shifts to lower peak amplitudes as DHC progresses. An explanation for this trend is sought in terms of the maximum hydride size required near the crack tip to propagate the crack as a func-tion ofK ₁ .     

不同荷载条件下低孔隙率砂岩巴西劈裂试验的声发射特性

针对巴西圆盘荷载接触条件对巴西劈裂试验影响的问题，采用声发射监测系统开展线/非线荷载接触条件下低孔隙率砂岩巴西劈裂试验。直径为50 mm，厚度为25 mm的标准巴西圆盘按照同一种传感器三维布设方式布置8个Nano30传感器。在相同的荷载速率下，声发射监测Richter8系统对线/非线荷载两种荷载条件下的巴西圆盘进行准静态加载的波形信号连续记录。通过P波自动到时及网格坍塌搜索算法进行定位，在线/非线荷载条件下分别有1131和931个声发射事件被成功定位。圆盘的起裂位置均在圆盘非中心位置，对于非中心起裂的试验值可能低估了巴西抗拉强度。裂纹下半球极点密度投影分析表明，非线荷载条件下破裂面的局部扭曲程度大于线荷载。试样三维损伤演化结果表明，圆盘所受荷载面积大小，显著影响圆盘损伤累计的时间、释放能量的大小和裂纹扩展的稳定性。对有效声发射定位事件进行矩张量分解获取了两种荷载条件下各向同性部分（ISO）、纯双力偶（DC）和补偿线性矢量偶极成分（CLVD）频率百分比，并采用微裂纹破裂类型分类方法来定量分析震源机制，结果表明巴西劈裂对荷载条件并不敏感，两者均可以解释为近似平行于荷载方向上的张拉裂纹的萌生、扩展及贯通。      

不同层理页岩常规三轴压缩力学特性离散元模拟

页岩作为页岩气储层,在沉积过程中形成部分弱面,在力学特性上表现出各向异性特征。所以,使用离散元软件从微细观层面探讨深部页岩力学各向异性特征具有重要实践意义。基于页岩室内常规三轴压缩试验结果,采用离元程序PFC2D对常规三轴压缩下不同层理倾角页岩进行了颗粒流模拟研究,分析了层理倾角及围压对页岩力学特性的影响规律。结果表明:（1）页岩峰值强度与黏聚力随层理倾角的增加整体呈“U”形变化,但峰值强度在不同围压下的变化趋势有所区别;而内摩擦角随层理倾角的增大呈非线性变化。（2）层理倾角对页岩周围颗粒的位移方向及大小的影响随着层理面与轴向应力的夹角的增大而减小。（3）同一层理倾角试样最终破坏时的微裂纹总数随着围压的升高有所增加;同一围压下,试样最终破坏时的微裂纹数目,随着层理倾角的增加呈现先减少后增多的趋势。（4）同一层理倾角页岩的脆性随围压的增长整体呈下降趋势;低围压情况下,页岩脆性随层理倾角的增加呈两端大中间小的变化规律。      

Transverse behavior and acoustic-emission analysis of titanium metal-matrix composites under tensile loading

The transverse behavior of 1140+/Ti-6-4 and SCS-6/Ti-β21s composites has been investigated using conventional tensile testing in air. Acoustic emission (AE) has also been used to assess and to locate the position of damage. Few AE events can be detected in 1140+/Ti-6-4 composites below the stress of ∼250 MPa, whereas for SCS-6/Ti-β21s composites, AE events are found almost immediately on loading. Many AE events of high energy were detected over a range of stresses, which appear to be associated with debonding. Continuous AE events are obtained with an increase of stress, and this suggests that debonding is an incremental process: a ring crack (formed by premature debonding at the surface) penetrates into the depth along interface “tubes.” The peak energy of AE events obtained in SCS-6/Ti-β21s composites is ∼650 arbitrary units, which is approximately 4 times that obtained in 1140+/Ti-6-4 composites. Distinct AE events have also been deduced to correspond to cracking of carbon coating layers and fiber/matrix reaction products. A change of fiber volume fraction from 8 to 21 pct for the 1140+/Ti-6-4 composites has no effect on the characteristics or distribution of AE events received.     

Analytic Solution for Finite Transversely Isotropic Circular Cylinders under the Axial Point Load Test

An exact solution for stress distributions within a finite transversely isotropic cylinder for the axial point load strength test (PLST) is analytically derived. Lekhnitskii’s stress function is first used to uncouple the equations of equilibrium. Two different kinds of solutions corresponding to the real and the complex characteristic roots of the governing equation of the stress function are derived. The solution type to be used for stress analysis depends on the anisotropic parameters of the cylinder. The solution for isotropic cylinders under the axial PLST is recovered as a special case. Numerical results show that the pattern of stress distribution along the line joining the point loads does not depend on the degree of anisotropy of the cylinder, but the magnitude of the stress distributions does. In particular, the local maximum tensile stress, which is located near the point loads, may be either larger or smaller than that of isotropic cylinders. In general, the maximum tensile stress inside the cylinder increases with the ratio of Young’s moduli, but decreases with both the ratio of Poisson’s ratio and the ratio of the shear moduli. If anisotropy of the cylinder is ignored, the point load strength index may be overestimated when the ratio of Young’s moduli is greater than one, or when the ratios of Poisson’s ratio or of the shear moduli is smaller than one.