中国致密油特征与开发思路探索

经过近半个世纪的开发与探索,我国目前对致密油已经有了初步的认识,致密油的定义、基本特征及参数标准已经有了初步的共识。通过对致密油的认识现状、开发现状进行总结与分析,认为现阶段致密油开发过程中,基质孔隙中原油动用程度极低。针对这一现状,提出了通过渗吸进行致密油开发的思路,并对渗吸开发致密油的可行性和促进致密岩心渗吸的表面活性剂优选进行了初步探索,认为表面活性剂提高渗吸采出程度的主要机制是提高驱油动力和改善油滴在喉道处的运移,因此具有润湿性能和乳化作用的表面活性剂可能成为致密油渗吸开发过程中的首选。     

致密砂岩裂缝油藏渗吸机理及规律研究进展

致密砂岩裂缝油藏具有致密、孔隙结构复杂、天然裂缝发育等特征,衰竭开采存在产量递减快、能量补充困难的问题,基质赋存大量剩余油未动用,采出程度低。渗吸采油是改善致密砂岩裂缝油藏开发效果的重要方式。然而,渗吸过程存在机理不明确、规律认识复杂多样的问题。因此,深入研究渗吸驱油机理和明确其渗吸规律,对于提高致密砂岩裂缝油藏采收率具有重要意义。综述了致密砂岩裂缝油藏渗吸类型及其判别方法,运用体积法、质量法、核磁共振法及CT扫描法的渗吸机理研究手段,概括了岩石渗透率、油水界面张力和润湿性对渗吸规律的影响。在分析当前国内研究进展的基础上,提出了下一步致密砂岩裂缝油藏渗吸研究的方向。     

非常规油藏中纳米表活剂渗吸驱油效率影响的主控因素研究

随着石油开采技术的不断发展,渗吸采油也越来越受到人们的重视。然而渗吸驱油用的纳米表活剂在致密储层表面的吸附性能及影响其吸附改性效果的主控因素仍需进一步研究。通过渗吸驱油实验研究了不同因素对其吸附改性后驱油效率的影响规律,最终确定影响纳米表活剂吸附改性效果的主控因素,为提高致密油藏开发效果提供理论依据。研究结果表明;影响纳米表活剂吸附性能的因素包括化学剂种类、原油类型、温度等因素,温度及化学剂种类是影响渗吸驱油效果的主要因素,温度增大25℃,渗吸驱油效率增加幅度达到4%;相同实验条件下,化学剂A比B的渗吸驱油效率高8%,化学剂C比B的渗吸驱油效率高10%。     

长6特低渗储层驱油用表面活性剂性能评价及矿场试验

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地一低渗透M区块驱油用表面活性剂的界面张力、乳化能力的测试,并在室内通过物理模拟实验,主要是针对M区岩心基本特征,研制模拟岩心进行表面活性剂驱油实验和渗吸实验。结果表明,该表面活性剂溶液可以提高低渗岩心的微观驱油效率,且渗透率越低其提高的程度越大,渗吸实验结果说明了表面活性剂溶液的渗吸对于注入水的渗吸是有提高的作用,其主要机理是降低了油滴的流动阻力。并通过M区柳90-38和96-32井组注表面活性剂矿场试验,进一步说明了表面活性剂溶液对于提高原油采收率的效果。     

矿化度对低渗油藏渗吸作用影响的实验研究

低渗、致密油藏开发难度大,注水采收率低、效果差,利用水的自发渗吸作用驱油是一种经济有效的开发手段。文中利用鄂尔多斯盆地延长油田的岩心,研究矿化度等因素对岩心渗吸效果的影响,进行了自发渗吸实验。实验结果表明:渗吸液矿化度越低,其渗吸驱油速度越快,达到稳定状态所需时间越短。     

致密油藏渗吸采油技术研究及试验效果分析

致密砂岩油藏注水后期开发效果变差,为提高井网井距较大且注水效果较差单井开发效果,利用钻井取心通过室内实验模拟油藏环境,分析了在优选的2种不同表面活性剂注入下渗吸采油效果,反映出在表面活性剂的加入下,渗吸效果变好。在油田现场3口井渗吸注水开发应用实践表明了渗吸注水开发方式的可行性,为致密砂岩裂缝型油藏注水开发提供借鉴。     

表面活性剂对低渗透油藏自发渗吸影响研究

裂缝和基质中流体渗吸作用是低渗透裂缝性油藏开发的重要机理之一。在渤海B油田油藏条件下,评价了5种不同类型表面活性剂的渗吸效果,考察了表面活性剂质量浓度对渗吸采收率的影响,讨论了渗吸过程中的渗吸速度变化规律。实验结果表明:复合型表面活性剂AN-18具有最好的渗吸采油效果,其最佳使用质量浓度为2 000 mg·L~(-1)。通过测定表面活性剂在不同质量浓度下的油水界面张力和接触角,计算渗吸动力和黏附功,探讨了AN-18具有高效渗吸性能的原因。结果表明,AN-18体系具有较大的毛管力、较好的剥离油滴能力、较小的油滴运移阻力,在上述因素的综合作用下,其渗吸采油效果最好。通过渗吸过程中岩心的CT扫描实验进一步证实,AN-18可以侵入岩心内部,促使油相的运移和排出,达到最好的驱油效果。     

表面活性剂在压裂液中对提高渗吸采收率的研究

针对致密砂岩油藏开展了3种表面活性剂(ZPS、SDBS、SB)在水溶液和低浓度瓜尔胶压裂液中对提高渗吸采收率的研究。只有非离子表面活性剂(SB)未起到润湿反转的作用。加有三种表面活性剂的溶液均使界面张力达到了岩心渗吸的最佳效果。分析实验得出:与注入水相比,在加有表面活性剂的溶液中对提高采收率都起到了一定的作用,在低浓度瓜尔胶压裂液中的渗吸采收率最高。改向和黏弹作用是低浓度瓜尔胶压裂液提高渗吸采收率的主要机理。     

一种两性离子型分子膜驱油剂的合成与渗吸驱油机理研究

以氯乙酸、二甲胺和氯乙醇等为原料,合成了一种两性离子型分子膜驱油剂。通过红外光谱、核磁共振、质谱,对分子膜驱油剂的结构进行了表征。考察了分子膜驱油剂的渗吸驱油机理,并利用核磁岩心技术测试了驱油剂的渗吸驱油效率。结果表明,合成的分子膜驱油分子结构表征与设计的两性离子分子式一致;渗吸实验表明,分子膜驱油剂更有利于低渗透油藏的开发,低渗透油藏渗吸速率、渗吸效率更高;渗吸机理研究表明随着分子膜驱油剂的加入,润湿指数提高,岩心表面向亲水性转变。核磁共振岩心测试表明,驱油剂在低渗透油藏驱油效率14.5%。     

一种两性离子型分子膜驱油剂的合成与渗吸驱油机理研究

以氯乙酸、二甲胺和氯乙醇等为原料,合成了一种两性离子型分子膜驱油剂。通过红外光谱、核磁共振、质谱,对分子膜驱油剂的结构进行了表征。考察了分子膜驱油剂的渗吸驱油机理,并利用核磁岩心技术测试了驱油剂的渗吸驱油效率。结果表明,合成的分子膜驱油分子结构表征与设计的两性离子分子式一致;渗吸实验表明,分子膜驱油剂更有利于低渗透油藏的开发,低渗透油藏渗吸速率、渗吸效率更高;渗吸机理研究表明随着分子膜驱油剂的加入,润湿指数提高,岩心表面向亲水性转变。核磁共振岩心测试表明,驱油剂在低渗透油藏驱油效率14.5%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。