电化学法制备对氨基苯甲酸

根据正交实验结果综合分析得出,在水和乙醇的混合溶剂中电解还原对硝基苯甲酸制备对氨基苯甲酸的最佳工艺条件是:温度50℃、通入电解槽的电量是理论值的3倍,反应物对硝基苯甲酸的浓度是0.125 mol/L,电流密度1 000 A/m2。在该最佳工艺条件下加入100目的Raney N i粉,使产物对氨基苯甲酸的产率显著提高,达95.09%,达到国内最好水平,文献报道[1]采用催化加氢的方法由对硝基苯甲酸合成对氨基苯甲酸反应温度为136℃,反应压力为3.1 kPa,催化剂用量6%,原料质量分数8%的最佳工艺条件下,其收率为85%(化学法)。该工艺收率高,工艺简单,无三废处理,符合绿色化工的要求。     

对二甲氨基苯甲酸的合成研究

用硫酸二甲酯在碱性条件下将对氨基苯甲酸甲基化；在浓氨水存在下，将经甲基化的混合物在152℃水解8h；用稀硫酸中和水解产物，得到对二甲氨基苯甲酸，产率为82．1％。     

对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯的合成研究

提出了一种合成对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯的新工艺.即以对二甲氨基苯甲醛为起始原料,经氧化、酯化两步反应合成对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯.着重讨论了合成关键步骤：氧化反应.找到了氧化反应较佳的反应条件：反应温度60℃,反应时间 12 h,对二甲氨基苯甲醛与硝酸银的物质的量比为1∶2.1,托伦试剂的pH值为10,对二甲氨基苯甲酸收率达89.2%.对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯的总收率达81.7%.     

对氨基苯甲酸乙酯的合成新方法

以高脱乙酰度的壳聚糖为原料,制备了酯化催化剂壳聚糖硫酸盐。以对氨基苯甲酸、无水乙醇为原料,在壳聚糖硫酸盐的催化下,通过微波辐射加热,合成出对氨基苯甲酸乙酯。讨论了催化剂用量、反应时间、微波辐射功率等条件,结果表明,微波辐射功率为300 W,对氨基苯甲酸0.01 mol,酸醇物质的比为1∶15,催化剂用量0.5 g,反应10 min时,反应条件最佳,收率达83.6%。     

对氨基苯甲酸的合成研究

总结了不同原料合成对氨基苯甲酸的研究进展,讨论了各种方法的优缺点。着重讨论了以对硝基苯甲酸为原料合成对氨基苯甲酸的方法。     

对氨基苯甲酸钾的合成研究

以对硝基甲苯为原料，经氧化、还原、成盐、结晶等反应，合成对氨基苯甲酸钾。该工艺操作简单，条件温和，总收率可达77．5％，具有较强的实用性。     

超声波法合成对氨基苯甲酸

用乙醇作溶剂,对硝基苯甲酸经超声波辐射Pt/C催化甲酸铵转移加氢,于室温下反应5 min,以90.5%的收率合成了对氨基苯甲酸,产物的结构经IR、1H-NMR、MS及元素分析得以表征.     

硝化法制备对氨基间硝基苯磺酸的研究

以对氨基苯磺酸为起始原料 ,经过乙酰化、硝化、水解三步来制备标题物。通过正交试验找出了酰化的最佳反应条件为 :对氨基苯磺酸与乙酐的摩尔比为 1∶1.0 5 ,反应总时间为 1.5h ,反应温度为 2 5℃ ,酰化介质为酰化反应前用碳酸钠及水将对氨基苯磺酸完全溶解 ,使混合液 pH值为 5～ 6 ,反应过程中不再补加碳酸钠 ,其酰化转化率可达 99.6 % ,酰化产物的固体收率可达 96 .0 % ;硝化反应的最佳条件为 :硝化剂用 90 .2 %的硝酸 ,对乙酰氨基苯磺酸与硝化剂的摩尔比为 1∶1.0 5 ,反应温度为 10℃ ,浓硫酸与对乙酰氨基苯磺酸的摩尔比为 8.3∶1,其硝化转化率可达 96 .0 % ,硝化反应的选择性好 ,对氨基邻硝基苯磺酸的量不到 1.0 %。     

对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯的合成工艺

对合成对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯的原始工艺进行了改进,获得了收率高、成本低、毒性小、污染少的合成工艺优化方法;可实现大规模工业生产。即以N,N-二甲基对氨基苯甲酸和异辛醇为原料,无需溶剂脱水,用对甲苯磺酸作为酯化催化剂,采用高负压的方法除去反应过程中生成的水,从而使正反应能够最大限度地进行,反应温度控制在110～120℃。重点讨论了无溶剂参与的酯化反应条件:反应温度110～120℃,真空度-0.095 MPa,反应时间6 h,对二甲氨基苯甲酸与异辛醇的摩尔比为1∶3.5,以对二甲氨基苯甲酸计,产品收率为90%。     

4-取代氨基喹唑啉类化合物的研究进展

综述了4-取代氨基喹唑啉类化合物的几种主要的合成方法,主要包括以2-氨基苯甲酸、2-氨基苯甲腈、2-氨基苯甲酰胺、2-氨基苯甲酸脂、苯甲醛等为原料的合成方法,并对这些方法进行简单的评价。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。