Preparation of microbial silage from fish of underutilized species

Fish silage was produced by microbial means from a mixture of several fish species which are not used for human consumption, and form part of the shrimp by-catch. The fish was mixed with a carbohydrate source (molasses) and a starter culture of Lactobacillus plantarum 8014. The mixture was fermented at 30 +/- 2 degrees C. Several tests were undertaken to determine the optimal conditions and concentration of molasses (5, 10 and 15%) and Lactobacillus (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0%). Results indicated that 1% of microorganisms and 15% of molasses were the optimal proportions to produce a stable fish silage. The production process and stability study of fish silage were followed through chemical, physical and microbiological tests. As findings revealed, the first six days of the process are related to acid production, pH reduction and microbial control, while after this period the process is basically related to protein hydrolysis. In addition, sensory tests of flavor and color were performed. The results of this study suggest the feasibility of utilizing this marine resource at present discarded, through a technological scheme, to produce fish silage for animal feed.     

Fish silage from shrimp by catch fish: I. Preparation and biological evaluation

Fish silage was prepared from some fish species of the shrimp by-catch caught in Golfo Triste, Carabobo, Venezuela. Fish were ground until a particle size that would guarantee the liquefaction process was achieved. The process was accelerated by the incorporation of a 3.5% w/w acid mixture, formed by diluted sulfuric acid (1:3) and concentrated formic acid, in a proportion of 1:4. The silage process occurred spontaneously at room temperature during 17 days. Chemical, physical and microbiological tests were conducted in order to characterize both the raw material and the final product. The raw material used had adequate levels of freshness, so that it was suitable for use, thus producing a first-grade silage. A first biological evaluation was carried out in rats in order to estimate the protein quality of the silage by means of certain biological parameters such as PER, NPR and apparent digestibility percentage of the protein. The results of the first experimental period demonstrated that the fish silage protein was of optimal quality, since the biological response in rats was similar to that of the control group fed the casein diet.     

鱼蛋白胨的制备与质量分析

目的制备鱼蛋白胨,并进行质量分析。方法将鱼糜加工下脚料原料经绞碎、石油醚脱脂,得到鱼糜浆,用0.1%木瓜蛋白酶酶解,离心收集上清(即鱼水解蛋白胨溶液),经300 Da纳滤膜脱盐和浓缩,喷雾干燥后,获得淡黄色粉末,即鱼蛋白胨样品FZU01。对鱼蛋白胨FZU01和鱼粉蛋白的主要理化指标(澄明度、亚硝酸盐和碱性沉淀、酸碱度、含氮量、氨基氮、干燥失重、炽灼残渣)进行检测;在固定酵母提取物、Na Cl浓度、初始p H和接种量的基础上,分别用两种蛋白胨配制LB培养基,接种大肠埃希菌,检测A600值;采用分子筛高效液相色谱法(size-exclusion highperformance liquid chromatography,SEC-HPLC)检测两种蛋白胨的相对分子质量。分别将50、150、300、600、900、1 200和1 500 mg/L组胺以及0.1、0.5、1.0、5.0、10.0、20.0、30.0、40.0和50.0 mg/L重金属离子(Hg2+、Cd2+、As3+、Cr6+和Pb2+)加至大肠埃希菌中,37℃培养12 h,检测A600值。结果两种蛋白胨理化指标检测结果均符合《中国生物制品主要原辅材料质控标准》规定,酸碱度、含氮量、氨基氮、干燥失重和炽灼残渣之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),鱼蛋白胨FZU01相对分子质量主要分布在1 000以内,占92.5%,鱼粉蛋白胨相对分子质量主要分布在10 000,小于1 000占56.1%;与鱼粉蛋白胨组相比,鱼蛋白胨FZU01组生长速率明显增加(P0.05)。随着组胺浓度的增加,大肠埃希菌的生长抑制率逐渐增加,与组胺浓度呈正相关,IC50为257.3 mg/L,当组胺浓度大于600 mg/L时,完全抑制大肠埃希菌的生长;大肠埃希菌的生长抑制率与重金属离子浓度呈正相关,Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、As~(3+)、Cr~(6+)和Pb~(2+)对大肠埃希菌的IC50分别为1.35、4.67、7.37、11.04和20.19 mg/L。结论应增加蛋白质相对分子质量、组胺和重金属作为蛋白胨产品重要质量参数,控制一定的浓度限量范围,才能保证蛋白胨产品的稳定性和安全性。     

Determination of residual solvent in oilseed meals and flours: I. Dimethyl formamide extraction procedure

A procedure is described for determination of residual acetone and hexane in cottonseed and soybean meals and flours by extraction of the residual solvent with dimethyl formamide (DMF)-water (95∶5) followed by gas liquid chromatography analysis of the DMF extracts. A representative group of samples was analyzed both by this procedure and one employing iso-octane as extractant. In all cases where residual solvent was found, the amount was markedly greater when aqueous DMF was the extracting solvent.     

Supplementation of wheat flour with chickpea (Cicer arietinum) flour. I. Preparation of flours and their properties for bread making

The feasibility of adding chick-pea flour substituting part of wheat flour in yeast-leavened bread-making in order to increase the protein value, was studied. A 70% extraction chick-pea flour of commercial granulometry (150 mu) was prepared. Wheat flours of 74% and 78% extraction were then blended with 5%, 10% and 15% of chick-pea flour. Every flour and blend were subsequently analyzed to determine protein, ash, fiber, fat and maltose content, as well as sedimentation, farinogram and bread-making. Addition of chick-pea flour increased protein, fiber, ash and fat content in the blends, not causing a severe effect on quality, even at the 15% level of substitution. Blends showed an increase in maltose content, W value and bread specific volume. Furthermore, breads prepared were of good quality even without the use of maturing agents.     

Analysis of surfactant mixtures. I

Summary Some data on the use of 93% phosphoric acid as a reagent for recovering the hydrophobic portion of surfactants are presented, and their application to the analysis of surfactant mixtures is discussed. Aromatic sulfonates, straight-chain alkyl sulfates, fatty acid amides, and fatty acid esters decomposed to give good yields of the starting hydrophobic materials. Dioctylsulfosuccinate gave a mixture of octyl alcohols and olefins while the ethylene oxide condensates of lauryl alcohol, tridecyl alcohol, and tertiary dodecyl mercaptan gave olefins derived from the starting hydrophobic materials. Diisobutylene phenol-ethylene oxide condensate decomposed to olefins, conjugated olefins, and alcohols formed by rupture of the aromatic ring. The products are characteristic of the hydrophobic oils, and in most cases products from mixtures of surfactants can be separated by known analytical methods.Alpha-sulfo fatty acids or alkane sulfonates do not give recoverable oils by this treatment.     

Surfactant analysis by high performance liquid chromatography: I. A rapid analysis for mixtures of amphoteric surfactants and soap

A method has been developed for the rapid and direct analysis of amphoteric surfactants (sulfobetaines) in combination with mixtures of coconut and tallow soaps, with the aid of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mobile phase consisted of methanol-water (85:15, v/v) with 0.2% by volume acetic acid (pH ≐ 4). At this pH, tallow and coconut soap mixtures are analyzed as the fatty acids and are conveniently separated from the sulfobetaine. A typical HPLC analysis of such mixtures requires 25 min.     

Sorption of binary gas mixtures in zeolites: I. Sorption of nitrogen and carbon dioxide mixtures in silicalite

The adsorption of pure CO₂ and N₂ gases, and their mixtures have been determined on a very high silica form of the zeolite ZSM-5 using a newly developed isosteric technique. Unlike more traditional methods, this method allows one to measure mixture isotherms at fixed sorbed phase composition. The shape of the mixture isotherms and the isosteric heats of sorption for the mixture have been identified as functions of the equilibrium gas phase composition, which itself is a temperature dependent function of the sorbed phase composition. None of the isotherms approached saturation at the temperatures and pressures used. The ratio of Henry's constants for the two pure gases gives a reasonable estimate of the separation factor measured experimentally. Selective sorption of CO₂ is marked even at 70°C. Binary mixture sorption isotherms predicted from pure gas data using the ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory, are shown to be in close agreement with the experimental data.     

健康型蔬菜水果清洁剂的研制

本实验发明了一种化合物组合：新型乳化剂、天然植物碱、纳米降解剂、助溶剂、天然香型和水等组成。通过试验筛选出最佳配方，并且测定了该清洁剂的去污能力、杀菌能力、对残留农药降解效果、泡沫性能、表面张力和稳定性。结果表明，该产品制备简便、综合洗洁性能好，具有较大市场前景。     

Oriented short glass-fiber composites. I. Preparation and statistical analysis of aligned fiber mats

Oriented short fiberglass mats were prepared by a converging flow technique of fiber/glycerine dispersions. The fiberglass contained 3 percent of identical colored fibers which were counted from enlarged photographs in regard to their deviation from the alignment axis. Representative accumulative data of fiber alignment are shown for optimal and inadequate preparation conditions. In successful experiments over 90 percent of the fibers were found in the angular range of ±15 deg and 57 percent within the range of ±5 deg. Statistical analysis has shown that the experimental accumulative curves can be best described by a single parameter exponential equation Y = 1 ? e^?λα where Y is the accumulative fraction of fibers, α is the orientation angle and λ is a single empirical parameter.     

Mineral composition of edible mushrooms cultivated in Brazil--Pleurotus spp and other dehydrated species

Macrofungi can accumulate some minerals, including toxic metals if present in the substrate. A periodic monitoring of these elements in mushrooms is recommended when the conditions of cultivation are altered. The aim of this work was to evaluate the mineral content of Pleurotus spp (hiratake and shimeji) and of imported (chilean and italian) dehydrated mushrooms. Fresh fruiting bodies of Pleurotus spp were obtained from cultivators and dehydrated mushrooms were bought in a market. The samples were dried, milled and digested by C1H-NO3H. The content of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na and B were analyzed by ICP-AES and Al, Cd, Cr, Pb, Co, Ni by ICP-OES. The results classify these mushrooms as a source of potassium and copper: Pleurotus spp are also a source of phosphorus (P < 0.05); the chilean mushrooms present high content of iron (P < 0.05). All the evaluated mushrooms were identified as a food without sodium (< 5 mg Na/100 g). So these mushrooms being a source of potassium without Na, answer the needs of hypertension and/or heart diseases patients as a food and/or like a condiment for flavor enhancement. Subsequent studies should include major sampling and the evaluation of the toxic metals, Pb and Cr, employing more accurate methods of analysis, as well as the evaluation of Hg (not analysed in this study), mainly in wild mushrooms, commercialized dehydrated.     

Chlorinated alcohols: I. Preparation from chlorinated acids

Rhenium, ruthenium and rhodium oxides, hydrogenolysis catalysts for stearic acid at 150 C, were tried for the conversion of 9,10-dichloro-stearic acid to the dichloro alcohol but only ReO₃ was effective in some degree (yield 14%). Dehydrochlorination or hydrogenolysis at the carbon-chlorine bond was the principal reaction. Reductions with diborane or with lithium aluminum hydride, however, were found to be excellent methods for preparing 9,10-dichloro-stearyl alcohol.     

Separation of liquid mixtures by using polymer membranes. I. Permeation of binary organic liquid mixtures through polyethylene

The permeation characteristics and the separation behavior of 25 combinations of binary liquid mixtures through low-density polyethylene membrane have been investigated. The organic compounds studied were members of the homologous series of liquid aliphatic hydrocarbons between n-pentane and n-nonane as well as some aromatic and cyclic compounds. A special permeation cell was designed in order to study permeation rates at different temperatures ranging from 25 to 45°C. The rate of permeation increased with temperature, and it was found that the temperature dependence of the permeation rate for both pure compounds and mixtures could be expressed by Arrheniustype relationships. The efficiency of separation, however, decreased with increasing temperature. Activation energies of permeation rànged from 16–22 kcal/mol for pure compounds and binary mixtures of benzene, n-hexane, cyclohexane, and 2–2-dimethylbutane. The effects of chemical nature, molecular size, and molecular shape of the diffusing species on the permeation and separation were studied and qualitative guidelines were suggested. The effect of the composition of the binary mixtures on the permeation rate has been investigated for several systems. Permeation enhancement effects were observed in which the mixtures permeate considerably faster than either of the pure components. Maximum permeation rates occurred at about 50 wt-% mixtures for the systems benzene–n-hexane and benzene–cyclohexane. This phenomenon is explained in terms of a combined internal plasticizing and solubility effect.     

Polyimides. I. Preparation and properties of phosphorus-containing polyimides

Phosphorus-containing polyimide resins were prepared by reacting benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride with (3-aminophenyl) methyl phosphine oxide (DAP). Copolyimides were also prepared using DAP and 4,2′,4′-triaminobenzanilide (TAB) and tris(3-aminophenyl) phosphine oxide (TAP) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA). The homopolymer showed good thermal properties and little degradation below 400°C. The lapshear strengths of these polyimides depended on the backbone structure. Copolymerization improved thermal and mechanical properties. The glass-fabric-reinforced laminate prepared from one of the copolymer resins had a tensile strength of 43,430 psi.     

Determination of residual solvent in oilseed meals and flours: III. Isopropanol

A relatively simple volatilization procedure is described for the determination of residual isopropanol in oilseed meals and flours. A 1 g sample is placed in a 100 ml serum bottle, 200 μl of distilled water containing 0.075 mg of ethanol is added and the bottle is sealed with a rubber stopper and heated at 110 C for 1 hr. A 2 ml aliquot of the headspace gas is analyzed by gas chromatography using the added ethanol as an internal standard. Values determined by this procedure for three cottonseed, two peanut and two fish meals or flours which had been processed with isopropanol, ranged from 10 to 12,000 ppm and were of the same order of magnitude as values determined by a modification of the Todd azeotropic distillation procedure. Advantages of the volatilization over the azeotropic distillation procedure are that less operator and gas chromatograph time are required per analysis. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, April 1970. So. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Emulsification and electrodeposition of mixtures of cationic resins. I. Cationic resin and nonionic cross-linker

The emulsification and electrodeposition properties of two resins system (cationic epoxyamine adduct, III , was the main resin; nonionic trimethylolpropane–toluene diisocyanate-2-ethylhexanol resin, II , was used as cross-linker) were investigated and the compositions of their electrodeposited films were obtained by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) quantitative analysis to study the coemulsion and electrophoretic behaviors. The optimum resin compositionof coemulsion was also found to provide the deposited film having the best properties. The results indicate that the molecules of nonionic cross-linker II are entangled by the ones of cationic resin III during the dispersion process and they can be codeposited on the cathodic substrate after a voltage has been applied. Moreover, at the condition of stable coemulsion of the two-component system, the resin composition of electrodeposited film is almost equal to the resin composition of the coemulsion and is not affected by the applied voltage or resin concentration. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Spectrophotometric studies of rice bran oil and mustard oil mixtures: I

Visible spectra between 520\s-700 nm of unbleached mustard oil, rice bran oil and their 10 mixtures are reported. Mustard oil shows its characteristic band at 671.5 nm, and rice bran oil shows two characteristic bands at 550 and 564 nm and a contour centered at about 656 nm. The 564 nm band starts emerging in mixtures even by the 5% presence of rice bran oil and takes its well resolved shape at higher ratios. The 671.5 nm mustard oil band shows uniform hypsochromic shift up to 40% of rice bran oil, and at higher concentrations this shifting becomes irregular. An approximate estimation of rice bran oil adulteration in mustard oil can be made by observing the shifted position of 671.5 nm band.     

Burning of mixtures of magnesium with sodium nitrate. I. Burning velocity of two-component mixtures of magnesium with sodium nitrate

We propose a physically sound model for burning of mixtures of magnesium with sodium nitrate and we obtain an equation determining the burning velocity of such mixtures. We analyze the effect of various factors on their burning velocities. We compare the calculated and experimental dependences of the burning velocity on the ratio of components, the magnesium particle size, the initial temperature of the mixture, and the external pressure. Scientific Research Institute of Applied Chemistry, Sergiev Posad 141300. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 40–49, September–October, 1994.     

Microcrystalline chitosan. I. Preparation and properties of microcrystalline chitosan

A new type of microcrystalline polymer prepared by aggregation has been discussed. The effect of the parameters of the preparation process on the properties of microcrystalline chitosan in hydrogel and solid forms has been studied using also microscopy and spectroscopy. The product obtained according to the method discussed shows the average molecular weight within a range 2.2–5.0 X 10⁵, WRV_s ≈ 260–520%, WRV_g ≈ 700–1000%, and CrI up to 95%.