钢铁全光亮化学镀镍–钨–磷合金工艺研究

为了提高Ni–P合金镀层的耐蚀性和表观质量,在化学镀Ni–P二元合金镀液的基础上加入钨酸钠,在钢铁上制备了Ni–W–P三元合金镀层。探讨了镀液主要成分和工艺条件对镀层外观质量及耐蚀性的影响,获得了较佳的工艺规范:硫酸镍25~35 g/L,钨酸钠55~65 g/L,次磷酸钠30~40 g/L,复合配位剂80~100 g/L,组合光亮剂5~10 mg/L,p H 8.5~9.0,温度80~90°C。检测了镀层的相关性能。结果表明,所制备的Ni–W–P合金镀层结晶细致,光亮度和结合力好,具有良好的装饰效果,耐蚀性优于化学镀Ni–P合金镀层。     

镍–二氧化锆复合电沉积工艺优化及其对钢表面的毛化效果

在钢试片上复合电沉积Ni–ZrO_2,使微米级的ZrO_2颗粒镶嵌在镍镀层中而形成具有一定粗糙度的表面。通过正交试验研究了NiSO_4·6H_2O、ZrO_2和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)添加量,电流密度和温度对Ni–ZrO_2复合镀层耐蚀性、显微硬度和粗糙度的影响。结果表明,电流密度对镀层耐蚀性的影响最大,温度对镀层粗糙度的影响最大。综合考虑Ni–ZrO_2复合镀层的显微硬度、耐蚀性和粗糙度3个指标,得到复合电沉积Ni–ZrO_2的最优工艺为:NiSO_4·6H_2O 280 g/L,NiC_(12)·6H_2O 30~60 g/L,H_3BO_3 30~40 g/L,ZrO_2 30 g/L,SDS 120 mg/L,1,4-丁炔二醇和糖精适量,电流密度3 A/dm2,温度45°C。在最优工艺条件下,Ni–ZrO_2复合镀层的耐蚀性最好,显微硬度为587.3 HV,粗糙度为14.327 4μm,比钢试片高一个数量级左右。     

新型无氰镀镉工艺的研究与应用

引进了新型无氰氯化钾镀镉工艺,在实验室和生产线上对其工艺性能和镀层性能进行了研究。镀液组成为35~40 g/L氯化镉,140~180 g/L氯化钾,120~160 g/L配位剂,25~35 m L/L辅助剂,1.5~2.5 m L/L光亮剂,p H为6.0~7.0,挂镀JΚ为0.5~1.5 A/dm2,θ为15~35℃;滚镀槽电压4~7 V,θ为15~30℃,滚筒转速3~7 r/min。在JΚ为1 A/dm2下电镀,镉的沉积速率为0.23μm/min,电流效率为72.3%。镀层经过低铬彩色钝化后进行中性盐雾试验96 h无白锈生成,504 h无红锈生成,其耐蚀性高于氰化镀镉。实验表明,该镀液的均镀能力和深镀能力、镀层的氢脆性和耐蚀性、结合力均满足HB 5036-92《镉镀层质量检验》的要求,废水处理后镉离子满足GB21900-2008《电镀污染物排放标准》的要求。     

纳米SiO2对Zn-Ni/纳米SiO2复合镀层性能的影响

先通过赫尔槽试验优化了乙酸盐体系电镀Zn-Ni合金的基础镀液配方,得到了全光亮的赫尔槽试片;再向基础镀液中添加纳米SiO_2,通过单因素试验研究了纳米SiO_2的质量浓度对Zn-Ni/纳米SiO_2复合镀层的孔隙率及耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:当纳米SiO_2的质量浓度为8g/L时,Zn-Ni/纳米SiO_2复合镀层的孔隙率最低,耐蚀性最好。     

含镍量为12%～15%的碱性锌镍合金电镀工艺

采用新的添加剂和配位剂实现了从以ZnO7～10g/L、NiSO4·6H2O5～10g/L和NaOH120～140g/L为主要成分的碱性镀液中制备含镍量为12%～15%(质量分数)的锌镍合金镀层。介绍了镀液各成分对镀层性能的影响。中性盐雾试验结果表明,含镍量为13.4%的锌镍合金镀层在镀态条件下具有最佳的耐蚀性。该锌镍合金镀层若未钝化,在中性盐雾试验中耐白锈的时间为24h,而经彩虹色或本色钝化后,96h后出现少量灰白色腐蚀点,290h后才出现白色腐蚀点。     

高磷化学镀镍光亮剂的研究

研究了无机、有机、复合光亮剂对高磷化学镀镍镀层外观、表面微观形貌、沉积速度、磷含量、孔隙率及耐蚀性的影响。试验证明:添加无机光亮剂时,镀层光亮,但存在微孔结构,导致孔隙率升高,耐蚀性大幅下降;添加有机光亮剂时,镀层光亮性略有下降,但镀层均匀性好,缺陷少;而复合光亮剂则可以实现较理想的效果,其镀层外观光亮,表面平整细致,沉积速度快,整体性能优良,复合光亮剂组成为:2mg/L Ce(SO4)2、3 mg/LTe(SO4)2、30 mg/L C6H5SO2Na、2 mg/L N,N-二乙基丙炔胺(DEP)。     

镍离子对氨羧配位体系无氰镀镉工艺的影响

采用氨羧配位体系无氰镀液对30Cr Mn Si A钢电镀镉。镀液组成和工艺条件为：CdCl₂·2.5H₂O 40～50 g/L,NH₄Cl 180～220 g/L，氨三乙酸60～80 g/L，乙二胺四乙酸20～30 g/L,NiCl₂·6H₂O 50～300 mg/L(即Ni²⁺12.3～74.1 mg/L), pH 6.5～7.5，室温，电流密度1 A/dm²，时间15～25 min。通过阴极极化曲线测试、循环伏安分析和霍尔槽试验研究了Ni²⁺质量浓度对镉电沉积行为和镀液均镀能力的影响，并通过光泽度测定、扫描电镜观察和塔菲尔曲线测量分析了Ni²⁺质量浓度对Cd镀层外观、表面形貌和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明，镀液中添加适量Ni²⁺可以在一定程度上改善Cd镀层的外观和耐蚀性，但对其他性能的影响不明显。Ni²⁺不宜单独用作无氰镀镉的添加剂。     

铝及铝合金化学浸镀仿金工艺研究

为了拓展铝及铝合金的应用范围,采用二次浸锌+碱性化学镀镍+酸性化学镀镍+化学浸镀仿金的组合工艺,开发了一种新的铝及铝合金化学浸镀仿金工艺,探讨了主要成分和工艺条件对仿金镀层质量的影响,确定工艺条件如下:SnSO48~10 g/L,CuSO41.2~1.5 g/L,配位剂(酒石酸或柠檬酸)10~15 g/L,H2SO410~20 mL/L,XT-08B稳定剂10~12 mL/L,氢氟酸40~50 mL/L,氟化铵1~2 g/L,温度15~35°C,时间10~15 min。所得仿金镀层色泽典雅纯正,结合力好,工艺操作简便,对环境污染小,耐蚀性可与电镀仿金层媲美,具有较好的应用前景。     

丁二酸对化学镀Ni-P-纳米TiO_2复合镀层性能的影响

研究了丁二酸对化学镀Ni-P纳米TiO_2复合镀层性能的影响。镀液组成及工艺条件为:NaH_2PO_2·H_2O 32g/L,NiSO_4·6H_2O 26g/L,一水合柠檬酸20g/L,CH_3COONa·3H_2O 15g/L,十二烷基苯磺酸钠40 mg/L,纳米TiO_2微粒0.6~1.5g/L,丁二酸4~24 mg/L,温度(88±1)°C,pH值4.8±0.2,时间1h。加入适量的丁二酸,能够提高镀液的稳定性,加快沉积速率,提高镀层中磷的质量分数、显微硬度及耐蚀性。丁二酸的最佳质量浓度为2g/L。     

温度对硫酸盐镀锌层性能的影响

通过金相显微镜、极化曲线测量和明度测试,分析了温度对硫酸盐镀锌体系(锌离子90 g/L,硫酸6 g/L,电流密度5 A/dm2,温度30~70°C,时间475 s)在低碳钢上所得镀层形貌和性能的影响。结果表明,温度对镀锌层明度、微观形貌及耐蚀性影响较大。升高温度可降低浓差极化,有利于镀层结晶,表现出好的明度和耐蚀性;但温度过高,电化学极化减弱,所得镀层结晶粗大,明度和耐蚀性降低。温度为50°C时获得的镀层性能最好。     

底座连接口特征参数对显示器后壳注塑质量的影响分析

在Moldflow分析软件的基础上,对显示器后壳进行仿真研究,以翘曲变形量为质量指标,结合控制变量法进行单因素变动实验,保持注射工艺参数不变,研究显示器后壳底座连接口对制品翘曲变形的影响.对数据进行图表分析,结果表明显示器后壳尺寸定位68.58 cm(27英寸)时,底座连接口选用圆形,连接口位置距离底边26 mm,尺寸...     

The role of the symmetry and the flexibility of the anion on the characteristics of the nanostructures and the viscosities of ionic liquids☆

The transport properties of ionic liquids (ILs) are crucial properties in view of their applications in electrochem-ical devices. One of the most important advantages of ILs is that their chemical–physical properties and conse-quently their bulk performances can be well tuned by optimizing the chemical structures of their ions. This will require elucidating the structural features of the ions that fundamentally determine the characteristics of the nanostructures and the viscosities of ILs. Here we showed for the first time that the“rigidity”, the order, and the compactness of the three-dimensional ionic networks generated by the anions and the cation head groups determine the formation and the sizes of the nanostructures in the apolar domains of ILs. We also found that the properties of ionic networks are governed by the conformational flexibility and the symmetry of the anion and/or the cation head group. The thermal stability of the nanostructures of ILs was shown to be con-trolled by the sensitivity of the conformational equilibrium of the anion to the change of temperature. We showed that the viscosity of ILs is strongly related to the symmetry and the flexibility of the constitute ions rather than to the size of the nanostructures of ILs. Therefore, the characteristics of the nanostructures and the viscosities of ILs, especially the thermal stability of the nanostructures, can be fine-tuned by tailoring the symmetry and the conformational flexibility of the anion.     

浅谈设备的性能与操作对胎面压出质量的影响

简要介绍了胎面压出的工作原理及工艺过程，对设备的配置及操作对胎面压出质量的影响进行了分析，并对压出过程中常见的质量缺陷、造成的原因以及解决措施提出了自己的见解。     

Investigation of the effects of fatty acids on the compressive strength of the concrete and the grindability of the cement

In cement industry, a great energy consumption has been observed during grinding of clinker. To reduce this consumption, some waste products have been used as grinding aids.In this investigation, the effects of sunflower oil (SO), oleic acid (OA), stearic acid (SA), myristic acid (MA) and lauric acid (LA) on the fineness and strength of the cement have been examined. These aids were added into clinker in certain ratios based on the cement clinker weight and the grinding has been done for a definite time at the same condition.All of the fatty acids used increased the fineness as compared with the cement without the grinding additives. SO and OA decreased the strength significantly, LA decreased it to a lesser extent and SA increased it definitely according to the common cement. But MA did not alter the strength of the cement as much as SA. In addition, the covering of the balls influences the grinding of cement clinker unfavourably.     

煤粉流动性对GSP气化炉气力输送的影响研究

针对GSP气化装置煤粉气力输送在试车阶段出现的煤粉锁斗下料不畅、发料罐输送性能不佳等问题,从原料煤性质和工业装置的改进方面出发,通过煤粉的流动性参数的测量与研究,分析出现上述工程问题可能的内在原因,并提出工业装置改进方法,为保证GSP煤粉气力输送工业装置的正常运行提供解决办法。     

关于建立火炸药安全数据库的探讨

由反映火炸药及其制品的危险性能和用于对它们的生产、储运系统进行安全评价数学模型出发,探讨了如何建立一个全面、实用的火炸药安全评估数据库。通过对此数据库内容、数据表示方法、数据搜索方法以及建立步骤的讨论,明确了该数据库的使用对象和主要功能。     

The effect of the length of the oxyethylene chain on the conductivity of the polyurethaneurea electrolyte

Polyurethaneureas (PUU), which were synthesized from 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and 3,5-diaminobanzoic acid (DABA), were used as polyelectrolytes in this study. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to monitor the effect of the various kinds of PEG on the changes in morphology of PUU electrolytes corresponding to the concentration of lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄) dopants. The results of DSC and FT-IR indicate the Li⁺ ions coordinate with the soft and hard segments. Additionally, the crystallinity of the PEG soft segment and the ordered hydrogen-bonded urea carbonyl groups decreased with increasing salt concentration. Impedance spectroscopy (IS) measurements show that the PUU electrolyte with the high phase separation degree has the high ionic conductivity. The hard-segment T_g and the soft-segment T_m influence the conductivity behavior of polyelectrolytes with increasing measurement temperature.     

Effect of the drafting force on the strength of the bottom of the spinneret

In spinning basalt fibres, the drafting force is in the same range as in spinning of glass fibres. The effect of the drafting force can not be considered in the calculation for the strength and rigidity of the bottom of the spinneret. __________ Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 47–50, September–October, 2007.