A developmental perspective and antisocial behavior: Cognitive functioning.

Comments that G. R. Patterson et al (see record 1989-26278-001) failed to sufficiently address the idea that cognitive functioning is a factor which is related to both school failure and antisocial conduct. Findings consistent with the acculturation learning view are noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Formulations théoriques contemporaines en motivation intrinsèque: Revue et critique.

Reviews recent theoretical formulations on explaining and predicting the effects of reinforcement on intrinsic motivation. Included are the overjustification hypothesis of M. R. Lepper et al (see record 1974-10498-001), cognitive evaluation theory of E. L. Deci and R. M. Ryan (1975, 1980), the competing response hypothesis of S. Reiss and L. W. Sushinsky (see record 1975-28914-001), and the delay of gratification hypothesis of W. Mischel et al (see record 1972-20631-001). Cognitive evaluation theory was found to provide the most complete theory in that it generates predictions of both decreases and increases in intrinsic motivation. Little conceptual evidence was found for the major theoretical formulations, and the use of an interactional paradigm in future research is stressed. (73 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Validity of physiological measures of pedophilic sexual arousal in a sexual offender population: A reply to Quinsey and Laws.

V. L. Quinsey and D. R. Laws (see record 1991-10127-001) have criticized the study by G. C. Hall et al (see record 1988-20414-001) of the validity of physiological measures of pedophilic arousal on several methodological grounds. However, Hall et al did use standardized procedures which suggested that such physiological measures lack external validity. Moreover, the Hall et al results are consistent with many other recent physiological studies that have used large, representative populations of sexual offenders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Contrasting the Hassles Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale: Who's really measuring appraised stress?

Responds to the criticism of the perceived stress scale (PSS) developed by the present author and colleagues (see record 1984-24885-001) by R. S. Lazarus et al (see record 1986-10765-001) in their defense of the hassles scale they developed. It is contended that the PSS predicts psychologic and physical symptoms and health behaviors after controlling for any redundancy with psychological symptom measures. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Generalized social phobia versus avoidant personality disorder: A commentary on three studies.

The findings of J. D. Herbert et al (see record 1992-27377-001), C. S. Holt et al (see record 1992-27380-001), and S. M. Turner et al (see record 1992-27401-001) are largely consistent. Avoidant personality disorder and generalized social phobia appear to be overlapping constructs that have only minor differences with respect to severity of dysfunction. This commentary addresses the implications of the findings with respect to the validity of the categorical distinction in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III—Revised (DSM-III—R) between avoidant personality and generalized social phobia, revisions of their respective diagnostic criteria, and their reclassification as either an anxiety or a personality disorder. Methodological and substantive suggestions for future research are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Social learning family therapy with aggressive children: A commentary.

Comments on a study of social learning family therapy for aggressive children by T. V. Sayger et al (see record 1989-12762-001) within the broader context of research on the outcome of treatment for antisocial behaviors and discusses aspects of the study, including Ss' clinical impairments, family characteristics, and maintenance of therapy gains. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of age-extended norms for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Recent studies by R. J. Ivnik et al (see record 1993-04116-001), J. F. Malec et al (see record 1993-04120-001), and J. J. Ryan et al (see record 1991-08835-001) have provided age-extended norms for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R). The current study compared IQ scores based on these newer age-extended norms in 216 elderly Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Results showed that when the norms from Ryan et al were used, IQ scores were consistently the same as or higher than when WAIS—R manual norms were used. When the norms provided by Ivnik et al and Malec et al were used, IQ scores tended to be lower than WAIS—R manual norms for younger patients with more intellectual impairment. Results illustrate the importance of reporting the normative sample upon which IQ test scores for older adults are based and provide guidelines for selecting which set of age-extended WAIS—R norms to use with cognitively impaired elderly Ss. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The issue of sex bias in DSM-III: Comments on the articles by Spitzer, Williams, and Kass.

Responds to comments by J. B. Williams and R. L. Spitzer (see record 1984-06864-001) and by F. Kass et al (see record 1984-06848-001) on the present author's (see record 1984-06847-001) article, in which she argued that masculine-biased assumptions about what behaviors are healthy are codified in diagnostic criteria and may account for higher treatment rates in women. The present author responds to criticisms and reiterates her point that histrionic and dependent personality disorders as defined by the DSM-III correspond to stereotypes of femininity. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Graduate education in psychology: Time for a change?

Contends that the emergence and growth of professional schools that provide psychological knowledge and training to those seeking applied careers constitutes the most visible attempt to alter the training of psychologists. The American Psychological Association's Education and Training Board has been mandated to evaluate the scope and mechanisms of the accreditation of doctoral psychology programs and to develop a planning committee for a national conference on university-based graduate education in psychology. Proposals for change suggested by R. E. Fox et al (see record 1986-12821-001), R. L. Klatzky et al (see record 1986-13164-001), and M. E. Olbrisch et al (see record 1986-12850-001) are discussed. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Material risks and informed consent to psychotherapy.

The article by R. T. Hare-Mustin et al (see record 1979-26958-001) dealing with client rights and informed consent (IC) and the article by L. Everstine et al (see record 1980-31031-001) dealing with confidentiality and IC in psychotherapy articulate ethical concerns that have not received the amount of attention their importance deserves and requires. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comments on Levin et al. and Rosen and Kopel: Internal and external validity issues.

Discusses problems of internal and external validity relevant to applied laboratory research in the modification of sexual behaviors. Two case studies presented by S. M. Levin et al (see record 1978-01505-001) and R. C. Rosen and S. A. Kopel (see record 1978-01511-001) are used to illustrate these problems. Suggestions are presented for improving the internal validity and the generalizability of studies using the laboratory paradigm. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The dimensionality of self-esteem: Some results of a college sample.

Examined the hypothesis that self-esteem is a multidimensional construct—as suggested by R. Shavelson et al (see record 1978-30429-001)—via the scores of 106 undergraduates on a modified Feelings of Inadequacy Scale. Three factors were found and labeled Social Confidence, School Abilities, and Self-Regard. These are comparable to 3 of the 4 dimensions discussed by Shavelson et al. Correlations of total self-esteem with measures of several other constructs were consistent with findings from previous studies; however, the correlations of the factors with these variables revealed that factors were differentially related to the constructs in some cases. Findings support a hierarchical conceptualization of self-esteem. (45 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WISC—R and WAIS—R odd- and even-item short forms: Criterion validity in three patient samples.

Examined the validity of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC—R) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) odd-item and even-item short forms in 123 child and adolescent outpatients (82 males, 41 females), and rescored and reanalyzed data from studies involving 21 male and 23 female adult clinical outpatients (C. Watkins et al; see record 1988-18935-001), and 54 male medical inpatients (C. Watkins et al; see record 1987-20807-001). The method described by J. Edinger et al (see record 1986-18942-001) and two other odd- and even-item methods were not consistently valid for any of the samples; odd- and even-item short-form strategy may not be effective across populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Note on clinical judgment and the formal characteristics of clinical tasks.

Analysis of clinical judgment studies by F. J. Todd (1954), K. R. Hammond et al (see record 1965-08022-001), S. Oskamp (see record 1968-02701-001), L. R. Goldberg (see record 1970-12828-001), and R. M. Dawes (see record 1971-25701-001) suggests that the same relation between consistency of inferences and task predictability holds in clinical inferences as in laboratory learning studies. Findings indicate that, to understand the process of clinical inference, it is insufficient to analyze only the clinician; it is also necessary to analyze the clinician/clinical-task system. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Seventeen authors in search of a myth: A reply to Cohen et al.

Reviews assertions made by S. Cohen et al (see record 1990-05833-001) on smoking cessation and suggests that the article's exposition did not represent a clear interpretation of the main thrust of S. Schachter's (see record 1982-30809-001) and R. Rzewnicki and D. G. Forgays's (see record 1987-16432-001) contributions. It is further suggested that all of these data are reconcilable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An examination of the complementarity of interpersonal behavior.

The complementarity of behaviors as moderated by the base rates of consequent behaviors, the differences attributable to friendly and hostile antecedent behaviors, and octant vs quadrant cases was examined. Complementarity was defined using 3 different but overlapping models: R. Carson (1969), D. Kiesler (see record 1983-30243-001), and J. Wiggins (see record 1980-23392-001). The Interpersonal Communication Rating Scale (ICRS; S. Strong and Hills, 1986) behavioral ratings on 80 female dyads provided by Strong et al. (see record 1988-26479-001) were analyzed using the randomization test of hypothesized order relations and correspondence analysis. Results demonstrate that (1) complementarity was supported for each of the 3 definitions (Carson's, Keisler's and Wiggins's), (2) complementarity fit the data better if account was taken of the base rate of behavior, (3) complementarity was more prominent if the antecedent behavior was friendly rather than hostile, and (4) complementarity of quadrant behavior was fairly strong. Results are discussed with respect to the measurement of interpersonal behaviors and the construct of complementarity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On worthwhile icons: Reply to Di Lollo and Haber.

Responds to R. N. Haber's (see record 1986-11000-001) and V. Di Lollo's (see record 1986-10993-001) comments on the study of a procedure to estimate the worth of an icon conducted by the present author et al (see record 1986-00309-001). In response to Haber, the author maintains that icons can be spatiotopic as well as retinotopic, knowledge of icons is necessary for designing video-display systems, and ecological validity should not be a criterion for the scientific investigation of some topics. Responding to Di Lollo, the author argues that this general model does not account for several salient aspects of data by the present author et al. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Public and professional myths about mental hospitalization: Reply to Manderscheid et al.

Responds to the comments of R. W. Manderscheid et al (see record 1984-29600-001) on the present author's (see record 1983-24077-001) views of public and professional myths about mental hospitalization. The present author contends that Manderscheid et al focus on details without examining the way national data are aggregated and determining the level of inferential precision. It is suggested that the conclusions of the present author's earlier work are undisturbed by the comments. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Source of data as a factor in assessing symptoms of hyperkinesis.

The lack of agreement between teachers and parents in assessing the symptoms of hyperkinesis in children has been demonstrated in a study by J. E. Langhorne et al (see record 1976-22537-001). P. G. Zukow et al (see record 1979-05204-001) have recently criticized that investigation on several methodological points. In response to the criticisms of Zukow et al, the results of a separate analysis of the data of Langhorne et al that corroborates their original findings are presented. In this study, 127 hyperkinetic children were rated on home and school behavior scales by parents and teachers. Essentially no agreement between parents and teachers was found in ratings of 3 behaviors. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Separating ideology from currently available data: A reply to Cotton and Cook and McGlynn.

Responds to criticisms by J. L. Cotton and M. S. Cook (see record 1982-26971-001) and R. P. McGlynn (see record 1982-26992-001) of conclusions reached by the present authors in an earlier article (Johnson et al; see record 1981-05387-001). The data are reexamined, and it is concluded that Cotton and Cook's emphasis on the importance of interactions between goal structures and situational variables was not supported. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)