示准化学科行为互换性定律的创建

本文讨论了互换性定律的族系,研究了非训练行为不准确现象,讨论了行为互换性的需求,推论了行为互换性定律的存在,建立了行为互换性的概念,创建了行为互换性定律的命题及其数学模型,详述了定律的内涵,分析了行为互换性与其他互换性的关系,讨论了行为互换性定律的对象范围、互换类型、自身特点和作用意义,对行为互换性定律进行了验证分析,讨论了行为互换性定律的应用,并给出了应用例子。     

某型车辆驾驶室内部噪声分析研究

建立了某型车辆驾驶室结构的三维有限元模型,对驾驶室进行了试验模态分析,得到了模态参数,检验和修正了结构的三维有限元模型,对驾驶室结构进行了动态响应分析.采用边界元法进行了驾驶室内部声学特性研究,对驾驶员耳旁的声压和声学灵敏度进行了分析,得出了驾驶室内声场的声学特性,对驾驶室结构提出改进措施,有效地降低了车内噪声.     

标准化学科几何互换性定律的创建

本文讨论了规律和定律的关系和特点,讨论了几何互换性的本质关系,推论了互换性定律的存在,创建了动配合互换性定律、定位配合互换性定律、紧配合互换性定律,建立了定律的命题、数学模型和关系模型,详述了每个定律的内涵,创建了支持互换性工程应用的几何互换性空间,讨论了互换性定律的应用,创建了广泛适用的互换性空间。     

标准化学科功能互换性定律的创建

本文讨论了互换性的新模式——功能互换性,阐述了功能互换性的概念和特点,创建了功能互换性的命题,解读了功能互换性命题的内涵及其数学模型,给出了功能互换性的关注情形,探讨了功能互换性的适用范围和作用意义,验证了功能互换性定律的有效性,说明了功能互换性定律的应用,并给出了指导功能互换性定律应用的实例。     

标准化作业的价值分析

本文创建了自然态劳动作业模型,对自然态劳动作业模型的特点进行了分析,创建了标准化的劳动作业模型,对标准化劳动作业模型的特点作了深入的分析,建立了工业生产的机群模型和流水模型,并进行了对比分析,对自然态劳动作业模型和标准化作业模型进行了对比分析,讨论了标准化作业的价值作用和效果。     

小型农业机械在大石山区的推广与应用

大石山区只有通过小型农业机械的推广应用,才能提高了劳动生产率,减轻了劳动强度,降低了生产成本,改善了农业生产条件,增加了农民的收入,而且缓解了劳动力季节性短缺的矛盾,促进了劳动力输出的健康发展。本文对小型农业机械在大石山区的推广与应用谈一些体会。     

食品安全呼唤技术进步

中国人在食品中完成了化学扫盲：从大米里我们认识了石蜡,从火腿里我们认识了敌敌畏,从成鸭蛋、辣椒酱里我们认识了苏丹红,从火锅里我们认识了福尔马林,从银耳、蜜枣里我们认识了硫磺,从木耳里我们认识了硫酸铜,从保鲜膜中我们认识了DEHA（己二酸二异辛酯）,从有毒奶瓶中我们认识了双酚A,今天,从奶粉中又让我们知道了三聚氰胺,     

浅谈标准养蟹优化质量调整结构促进增收

通过农业标准化示范区建设项目的实施,促进了农产品质量安全水平的提高,延伸了产业链条,加快了全市农业产业化、现代化的进程,提高了农民的标准化意识,改善了生态环境,促进了可持续发展,为促进农业增效、农民增收起到了巨大作用。     

MG800/2040-WD采煤机油箱冷却系统改造

采煤机冷却系统改造,降低了采煤机液压系统油液温度,减少了因油液温度过高而造成的液压系统元件损坏,同时也减少了因频繁更换液压元件而带来的时间和人力的浪费,以及液压油的损失,减轻了检修人员的劳动强度,节省了检修时间,提高劳动效率,降低了生产成本,提高了综合机械化采煤生产力。     

车内噪声FE-SEA混合建模及分析方法

对二子系统的互易关系进行了阐述,并通过模态方法别对二子系统的互易关系进行了介绍,并介绍了两个面连接子系统的耦合关系,最后给出了混合FE-SEA的系统方程。建立了轿车FE-SEA混合模型,对FE车身的辐射效率进行了计算,通过试验对动力总成悬置激励和车身悬置激励进行了测量,在消声室内对发动机舱声辐射激励进行了测量,建立了CFD风洞仿真模型,并对车外风激励进行了计算,同时通过施加激励后的混合FE-SEA模型对车内噪声进行了预测,并与试验结果进行了对比,并对误差产生的原因进行了分析,对比分析结果表明,二者有着较好的一致性,预测绝对误差小于2.5 dB(A),计算精度满足工程要求,混合FE-SEA建模方法是一种有效的车内中频噪声预测方法。     

40000m^3／h空分设备上下塔压力背离现象的分析与处理

介绍了一起40000m^3／h空分设备上下塔压力背离现象，经分析后确认是因为主冷氮侧液位过高，占据了换热空间；排放液氮并作相应调节后，故障消除。     

基于AMESim的液氮可控传输性能分析

针对超低温冷却加工液氮可控传输难题,分析了热流量、管路压降等复杂因素对液氮可控传输的影响机制,提出了基于AMESim的液氮可控传输性能分析方法,建立了受热管道液氮两相流动传热数值模型,并在此基础上,研制出一套液氮可控传输原理性系统。通过对比实验表明,提高系统的输入压力能够增大低温流体的流量,缩短系统进入热平衡状态的时间,提高输出流体的干度和流型的稳定性;研制出的液氮可控传输原理性系统在输入压力为1.3 MPa时,在一定的开口范围内,能够稳定输出流量可控的低干度流体,且符合超低温冷却加工的要求。     

Confined jet impingement of liquid nitrogen onto different heat transfer surfaces

Jet impingement of liquid nitrogen owns many applications in the cryogenic cooling aspects, such as, cooling of high-power chips in the electronic devices and cryoprobes in the cryosurgery. In the present study, we systematically investigated the confined jet impingement of liquid nitrogen from a tube of about 2.0 mm in diameter onto the heat transfer surfaces of about 5.0 mm in basement diameter with different heat transfer surface geometries and conditions, i.e., flat surface, hemispherical surface and flat surface with a needle. The effects of many influential factors, such as, the geometry of the heat transfer surface, jet velocity, distance between the nozzle exit and heat transfer surface, heat transfer surface condition, and some other, on the heat transfer were investigated. The heat transfer correlations were also proposed by using the experimental data, and it was found that the heat transfer mechanism of liquid impingement in the confined space was dominated by the convective evaporation rather than the nucleate boiling in the present case. The critical heat flux (CHF) of the confined jet impingement was measured and the visualization of the corresponding flow patterns of the confined jet impingement of liquid nitrogen was also conducted simultaneously to understand the heat transfer phenomena.     

Heat transfer from Ni–W tapes in liquid nitrogen at different orientations in the field of gravity

Ni–W tapes of the micrometric thickness are considered as the basis for the cost-effective manufacturing of coated conductors – the 2nd generation of high-temperature superconductor (HTS). Many HTS applications involve widely-available and inexpensive liquid nitrogen. The transition from superconducting to normal state may however occurs due to unexpected temperature fluctuations. In this case Ni–W tape is significantly heated by electrical current propagating through it. The amount of heat transferred from the tape to coolant is defined by heat transfer from the surface of tape to liquid nitrogen. The heat transfer, in turn, is strongly dependent on the tape orientation in the field of gravity. The present paper reports the experimental results on the heat transfer from Ni–W tape to a pool of liquid nitrogen. The heat transfer coefficients are quantified for three subsequent heat transfer regimes: natural convection of liquid nitrogen, nucleate boiling regime and film boiling. The dependence of heat transfer coefficient on inclination angle of the tape from vertical are experimentally clarified for each regime. The expression for the heat transfer coefficient at different inclination angles is derived for the case of nucleate boiling.     

车载LNG储罐蒸发率的理论与试验

为研究车载LNG低温绝热气瓶内液体的蒸发规律,以200 L高真空多层绝热气瓶为例,采用液氮(LN2)为工质,进行了一系列LN2日蒸发率试验。列出根据实验系统结构参数得到的相关传热学计算结果,包括试验系统分别贮存LN2和LNG各项漏热及理论蒸发率。对理论计算与实验结果进行比较,通过理论计算结果与LN2蒸发率实验结果对LNG试验蒸发率作了预测。根据大气压力下进行的各种充满率的LN2蒸发率实验,拟合出了系统蒸发率与充满率的关系曲线,并分析了系统中环境温度和压力对蒸发率的影响规律。     

Experimental study of laminar natural convection heat transfer from a vertical cylinder to slush nitrogen under constant heat flux conditions

Natural convection heat transfer from a vertical cylinder immersed in slush and subcooled liquid nitrogen and subjected to constant heat fluxes was investigated in order to determine the relative merits of slush nitrogen (SlN₂) for immersion cooling. A glass dewar was used as a test vessel in which a cylindrical heater was mounted vertically, and heat transfer measurements were carried out for SlN₂ and subcooled liquid nitrogen (LN₂) in the laminar flow range. The results revealed advantages of SlN₂ over subcooled LN₂ in natural convection cooling. The local temperatures of the heated surface surrounded by solid nitrogen particles are measured to increase at much slower rates than in subcooled LN₂, which is due to the latent heat of fusion of solid nitrogen. Even after the solid nitrogen particles surrounding the heater are apparently depleted, the average heat transfer coefficients for SlN₂ are still found to be greater than those for LN₂ with the improvement in heat transfer being larger for lower Grashof number regime. Our analysis also indicates that solid nitrogen particles in close proximity to heated surface do not discourage local convection due to the porous nature of SlN₂, making the heat transfer in SlN₂ more effective than in the case of solid–liquid phase change of nitrogen involving melting and conduction processes.     

超导电缆循环过冷液氮温度场模拟

建立了循环过冷液氮在恒温器内迫流冷却超导电缆的模型,利用Fluent软件模拟了30 m电缆系统内液氮温度场在不同流量、终端漏热、交流损耗等工况条件下的变化情况。仿真结果表明,在终端漏热和交流损耗一定时,液氮出口断面的最高温度随流量的增大而降低;在流量和交流损耗一定时,液氮出口断面的最高温度随终端漏热的增大而升高;在流量和终端漏热一定时,液氮出口断面的最高温度随交流损耗的变化不明显。     

低温推进剂蒸发量主动控制实验研究

以液氮为研究工质,基于研制的低温推进剂蒸发量主动控制实验平台开展了"零蒸发"贮存实验研究。该实验平台以G-M制冷机作为冷源,通过换热器对500 L液氮贮存容器内部输入冷量,以此控制液氮的蒸发速率,实现液氮的"零蒸发"贮存。实验研究表明,对于液氮贮存空间气相区和液相区分别输入冷量,均能抑制系统压力上升趋势,实现"零蒸发"贮存的目的,其中对于液相区输入冷量效率更高,能够在较短时间内降低系统压力。通过该实验平台上还进行了蒸汽冷却屏控制液氮蒸发速率研究,实验证明通过蒸汽冷却屏可以降低液氮蒸发速率。     

微肋表面强化液氮温区冷凝传热特性的数值模拟研究

开展了微肋表面强化氮蒸气凝结传热的机理研究,基于CFD数值方法建立了竖直方向平板和微肋板上氮蒸气冷凝的三维数值模型,对比分析了平板表面和微肋表面的冷凝换热效果,通过表面冷凝的液膜分布和速度分布等内在参数揭示平板和微肋表面的冷凝换热机理。结果表明,氮的冷凝传热性能在微肋表面上得到显著提升,在1.5 K的冷凝传热温差下,其平均传热系数提高1.6倍,初步揭示了微肋表面(肋高H=0.6 mm、节距p=1 mm)对强化氮冷凝的有效性。分析显示,微肋的弯曲结构改变了液膜的空间分布,通过减薄局部液膜厚度实现了冷凝的强化。     

Observation and analysis of the detachment frequency of coalesced bubbles in pool boiling liquid nitrogen

The detachment frequency of coalesced bubbles is one of the important parameters in the boiling heat transfer model at high heat flux. Although some researches on detachment frequency of coalesced bubbles have been done for common liquids, the work on cryogenic liquids is relatively insufficient. A visual experimental apparatus was built for observing the boiling in liquid nitrogen. The growth process of coalesced bubbles was recorded by a high-speed camera, emphasizing on the detachment frequency of coalesced bubbles from the circular, horizontal heating surfaces. The effects of the heating surface material, the surface diameter and the heat flux on the detachment frequency were analyzed. The available empirical correlations from common liquids are compared with our experimental data to check their applicability in liquid nitrogen, where the detachment frequency is 13.47 s⁻¹.